Mice deficient in interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-4 receptor alpha have higher resistance to sporozoite infection with Plasmodium berghei (ANKA) than do naive wild-type mice

BALB/c interleukin-4 (IL-4(-/-)) or IL-4 receptor-alpha (IL-4ralpha(-/-)) knockout (KO) mice were used to assess the roles of the IL-4 and IL-13 pathways during infections with the blood or liver stages of plasmodium in murine malaria. Intraperitoneal infection with the blood-stage erythrocytes of Plasmodium berghei (ANKA) resulted in 100% mortality within 24 days in BALB/c mice, as well as in the mutant mouse strains. However, when infected intravenously with the sporozoite liver stage, 60 to 80% of IL-4(-/-) and IL-4ralpha(-/-) mice survived, whereas all BALB/c mice succumbed with high parasitemia. Compared to infected BALB/c controls, the surviving KO mice showed increased NK cell numbers and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the liver and were able to eliminate parasites early during infection. In vivo blockade of NO resulted in 100% mortality of sporozoite-infected KO mice. In vivo depletion of NK cells also resulted in 80 to 100% mortality, with a significant reduction in gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in the liver. These results suggest that IFN-gamma-producing NK cells are critical in host resistance against the sporozoite liver stage by inducing NO production, an effective killing effector molecule against Plasmodium. The absence of IL-4-mediated functions increases the protective innate immune mechanism identified above, which results in immunity against P. berghei infection in these mice, with no major role for IL-13.

Appendix A. Gene identity within the cultivated species, and between the cultivated species and different wild species in tomato

High salinity is a severe constraint on tomato growth and productivity in many regions and situations. To obtain an ideal gene donor for improving the salt tolerance of tomato cultivars, the potential of tolerance response to salinity were evaluated for 14 tomato accessions including wild and cultivated species. By investigation of seed germination and seedling survival, a common cultivar, Solanum lycopersicum 'moneymaker', is evidenced significantly salt-tolerant among them and correspondingly, a wild accession, Solanum cheesmanniae 'LA0317', is most vulnerable to salinity. The performance of Moneymaker and LA0317 upon salinity was then compared in detail for their growth inhibition and some physiological changes. Complete dominance of Moneymaker and its high gene identity in tomato species lead us to use it in microarray experiment and apply it as gene donor for salt tolerance. The results indicated some mechanism differences between Moneymaker and LA0317 in salt response, proposed the potentially high salt tolerance of cultivated tomato and implied that Moneymaker is a valuable gene donor in this field, potentially minimizing the growth inhibition and yield reduction in transgenic plants.

Wild life of the world : a descriptive survey of the geographical distribution of animals /

Mode of access: Internet.

North Fork American River : wild and scenic river study report /

Errata sheet inserted.

Wild animals I have known : and 200 drawings /

Mode of access: Internet.

Flora von Nieder-Oesterreich : Eine Aufzählung und Beschreibung der im erzherzogthume Oesterreich unter des Enns wild wachsenden oder in grossem gebauten Gefässpflanzen, nebst einer pflanzengeografischen Schilderung dieses Landes /

Includes index.

Wild flowers worth notice : a selection of some of our native plants which are most attractive from their beauty, uses, or associations /

Mode of access: Internet.

Among the wild Ngoni; being some chapters in the history of the Livingstonia mission in British Central Africa,

Mode of access: Internet.

That wild wheel, a novel,

Mode of access: Internet.

Bronson Alcott's Fruitlands : with Transcendental wild oats by Louisa M. Alcott /

"Catalogue of the Original Fruitlands Library," p. [177]-185.

How to know the wild flowers : a guide to the names, haunts, and habits of our common wild flowers /

Includes indexes.

Assessment of impoundment and forfeiture laws for drivers convicted of DUI. Phase II report: evaluation of Oregon and Washington Vehicle Plate Zebra Sticker Laws. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

The music of wild flowers.

Mode of access: Internet.

Wild creatures of garden and hedgerow /

"Four chapters have previously appeared as essays in the National review."--Pref.