Sauvegarde et valorisation du patrimoine culturel immatériel du Sénègal: projet de création d'un écomusée des pratiques divinatoires et curatives

7 RESUME/ABSTRACT Au Sénégal, il existe des pratiques culturelles et cultuelles, séculaires que l’on retrouve au niveau de toutes les composantes ethnolinguistiques. Une donnée qui nous interpelle, chacun en ce qui nous concerne, et nous invite à repenser le devenir de nos spécificités et particularités culturelles face aux assauts répétés et multiformes de la modernité. La caractéristique qui entoure les rites et rituels est le plus souvent sujette à plusieurs formes d’interprétations fantaisistes et parfois dévalorisantes. Force est de reconnaître que le recours à la médecine moderne ne saurait pleinement répondre à ce besoin de tranquillité et de sérénité mystique qui habite chaque africain en général et chaque sénégalais en particulier. Il s’agit ici, pour l’africain et en ce qui nous concerne le sénégalais, de trouver une tranquillité psychologique et une assurance symbolique propres à créer les conditions d’une guérison physique et/ou morale. En ce sens que l’emprise du modernise ne peut aucunement influer totalement sur cette croyance ancestrale que bon nombre de sénégalais, et pas des moindres, ont en l’endroit de ces pratiques. Une prédisposition culturelle sous-tendue par des préoccupations cultuelles qui font l’objet d’une communion agissante entre les différents membres des communautés. Une prise de conscience qui se manifeste à travers des cérémonies ponctuellement organisées et présidées par des prêtres et prêtresses. Notre présente étude participe de la recherche d’un juste équilibre spirituel et temporel apte à offrir une possibilité de concilier les aspects traditionnels des spécificités culturelles de nos composantes ethnolinguistiques avec ce qui constitue les contraintes et exigences de la modernité. Il reste certes évident que cette opposition a généré une sorte de fracture culturelle en véhiculant une autre manière de voir, mais surtout de percevoir nos traditions et coutumes. Cependant à l’heure d’un redimensionnement et d’une adaptation contextuelle de ce qui constitue nos valeurs identitaires, il nous revient de procéder à une démarche de sensibilisation et d’explication pour conférer plus de lisibilité à nos expressions culturelles. La mise en place d’un écomusée des pratiques divinatoires et curatives, est un moyen moderne et pratique de sauvegarde et de valorisation des savoirs et connaissances thérapeutiques endogènes. Outre la création d’emplois et de revenus, cette infrastructure sera une vitrine du patrimoine local qui favorisera le développement d’un tourisme culturel source de devises et vecteur de développement local; ABSTRACT: In Senegal, there are cultural and religious practices, ancient that we find in all the ethno-linguistic components. A given that challenges us, each in our case, and invites us to rethink the future of our cultural specificities and characteristics and multifaceted face of repeated assaults of modernity. The characteristic surrounding the rites and rituals is usually subject to various forms of demeaning and sometimes fanciful interpretations. We must recognize that the use of modern medicine can not fully meet this need of tranquility and mystical serenity that inhabits every African in general and Senegal in particular each. This is, for Africa and for us Senegalese, find a psychological tranquility and symbolic own insurance to create conditions for physical healing and / or legal. In that the grip of modernizing can in no way affect totally on this ancient belief that many Senegalese, not least, have the place of such practices. A cultural predisposition underpinned by cultic concerns that are the subject of an active communion between the community members. An awareness that manifests itself through occasionally organized ceremonies presided over by priests and priestesses. Our present study involved the search for a fair balance spiritual and temporal able to offer an opportunity to reconcile the traditional aspects of the cultural specificities of our ethno-linguistic components with which constitutes the constraints and demands of modernity. While it remains clear that this opposition has generated a kind of cultural divide by conveying a different way of seeing, but above all to collect our traditions and customs. However at the time resizing and contextual adaptation of what constitutes our identity values, it is our responsibility to conduct an outreach approach and explanation to give greater clarity to our cultural expressions. The establishment of a museum of divination and healing practices, is a modern and convenient way to backup and recovery of therapeutic knowledge and endogenous knowledge. In addition to creating jobs and income, this infrastructure will be a showcase of local heritage that promote the development of cultural tourism source of foreign exchange and local development vector.

Le sens de l’urgence à l’hôpital

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Le sens de l’urgence à l’hôpital

Article

Quantification de l'amortissement visqueux élastique des piles en béton armé des ponts routiers québécois

Le dimensionnement des ponts et viaducs au Canada se base sur la norme CAN/CSA S6-14. Pour le calcul de ces structures sous des charges extrêmes, des cartes d'aléa sismique sont produites par la Commission géologique du Canada selon un taux d'amortissement de 5 %. La norme propose des taux d'amortissement visqueux élastique de 2 % pour le béton et de 1 % pour l'acier. Un nouveau facteur de correction selon l'amortissement est mentionné dans cette norme pour modifier les spectres de réponse provenant des cartes sismiques. Plusieurs études sur des ouvrages d'art quantifient les taux d'amortissement visqueux élastique entre 1 % et 2 %, confirmant ainsi qu'il est nécessaire d'utiliser un facteur de correction des spectres pour éviter une sous-évaluation des déplacements au niveau du tablier. Le projet de recherche consiste à quantifier le taux d'amortissement visqueux élastique des ponts routiers grâce à des essais in situ sur des ouvrages du Québec. Les essais débutent avec l'acquisition de données à l'aide d'accéléromètres alors que le pont est sous vibrations ambiantes. Une fois les propriétés modales extraites, un essai sous vibrations forcées par balayage des fréquences est effectué, en ciblant les fréquences propres. L'interprétation de la réponse de la structure à ce dernier essai permet de trouver précisément l'amortissement. Une étude paramétrique sur le logiciel OpenSees est aussi effectuée pour évaluer l'impact de la variation du taux d'amortissement utilisé sur les déplacements du tablier lors d'un séisme. Les résultats démontrent que le taux d'amortissement visqueux élastique peut être aussi bas que 1 %, ce qui peut doubler la réponse en déplacements aux joints d'un pont par rapport à une analyse avec 5 % d'amortissement. Le mémoire cherche à clarifier l'utilisation de la norme S6-14, à démontrer l'importance d'utiliser un bon taux d'amortissement et à encourager l'utilisation d'un facteur de correction des spectres adéquat pour calculer la réponse sismique des ponts routiers québécois et canadiens. Des recommandations sont proposées dans ce sens.

Sens[EN]able Servizio per un’esperienza sensoriale inclusiva. Un’applicazione sul territorio appenninico.

Servizio di valorizzazione del territorio appenninico bolognese e di sensibilizzazione verso le disabilità sensoriali, attraverso attività sensoriali applicate in particolare nei comuni di Castiglione dei Pepoli e San Benedetto val di Sambro.

As vivências: questões de tradução, sentidos e fontes epistemológicas no legado de Vigotski

O objetivo deste artigo é abordar a questão das vivências na perspectiva de L.S. Vigotski, tratando de suas fontes epistemológicas, de suas raízes na língua russa e de seus sentidos específicos, priorizando "A Tragédia do Hamlet, Príncipe da Dinamarca" (1916) e os textos pedológicos dos anos 1930, com destaque para "A questão do meio na pedologia". Destacam-se as transformações das ideias do autor sobre vivências e sua contribuição metodológica à  análise da relação indivíduo-meio no desenvolvimento humano, articulada aos conceitos de consciência e sistema.

Piaget segundo seus próprios argumentos

Neste artigo tivemos a intenção de oferecer ao leitor o resumo de um dos aspectos mais importantes da análise estrutural que realizamos, durante décadas, do texto de Jean Piaget, sobretudo as estreitas relações entre a Biologia e a Lógica na construção e na explicação do conhecimento científico. Nesse sentido, procuramos demonstrar que, a partir dos conceitos de implicação significante e de imagem mental criados por Piaget, um novo campo de investigações se abre, a saber, aquele que denominamos como o dos sistemas de significação não lógica, campo de suma relevância e que vem preencher uma secular lacuna entre a razão e a emoção até hoje presente nas pesquisas sobre os fenômenos normais e patológicos do psiquismo.

Molecular evidence for definition of genera in the Oxylobium group (Fabaceae : Mirbelieae)

The circumscription of Oxylobium and related genera has been problematic for nearly 200 years. Traditional definitions of genera in the group have relied on morphological features of the leaves, flower, and fruit that overlap extensively between genera. Therefore sequences of cpDNA (trnL-F intron and spacer) and nrDNA (ITS) were used to estimate the phylogeny of the group in an attempt to redefine the genera as monophyletic groups. Oxylobium sens. str. was found to be a well supported clade in both data sets, with the inclusion of Mirbelia oxylobioides. No other genus in the group was supported by these data, except Gastrolobium sens. lat. Some species groups within Chorizema, Mirbelia, and Podolobium were supported but relationships among these, Oxylobium and Gastrolobium differed significantly between the chloroplast and nuclear data sets. No group supported by the molecular data had a morphological synapomorphy, not even Oxylobium or Gastrolobium. Therefore it may be necessary to adopt a much broader generic concept in this group than has been done previously. Incongruence between the two molecular data sets, and very short internal basal branches in both, suggest a rapid early radiation in this group, possibly combined with hybridization and lineage sorting.

Generic delimitation and phylogenetic uncertainty: An example from a group that has undergone an explosive radiation

Phylogenetic trees can provide a stable basis for a higher-level classification of organisms that reflects evolutionary relationships. However, some lineages have a complex evolutionary history that involves explosive radiation or hybridisation. Such histories have become increasingly apparent with the use of DNA sequence data for phylogeny estimation and explain, in part, past difficulties in producing stable morphology-based classifications for some groups. We illustrate this situation by using the example of tribe Mirbelieae (Fabaceae), whose generic classification has been fraught for decades. In particular, we discuss a recent proposal to combine 19 of the 25 Mirbelieae genera into a single genus, Pultenaea sens. lat., and how we might find stable and consistent ways to squeeze something as complex as life into little boxes for our own convenience. © CSIRO.

Further delineation of the 15q13 microdeletion and duplication syndromes: a clinical spectrum varying from non-pathogenic to a severe outcome

Background: Recurrent 15q13.3 microdeletions were recently identified with identical proximal (BP4) and distal (BP5) breakpoints and associated with mild to moderate mental retardation and epilepsy. Methods: To assess further the clinical implications of this novel 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome, 18 new probands with a deletion were molecularly and clinically characterised. In addition, we evaluated the characteristics of a family with a more proximal deletion between BP3 and BP4. Finally, four patients with a duplication in the BP3-BP4-BP5 region were included in this study to ascertain the clinical significance of duplications in this region. Results: The 15q13.3 microdeletion in our series was associated with a highly variable intra-and inter-familial phenotype. At least 11 of the 18 deletions identified were inherited. Moreover, 7 of 10 siblings from four different families also had this deletion: one had a mild developmental delay, four had only learning problems during childhood, but functioned well in daily life as adults, whereas the other two had no learning problems at all. In contrast to previous findings, seizures were not a common feature in our series (only 2 of 17 living probands). Three patients with deletions had cardiac defects and deletion of the KLF13 gene, located in the critical region, may contribute to these abnormalities. The limited data from the single family with the more proximal BP3-BP4 deletion suggest this deletion may have little clinical significance. Patients with duplications of the BP3-BP4-BP5 region did not share a recognisable phenotype, but psychiatric disease was noted in 2 of 4 patients. Conclusions: Overall, our findings broaden the phenotypic spectrum associated with 15q13.3 deletions and suggest that, in some individuals, deletion of 15q13.3 is not sufficient to cause disease. The existence of microdeletion syndromes, associated with an unpredictable and variable phenotypic outcome, will pose the clinician with diagnostic difficulties and challenge the commonly used paradigm in the diagnostic setting that aberrations inherited from a phenotypically normal parent are usually without clinical consequences.

Resource entitlements of indigenous minorities, their poverty and conservation of nature: Status of Australian Aborigines, comparisons with India's tribals, theory and changing policies globally

Considers the relevance of A.K. Sen’s theory of entitlements to the situation facing indigenous tribal people, its relationship to institutionalism, and to theories of property rights. Changing world views about the resource entitlements that should be given to local communities are outlined concentrating on the views expressed by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). These changing views have relevance for the resource entitlements of indigenous tribal communities and are reflected in differences in the policy approaches inherent in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and the more recent Convention on Biological Diversity. The latter embodies the view that provision of greater resource entitlements to local communities can provide economic incentives for nature conservation. There is a case for Indigenous Australians to be given greater rights to market the natural produce from their lands. Despite progress with land rights, they are not entitled to market much of the natural produce from their land. The socioeconomic status of Australian Aborigines is outlined. Their standard of living and their life expectancy are low by world standards and in comparison to other Australians. This is partly a result of historical events that have restricted their rights. These events are outlined briefly. Views differ about the appropriate development paths for Indigenous Australians and these are assessed. Concern on environmental and economic grounds is expressed about the view that the economic development of Australian Aboriginal communities would be accelerated by replacing their communal land titles by private land titles and encouraging Western-style agriculture and commercial development of their lands. Some comparisons are also made with the situation of India’s Tribals.

Pol??ticas p??blicas para o tratamento da judicializa????o: janelas para solu????es alternativas

O panorama da judicializa????o das pol??ticas p??blicas (JPP) no Brasil se expande e se diversifica, imprimindo uma presen??a marcante na cena p??blica nacional. Isto tem levado atores da gest??o p??blica a buscarem solu????es alternativas para o tratamento da judicializa????o, quando esta bate ?? porta dos ??rg??os do Executivo, ou mesmo, quando entra sem bater. O presente trabalho visa transpor o debate pouco f??rtil que superdimensiona o papel do ativismo do Judici??rio, para situar a judicializa????o como fen??meno que carrega ao mesmo tempo problemas e janelas de solu????o para demandas cidad??s. Busca-se responder ?? indaga????o: o manejo da judicializa????o atrav??s de solu????es de gest??o para o atendimento de decis??es judiciais e para a preven????o de novos conflitos poderia ser considerado uma pol??tica p??blica? Para tal, ?? proposto um percurso anal??tico (te??rico e emp??rico). S??o confrontados dois campos te??ricos: a teoria da judicializa????o e os modelos anal??ticos de Pol??ticas P??blicas (m??ltiplos fluxos e equil??brio pontuado). A metodologia inclui o estudo de casos m??ltiplos da judicializa????o da Sa??de, por??m com pretens??es de aplica????o geral ?? JPP, mesmo que ainda explorat??ria. Com base na compara????o de casos, ?? constru??da uma tipologia de problemas e solu????es e testada a aplicabilidade dos fluxos de Kingdon (Problemas, Alternativas e Pol??tica) na forma????o da agenda do manejo da judicializa????o. S??o tamb??m estudados os aspectos do deslocamento de arena que a judicializa????o representaria, e da constru????o dessa arena emergente. Ao fim, os achados e possibilidades s??o postos em di??logo com a teoria da judicializa????o das pol??ticas p??blicas, buscando-se perceber as janelas para o estabelecimento de agendas de pol??ticas p??blicas mais sens??veis aos fluxos de judicializa????o

O que torna um prefeito respons??vel? uma an??lise comparativa dos condicionantes da gest??o fiscal

O presente artigo tem como objetivo principal investigar quais fatores influenciam o comportamento fiscal dos governos locais no Brasil. Para tanto, a pesquisa testa como fatores estruturais e, sobretudo, relativos ?? din??mica pol??tica influencia a prefeitura no desempenho respons??vel da pol??tica fiscal. A an??lise do impacto do sistema pol??tico sobre a gest??o fiscal se apresenta como um f??rtil objeto de estudo comparado, principalmente, devido ao amplo processo de descentraliza????o fiscal p??s Constitui????o de 1988, no qual, os munic??pios passaram a desempenhar papel de destaque, com aumento sens??vel das suas responsabilidades, seja no ??mbito das receitas quanto das despesas (Afonso & Ara??jo, 2000; Souza, 2004). No sentido de avan??ar nesta abordagem, a pesquisa utiliza como vari??vel dependente do comportamento fiscal das prefeituras brasileiras o ??ndice FIRJAN de Gest??o Fiscal (IFGF) que mede a disciplina e qualidade da gest??o or??ament??ria e financeira dos munic??pios brasileiros a partir de cinco medidas: receita pr??pria, gastos com pessoal, investimentos, liquidez e custo da d??vida. Assim, a utiliza????o do ??ndice de gest??o fiscal como vari??vel dependente desta investiga????o possibilita analisar de forma compreensiva o desempenho das prefeituras como tamb??m comparar os resultados fiscais dos gestores locais com base em um n??mero grande de observa????es, o que permite mais condi????es de generaliza????o. O pressuposto conceitual desta abordagem ?? que a compreens??o das pol??ticas p??blicas adv??m da intencionalidade das escolhas, isto ??, seus resultados s??o frutos de um processo de tomada de decis??es por atores pol??ticos que, em contextos democr??ticos, s??o afetados n??o apenas por fatores estruturais, como tamb??m por incentivos e constrangimentos de car??ter pol??tico

E agora, Shakti? : como formular uma nova lei ambiental em uma sociedade politicamente dividida?

O estudo de caso analisa o dilema enfrentado pela presidente de uma rep??blica fict??cia na elabora????o do Novo C??digo Florestal de seu pa??s. O enfoque est?? centrado na tarefa ??rdua de conciliar desenvolvimento econ??mico e prote????o ambiental numa ??nica legisla????o. O debate se d?? em torno da trama pol??tica que envolve a tomada de decis??o em momentos de crise e na necessidade de se discutir coletivamente temas sens??veis para a sociedade. Como conciliar direito ao desenvolvimento com prote????o ambiental num pa??s marcado por lutas? Como decidir em meio ?? press??o pol??tica de grupos divergentes? O estudo de caso centra os debates em torno da gest??o do meio ambiente num contexto de expans??o econ??mica baseada no agroneg??cio. O material did??tico pode ser utilizado em disciplinas relacionadas a Direito Ambiental, Direito Internacional P??blico, Direitos Humanos e Administra????o P??blica.

Comiss??o de ??tica Setorial: os desafios de fazer cumprir a ??tica na administra????o p??blica federal

Este texto parte do reconhecimento de que a implementa????o de Comiss??es de ??tica Setoriais constitui componente fundamental para concretizar a promo????o da ??tica no ??mbito do Sistema de Gest??o da ??tica do Poder Executivo Federal. Entretanto, essa n??o ?? uma tarefa simples. A an??lise de dados secund??rios e a revis??o da literatura sobre o tema suscitam as quest??es: como implementar Comiss??es de ??tica Setoriais? H?? lacunas no processo de implanta????o? Quais seriam os meios para transpor as dificuldades inerentes a esse processo? Realizou-se pesquisa explorat??ria, indutiva, qualitativa. O estudo de dois casos (um de sucesso e outro de fracasso no processo de implementa????o dessas Comiss??es) indica que a ado????o sistem??tica de instrumentos pedag??gicos para a promo????o da ??tica, o comprometimento da alta administra????o e a cria????o de uma rede interna de pessoas capacitadas e sens??veis ao tema s??o elementos importantes nesse processo. O estudo sugere, ainda, a????es que podem favorecer a efetiva implementa????o dessas Comiss??es.