Dynamic stiffness analysis of bridge abutments

Strong motion records obtained in instrumented short-span bridges show the importance of the abutments in the dynamic response of the structure. Existing models study the pier foundation influence but not the abutment performance. This work proposes two and three dimensional boundary element models in the frequency domain and studies the dimensionless dynamic stiffness of standard bridge abutments.

Dimensional synthesis of a spherical parallel manipulator based on the evaluation of global performance indexes

In this work, the dimensional synthesis of a spherical Parallel Manipulator (PM) with a -1S kinematic chain is presented. The goal of the synthesis is to find a set of parameters that defines the PM with the best performance in terms of workspace capabilities, dexterity and isotropy. The PM is parametrized in terms of a reference element, and a non-directed search of these parameters is carried out. First, the inverse kinematics and instantaneous kinematics of the mechanism are presented. The latter is found using the screw theory formulation. An algorithm that explores a bounded set of parameters and determines the corresponding value of global indexes is presented. The concepts of a novel global performance index and a compound index are introduced. Simulation results are shown and discussed. The best PMs found in terms of each performance index evaluated are locally analyzed in terms of its workspace and local dexterity. The relationship between the performance of the PM and its parameters is discussed, and a prototype with the best performance in terms of the compound index is presented and analyzed.

Abutments influence in the dynamic response of bridges

A simplified analytical model of a short span bridge is proposed. The inertial interaction effects of pier foundations and abutments has been included in order to evaluate the response sensitivities to different soil-structure interaction variables. The modification of natural frequency and damping properties is shown for typical short span bridges of the integral deck-abutment type for longitudinal vibrations or general bridges for the transverse ones.

Techniques to accelerate convergence of stress-controlled molecular dynamics simulations of dislocation motion

Dislocation mobility —the relation between applied stress and dislocation velocity—is an important property to model the mechanical behavior of structural materials. These mobilities reflect the interaction between the dislocation core and the host lattice and, thus, atomistic resolution is required to capture its details. Because the mobility function is multiparametric, its computation is often highly demanding in terms of computational requirements. Optimizing how tractions are applied can be greatly advantageous in accelerating convergence and reducing the overall computational cost of the simulations. In this paper we perform molecular dynamics simulations of ½ 〈1 1 1〉 screw dislocation motion in tungsten using step and linear time functions for applying external stress. We find that linear functions over time scales of the order of 10–20 ps reduce fluctuations and speed up convergence to the steady-state velocity value by up to a factor of two.

Simplified modelling of bridge abutments-soil interaction under seismic effects

A simplified model is proposed to show the importance that the dynamic soil-abutment interaction can have in the global behavior of bridges submitted to seismic loading. The modification of natural frequency and damping properties is shown in graphic form for typical short span bridges of the integral deck-abutment type for longitudinal vibrations or general ones for transverse vibrations.

Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction in Bridge Abutments

Strong motion obtained in instrumental short-span bridges show the importance of the abutments in the dynamic response of the whole structure. Many models have been used in order to take into account the influence of pier foundations although no reliable ones have been used to analyse the abutment performance. In this work three-dimensional Boundary Element models in frequency domain have been proposed and dimensionless dynamic stiffness of standard bridge abutments have been obtained.

Design and kinematic analysis of 3PSS-1S wrist for needle insertion guidance

In this work it is presented a complete kinematic analysis of the 3PSS-1S parallel mechanism for its implementation as a spherical wrist for a needle insertion guidance robot. The spherical 3PSS-1S mechanism is a low weight and reduced dimension parallel mechanism that allows spherical movements providing the requirements needed for the serial–parallel robotic arm for needle insertion guidance. The solution of its direct kinematic is computed with a numerical method based on the Newton–Raphson formulation and a constraint function of the mechanism. The input–output velocity equation is obtained with the use of screw theory. Three types of singular postures are identified during simulations and verified in the real prototype. The 3PSS-1S can perform pure rotations of ±45°±45°, ±40°±40°, ±60°±60° along the View the MathML sourcex, View the MathML sourcey, View the MathML sourcez axes respectively.

Registration and fusion of contrast-enhanced MRI myocardial substrate maps and X-ray angiograms

The aim of this work is to provide the necessary methods to register and fuse the endo-epicardial signal intensity (SI) maps extracted from contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (ceMRI) with X-ray coronary ngiograms using an intrinsic registrationbased algorithm to help pre-planning and guidance of catheterization procedures. Fusion of angiograms with SI maps was treated as a 2D-3D pose estimation, where each image point is projected to a Plücker line, and the screw representation for rigid motions is minimized using a gradient descent method. The resultant transformation is applied to the SI map that is then projected and fused on each angiogram. The proposed method was tested in clinical datasets from 6 patients with prior myocardial infarction. The registration procedure is optionally combined with an iterative closest point algorithm (ICP) that aligns the ventricular contours segmented from two ventriculograms.

Inverse kinematics of a humanoid robot with non-spherical hip: a hybrid algorithm approach

This paper describes an approach to solve the inverse kinematics problem of humanoid robots whose construction shows a small but non negligible offset at the hip which prevents any purely analytical solution to be developed. Knowing that a purely numerical solution is not feasible due to variable efficiency problems, the proposed one first neglects the offset presence in order to obtain an approximate “solution” by means of an analytical algorithm based on screw theory, and then uses it as the initial condition of a numerical refining procedure based on the Levenberg‐Marquardt algorithm. In this way, few iterations are needed for any specified attitude, making it possible to implement the algorithm for real‐time applications. As a way to show the algorithm’s implementation, one case of study is considered throughout the paper, represented by the SILO2 humanoid robot.

Multiscale modeling of the plastic behaviour in single crystal tungsten: from atomistic to crystal plasticity simulations

En una planta de fusión, los materiales en contacto con el plasma así como los materiales de primera pared experimentan condiciones particularmente hostiles al estar expuestos a altos flujos de partículas, neutrones y grandes cargas térmicas. Como consecuencia de estas diferentes y complejas condiciones de trabajo, el estudio, desarrollo y diseño de estos materiales es uno de los más importantes retos que ha surgido en los últimos años para la comunidad científica en el campo de los materiales y la energía. Debido a su baja tasa de erosión, alta resistencia al sputtering, alta conductividad térmica, muy alto punto de fusión y baja retención de tritio, el tungsteno (wolframio) es un importante candidato como material de primera pared y como posible material estructural avanzado en fusión por confinamiento magnético e inercial. Sin embargo, el tiempo de vida del tungsteno viene controlado por diversos factores como son su respuesta termo-mecánica en la superficie, la posibilidad de fusión y el fallo por acumulación de helio. Es por ello que el tiempo de vida limitado por la respuesta mecánica del tungsteno (W), y en particular su fragilidad, sean dos importantes aspectos que tienes que ser investigados. El comportamiento plástico en materiales refractarios con estructura cristalina cúbica centrada en las caras (bcc) como el tungsteno está gobernado por las dislocaciones de tipo tornillo a escala atómica y por conjuntos e interacciones de dislocaciones a escalas más grandes. El modelado de este complejo comportamiento requiere la aplicación de métodos capaces de resolver de forma rigurosa cada una de las escalas. El trabajo que se presenta en esta tesis propone un modelado multiescala que es capaz de dar respuestas ingenieriles a las solicitudes técnicas del tungsteno, y que a su vez está apoyado por la rigurosa física subyacente a extensas simulaciones atomísticas. En primer lugar, las propiedades estáticas y dinámicas de las dislocaciones de tipo tornillo en cinco potenciales interatómicos de tungsteno son comparadas, determinando cuáles de ellos garantizan una mayor fidelidad física y eficiencia computacional. Las grandes tasas de deformación asociadas a las técnicas de dinámica molecular hacen que las funciones de movilidad de las dislocaciones obtenidas no puedan ser utilizadas en los siguientes pasos del modelado multiescala. En este trabajo, proponemos dos métodos alternativos para obtener las funciones de movilidad de las dislocaciones: un modelo Monte Cario cinético y expresiones analíticas. El conjunto de parámetros necesarios para formular el modelo de Monte Cario cinético y la ley de movilidad analítica son calculados atomísticamente. Estos parámetros incluyen, pero no se limitan a: la determinación de las entalpias y energías de formación de las parejas de escalones que forman las dislocaciones, la parametrización de los efectos de no Schmid característicos en materiales bcc,etc. Conociendo la ley de movilidad de las dislocaciones en función del esfuerzo aplicado y la temperatura, se introduce esta relación como ecuación de flujo dentro de un modelo de plasticidad cristalina. La predicción del modelo sobre la dependencia del límite de fluencia con la temperatura es validada experimentalmente con ensayos uniaxiales en tungsteno monocristalino. A continuación, se calcula el límite de fluencia al aplicar ensayos uniaxiales de tensión para un conjunto de orientaciones cristalográticas dentro del triángulo estándar variando la tasa de deformación y la temperatura de los ensayos. Finalmente, y con el objetivo de ser capaces de predecir una respuesta más dúctil del tungsteno para una variedad de estados de carga, se realizan ensayos biaxiales de tensión sobre algunas de las orientaciones cristalográficas ya estudiadas en función de la temperatura.-------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT ----------------------------------------------------------Tungsten and tungsten alloys are being considered as leading candidates for structural and functional materials in future fusion energy devices. The most attractive properties of tungsten for the design of magnetic and inertial fusion energy reactors are its high melting point, high thermal conductivity, low sputtering yield and low longterm disposal radioactive footprint. However, tungsten also presents a very low fracture toughness, mostly associated with inter-granular failure and bulk plasticity, that limits its applications. As a result of these various and complex conditions of work, the study, development and design of these materials is one of the most important challenges that have emerged in recent years to the scientific community in the field of materials for energy applications. The plastic behavior of body-centered cubic (bcc) refractory metals like tungsten is governed by the kink-pair mediated thermally activated motion of h¿ (\1 11)i screw dislocations on the atomistic scale and by ensembles and interactions of dislocations at larger scales. Modeling this complex behavior requires the application of methods capable of resolving rigorously each relevant scale. The work presented in this thesis proposes a multiscale model approach that gives engineering-level responses to the technical specifications required for the use of tungsten in fusion energy reactors, and it is also supported by the rigorous underlying physics of extensive atomistic simulations. First, the static and dynamic properties of screw dislocations in five interatomic potentials for tungsten are compared, determining which of these ensure greater physical fidelity and computational efficiency. The large strain rates associated with molecular dynamics techniques make the dislocation mobility functions obtained not suitable to be used in the next steps of the multiscale model. Therefore, it is necessary to employ mobility laws obtained from a different method. In this work, we suggest two alternative methods to get the dislocation mobility functions: a kinetic Monte Carlo model and analytical expressions. The set of parameters needed to formulate the kinetic Monte Carlo model and the analytical mobility law are calculated atomistically. These parameters include, but are not limited to: enthalpy and energy barriers of kink-pairs as a function of the stress, width of the kink-pairs, non-Schmid effects ( both twinning-antitwinning asymmetry and non-glide stresses), etc. The function relating dislocation velocity with applied stress and temperature is used as the main source of constitutive information into a dislocation-based crystal plasticity framework. We validate the dependence of the yield strength with the temperature predicted by the model against existing experimental data of tensile tests in singlecrystal tungsten, with excellent agreement between the simulations and the measured data. We then extend the model to a number of crystallographic orientations uniformly distributed in the standard triangle and study the effects of temperature and strain rate. Finally, we perform biaxial tensile tests and provide the yield surface as a function of the temperature for some of the crystallographic orientations explored in the uniaxial tensile tests.

The effect of moisture content on nondestructive probing measurements

When assessing existing timber structures it is not possible to obtain density as the ratio mass/volume, so nondestructive probing methods are used to predict density. As in other nondestructive techniques, moisture content influences measurements. The goal of this paper is to study the influence of timber moisture content on two nondestructive probing techniques (penetration resistance and pullout resistance). 25 large cross section specimens of laricio pine from Spain were measured. The moisture content ranged from 65.1% to 8.3%. Penetration depth decreases and screw withdrawal strength increases when moisture content decreases below the fiber saturation point. There are lineal tendencies in both techniques. No moisture content influence was found in measures above fiber saturation point.

Transferencia inalámbrica de energía

El trabajo presentado en este documento se centra en la temática de la transferencia inalámbrica de energía, concretamente en aplicaciones de campo lejano, para llevar a cabo dicho trabajo nos centraremos en el diseño, implementación y medición de una rectenna operando en la banda ISM concretamente a una frecuencia de 2.45GHz, el objetivo primordial de este trabajo será analizar que parámetros intervienen en la eficiencia de conversión en la etapa de RF-DC a fin de lograr la máxima eficiencia de conversión posible. Para llevar a cabo dicho análisis se emplearán herramientas informáticas, concretamente se hará uso del software AWR Microwave Office, a través del cual se realizarán simulaciones SourcePull a fin de determinar la impedancia óptima de entrada que se le debe presentar a la etapa rectificadora RF-DC para conseguir la máxima eficiencia de conversión, una vez realizadas dichas pruebas se implementará físicamente un circuito rectenna a través del cual realizar medidas de SourcePull mediante un Wide Matching Range Slide Screw Tuner de MAURY MICROWAVE para cotejar las posibles diferencias con los resultados obtenidos en las simulaciones. Tras la fase de pruebas SourcePull se extrapolará una red de entrada en base a los datos obtenidos en las mediciones anteriores y se diseñará y fabricará un circuito rectenna con máxima eficiencia de conversión para un conjunto de valores de potencia de entrada de RF y carga de DC, tras lo cual se analizará la eficiencia del circuito diseñado para diferentes valores de potencia de RF de entrada y carga de DC. Como elemento rectificador emplearemos en nuestro trabajo el diodo Schottky HSMS-2820, los diodos Schottky se caracterizan por tener tiempos de conmutación relativamente bajos y pérdidas en directa reducidas los cual será fundamental a la hora de trabajar con niveles reducidos de potencia de RF de entrada, para implementar el circuito se empleará un substrato FR4 con espesor de 0.8mm para disminuir en la mayor medida posible las pérdidas introducidas por el dieléctrico, se analizarán diferentes posibilidades a la hora de implementar el filtro de RF a la salida del diodo rectificador y finalmente se optará por el empleo de un stub radial ya que será este el que mejor ancho de banda nos proporcione. Los resultados simulados se compararán con los resultados medidos sobre el circuito rectenna para determinar la similitud entre ambos. ABSTRACT. The work presented in this paper focuses on the issue of wireless transfer of energy, particularly applied to far-field applications, to carry out this work we focus on the design, implementation and measurement of a rectenna operating in the ISM band specifically at a frequency of 2.45GHz, the primary objective of this study is to analyze any parameter involved in the RF-DC conversion efficiency in order to achieve the maximum conversion efficiency as possible. Computer analysis tools will be used, particularly AWR Microwave Office software, in order to carry out SourcePull simulations to determine the optimal input impedance which must be presented to the rectifier stage for maximum conversion efficiency, once obtained, a rectenna circuit will be implemented to compute SourcePull measurements, and finally simulated results will be compared to measured results. Once obtained the result, an input network impedance is extrapolated based on data from previous measurements to design and implement a rectenna circuit with high conversion efficiency for a set of RF input power and DC load values , after that, the designed circuit efficiency will be analyzed for different values of RF input power and DC load. In this work a HSMS-2820 Schottky diode will be used as the rectifier , Schottky diodes are characterized by relatively low switching times and reduced direct losses, that properties will be essential when working with low RF input power levels , to implement the circuit a FR4 substrate with 0.8mm thickness is used to reduce as much as possible the dielectric losses, different possibilities to implement the RF filter to the output of the rectifier diode will be analyzed, finally we will opt for the use of a radial stub as this will provide the best bandwidth possible. The simulated results are compared with the results measured on the rectenna circuit to determine the similarity between them.

Propriedades mecânicas e térmicas de nanocompósito híbrido de polipropileno com adição de argila e celulose proveniente de papel descartado.

Este trabalho aborda o estudo do comportamento mecânico e térmico do nanocompósito híbrido de polipropileno com uma argila brasileira bentonítica do Estado da Paraíba (PB), conhecida como \"chocolate\" com concentração de 1, 2 e 5 % em massa com a adição de 1 e 2 % em massa de celulose proveniente de papel descartado. Foi utilizado nesse nanocompósito o agente compatibilizante polipropileno graftizado com anidrido maleico PP-g-AM com 3 % de concentração em massa, através da técnica de intercalação do fundido utilizando uma extrusora de dupla-rosca e, em seguida, os corpos de prova foram confeccionados em uma injetora. O comportamento mecânico foi avaliado pelos ensaios de tração, flexão e impacto. O comportamento térmico foi avaliado pelas técnicas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e termogravimetria (TGA). A morfologia dos nanocompósitos foi estudada pela técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A argila, a celulose e os nanocompósitos híbridos foram caracterizados por difração de raios X (DRX), fluorescência de raios X (FRX) e espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR). Nos ensaios mecânicos de tração houve um aumento de 11 % na tensão máxima em tração e 15 % no módulo de Young, para o nanocompósito com argila, PPA 5 %. No ensaio de impacto Izod, o nanocompósito com argila, PPA 2 % obteve um aumento de 63 % na resistência ao impacto. Para o nanocompósito híbrido PPAC 1 % houve aumento de 8 % na tensão máxima em tração e para o nanocompósito híbrido PPAC 2 % houve aumento de 14 % na resistência ao impacto.

Estudo da blenda PBAT/PLA com cargas.

Neste trabalho compósitos foram obtidos a partir da blenda comercial 100% biodegradável Ecovio® C2224 da BASF, uma blenda formada por 55% em massa de um copoliéster biodegradável, o Ecoflex® (poli[(adipato de butileno)-co-(tereftalato de butileno)]) e 45% em massa de PLA poli(ácido láctico). Como carga, utilizaram-se dois tipos de argilas comerciais do grupo das esmectitas, ambas predominantemente montmorilonitas: Cloisite Sódica® e Cloisite 30B®. Também foi utilizado como carga a sílica coloidal comercial Aerosil 200®, com área superficial de 200 m2/g e diâmetro médio de partícula 12nm. Os compósitos estudados, ambos contendo 5% e 10% em massa de cargas, foram preparados em uma extrusora de rosca dupla, acoplada a um reômetro de torque. O estudo foi dividido em três etapas: 1ª) etapa: Obtenção e caracterização dos compósitos de Ecovio®/ argila e Ecovio® / sílica; 2ª) etapa: Avaliação da fotodegradação do Ecovio® puro e dos compósitos obtidos; 3ª) etapa: Avaliação da biodegradabilidade do Ecovio® puro e dos compósitos após exposição em câmara de UV. As propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos antes e depois de serem submetidos à exposição em câmara de UV foram avaliadas por ensaios de resistência à tração e resistência ao impacto Izod. Os resultados obtidos na 1ª etapa deste trabalho indicaram aumento nos valores de módulo de elasticidade de todos os compósitos, em relação à blenda pura. Destacam-se as composições com 5% e 10% em massa de sílica coloidal, que apresentaram aumentos de até 115% nos valores de módulo de elasticidade, sem perdas significativas em resistência à tração, alongamento e resistência ao impacto, quando comparadas à fase matriz. Na 2ª etapa, a partir de 20 dias de exposição, todas as composições (blendas e compósitos) apresentam redução nas propriedades mecânicas em função do aumento do tempo de exposição à radiação UV. Na 3ª etapa, independente do tipo ou teor de carga presente na blenda, todas as composições apresentaram índices de biodegradabilidade, depois de 120 dias, de 40 a 60%, devido à prévia exposição à radiação UV.

The Summary of a Course of Experimental Philosophical Lectures, 1746-1747

Leather hardcover notebook containing a handwritten copy of John Winthrop's course of experimental and philosophical lectures presented between March 10, 1746 and June 16, 1746. The first one-hundred pages of the volume are divided into twenty chapters which were presented in thirty-three lectures. The chapters contain text and diagrams on mechanical powers, the lever, the pulley, the axis in peritrochio, the inclined plane, the wedge, the screw, compound engines, the laws of motion, gravity, attraction of cohesion, the power of repulsion, magnetism, fluids, electricity, opticks, and astronomy. There is a five-page addenda to the course summary added in 1747, and a sixty-page text titled "The Method of Astronomical calculations" containing thirteen problems related to calculating distances with a list of astronomical characters, and followed with charts related to the eclipse of Jupiter's satellites.