Warming and acidification experiment on early life-stage F. vesiculosus under natural fluctuation and seasonal variations (spring 2013 - 2014)

Genetic diversity of baltic F. vesiculosus is low compared to other populations which might jeopardize their potential for adaptation to climate change. Especially the early life-stage F. vesiculosus may be threaten by ocean warming and acidification. To test this, we exposed F. vesiculosus germlings to warming and acidification in the near-natural scenario in the "Kiel Outdoor Benthocosms" maintaining the natural variation of the Kiel Fjord, Germany (54°27 'N, 10°11 'W) in all seasons (spring 2013 - 2014). Warming was simulated by using a delta treatment adding 5 °C and by increasing pCO2 at 1000 µatm. Warming positively affected germlings' growth in spring and in summer but decreased non-photochemical quenching in spring and survival in summer. Acidified conditions showed much weaker effects than warming. The high genotypic variation in stress sensitivity as well as the enhanced survival at high diversity levels indicate higher potential for adaptation for genetically diverse populations. We conclude that the combination of stressors and season determines the sensitivity to environmental stress and that genetic variation is crucial for the adaptation to climate change stress.

Iberian Margin 420 kyr geochemical and color variations record

Here we report 420 kyr long records of sediment geochemical and color variations from the southwestern Iberian Margin. We synchronized the Iberian Margin sediment record to Antarctic ice cores and speleothem records on millennial time scales and investigated the phase responses relative to orbital forcing of multiple proxy records available from these cores. Iberian Margin sediments contain strong precession power. Sediment "redness" (a* and 570-560 nm) and the ratio of long-chain alcohols to n-alkanes (C26OH/(C26OH + C29)) are highly coherent and in-phase with precession. Redder layers and more oxidizing conditions (low alcohol ratio) occur near precession minima (summer insolation maxima). We suggest these proxies respond rapidly to low-latitude insolation forcing by wind-driven processes (e.g., dust transport, upwelling, precipitation). Most Iberian Margin sediment parameters lag obliquity maxima by 7-8 ka, indicating a consistent linear response to insolation forcing at obliquity frequencies driven mainly by high-latitude processes. Although the lengths of the time series are short (420 ka) for detecting 100 kyr eccentricity cycles, the phase relationships support those obtained by Shackleton []. Antarctic temperature and the Iberian Margin alcohol ratios (C26OH/(C26OH + C29)) lead eccentricity maxima by 6 kyr, with lower ratios (increased oxygenation) occurring at eccentricity maxima. CO2, CH4, and Iberian SST are nearly in phase with eccentricity, and minimum ice volume (as inferred from Pacific d18Oseawater) lags eccentricity maxima by 10 kyr. The phase relationships derived in this study continue to support a potential role of the Earth's carbon cycle in contributing to the 100 kyr cycle.

Alkenone variations, total organic carbon and stable oxygen isotope ratios of the western Arabian Sea

We here present records of total organic carbon (TOC) and C37 alkenones, used as indicators for past primary productivity, from the western (WAS) and eastern Arabian Sea (EAS). New data from an open ocean site of the WAS upwelling area are compared with similar records from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 723 from the continental margin off Oman and MD 900963 from the EAS. These records together with other proxies used to reconstruct upwelling intensity, indicate periods of high productivity in tune with precessional forcing. On the basis of their phase relationship to boreal summer insolation they can be divided into three groups: in the WAS differences between monsoonal proxies (1) and productivity (2) document a combined signal of moderate SW monsoon winds and of strengthened and prolonged NE monsoon winds, whereas in the EAS phasing indicates maximum productivity (3) at times of stronger NE monsoon winds associated with precession-related maxima in ice volume.

Crystal size variations in Eemian-age ice from the GRIP ice core, Central Greenland

Continuous measurements of ice crystal size have been carried out on an 80 m sequence between 2790 and 2870 m depth in the GRIP ice core from Central Greenland. The ice in this interval is at present considered to orginate from the Eemian interglacial period. The record reveals that the crystal size in ice older than 100,000 yr is highly dependent on climatic conditions at the time of snowfall. This dependence shows up as a strong correlation between ?18O values and crystal size throughout the Eemian, as well as a negative correlation between crystal size and several soluble and insoluble impurities. Although high-resolution impurity records are available from selected parts of the Eemian ice, the study is not conclusive on which impurities are most effective in slowing grain growth. It is shown that the normal grain-growth process, commonly observed in the upper few hundred metres of polar ice sheets, does not yield grain sizes compatible with observed ones at this depth in the ice sheet, even in those parts of the Eemian ice where impurity drag effects are not present. Polygonization of crystals within the ice sheet and the nucleation and rapid growth of new grains at relatively high temperatures in the lowest part probably play an important role in producing the observed grain-size variations. The relevance of possible flow disturbances of the GRIP Eemian climatic record for the results presented is discussed briefly.

Nitrogen isotope variations along the northeast Pacific margin

Glacial-interglacial changes in sedimentary d15N over the last 120 kyr display a remarkably similar pattern in timing and amplitude in core records extending from the denitrification zone in the eastern tropical North Pacific (ETNP), where subsurface denitrification is active, to the Oregon margin, where no denitrification occurs today. Low d15N values (4-6 per mil) generally characterize glacial stages 2 and 4, and higher d15N values (7-10 per mil) are representative of the Holocene, millennial-scale periods within stage 3, and stage 5. The inferred synchroneity of d15N variations along the entire margin implies that the nitrate isotopic signal produced in the oxygen-poor subsurface waters in the ETNP is rapidly advected northward and recorded at sites far beyond the boundaries of the modern denitrification zone. Similar to d15N, primary production indicators (percent Corg, Ba/Al, and percent opal) show glacial-interglacial as well as millennial-scale variations along the NE Pacific margin, with higher primary production during warm periods. However, the relative phasing between d15N and paleoproduction tracers within individual records changes latitudinally. Whereas d15N and primary production vary approximately synchronously in the midlatitudes, production lags d15N in the ETNP by several kiloyears. This lag calls for a new understanding of the processes driving denitrification in the ETNP. We suggest that oxygen input by the Equatorial Undercurrent as well as local organic matter flux controls denitrification rates in the ETNP. Moreover, the differences in relative timing point to a time-transgressive development of upwelling-favorable winds along the NE Pacific margin after the last glaciation, with those in the north developing several kiloyears earlier.

Annual variations in composition of the North Dvina River water

New data on elemental composition of particulate matter from the North Dvina River are presented. In May (period of snowmelt flood) it is similar to the upper layer of the continental crust due to active erosion of crust material in the catchment area. In August (summer low water period) impact of biogenic components increases and elevated concentrations of Cd, Sb, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Cu are observed. At other seasons no significant increase in heavy and rare earth element concentrations is observed.