Impact des techniques de fermeture utérine lors de la césarienne

Contexte: La césarienne est une procédure chirurgicale qui survient dans plus du quart des accouchements en Amérique du Nord. Les techniques chirurgicales de fermeture de l’utérus lors de la césarienne sont variées, influencent la cicatrisation et le risque de complications chez la femme à court et long terme. Il a été suggéré que la fermeture en un plan barré augmentait le risque de rupture de l’utérus et de défaut de cicatrisation de l’utérus. Cependant, en l’absence d’un haut niveau d’évidence, cette technique est toujours pratiquée au Canada et en Amérique du Nord. Objectif: Comparer l’impact des différentes techniques de fermeture de l’utérus lors de la césarienne sur les complications maternelles à court et long terme. Méthode : Trois revues systématiques et méta-analyses d’études observationnelles ou d’essais randomisés contrôlés (ECR) ont été réalisées. La prévalence des défauts de cicatrisation et les issues à court et long terme ont été comparées entre les techniques de fermeture de l’utérus. Par la suite, un essai randomisé contrôlé a évalué trois techniques de fermeture de l’utérus : un plan barré, deux plans barrés et deux plans non barrés excluant la déciduale, chez 81 femmes avec une césarienne primaire élective à ≥ 38 semaines de grossesse. L’épaisseur du myomètre résiduel a été mesurée six mois après la césarienne à l’aide d’une échographie transvaginale et comparée par un test t de Student. Résultats : Les résultats des revues systématiques et méta-analyses ont montré que 37% à 59% des femmes présentaient un défaut de cicatrisation de l’utérus après leur césarienne. Concernant les complications à court terme, les types de fermeture de l’utérus étudiés sont comparables, à l’exception de la fermeture en un plan barré qui est associée à un temps opératoire plus court que celle en deux plans (-6.1 minutes, 95% intervalle de confiance (IC) -8.7 à -3.4, p<0.001). Les fermetures de l’utérus en un plan barré sont associées à plus de risque de rupture utérine qu’une fermeture en deux plans barrés (rapport de cote 4.96; IC 95%: 2.58–9.52, P< 0.001). L’ECR a également démontré que la fermeture de l’utérus en un plan barré était associée à une épaisseur du myomètre résiduel plus mince que la fermeture en deux plans non barrés excluant la déciduale (3.8 ± 1.6 mm vs 6.1 ± 2.2 mm; p< 0.001). Finalement, aucune différence significative n’a été détectée concernant la fréquence des points d’hémostases entre les techniques (p=1.000). Conclusion : Lors d’une césarienne élective primaire à terme, une fermeture en deux plans non barrés est associée à un myomètre plus épais qu’une fermeture en un plan barré, sans augmenter le recours à des points d’hémostase. De plus, il est suggéré que la fermeture en deux plans réduirait le risque de rupture utérine lors d’une prochaine grossesse. Finalement, la fermeture chez les femmes en travail doit être plus étudiée.

Surgical technique to avoid bladder flap formation during cesarean section

Cesarean section (CS) is now the most common major surgical procedure performed on women worldwide. A CS can be performed by either suturing or not suturing of the visceral peritoneum. Creation of the bladder flap is an integral step of the standard cesarean section. The bladder flap is made by superficially incising and dissecting the peritoneal lining to separate the urinary bladder from the lower uterine segment. It’s still debated whether the formation of bladder flap is advantageous or not. If the uterine incision is made slightly above the vesicouterine peritoneal fold, the loose connective tissue between the uterus and the urinary bladder allows spontaneous descent of the bladder. Evidence on the role of the bladder flap in cesarean section is very limited. At present, it remains to be established whether there is any advantage in dissecting the bladder from the lower uterine segment during cesarean section.

Serous cystadenofibroma of the Fallopian tube. Case report and literature review

Introduction. Cystadenofibromas of the Fallopian tube are very rare benign tumors of the female genital tract. These tumours are usually asymptomatic and are found incidentally. Case report. We describe a Fallopian serous cystadenofibroma in a 50 year-old woman operated for uterine leiomyoma. The histopathologic finding revealed a cystic lesion connected to the salpinx. The cyst was composed of connective stroma lined by epithelial cuboidal cells, without pleomorfism or detectable mitoses. Pseudopapillary structures were observed in the lumen of the cyst. The patient is well on follow-up. Conclusion. The origin of serous cystadenofibroma of the Fallopian tube is not clear. The tumor is considered an embryologic remnant rather than a proliferating neoplastic process. These tumours seem to have a benign course and a malignant potential has not been described.

The effectiveness of community-based interventions to improve maternal and infant health in the Northeast of Brazil

EMOND, Alan et al. The effectiveness of community-based interventions to improve maternal and infant health in the Northeast of Brazil. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública/ Pan American Journal of Public Health , v.12, n.2, p.101-110, 2002

A case of extraovarian primary peritoneal carcinoma in an oophorectomized-hysterectomized patient: a diagnostic dilemma

Extra Ovarian Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma (EOPPC) is a rare type of adenocarcinoma of the pelvic and abdominal peritoneum. The objective examination and the histological aspect of the neoplasia virtually overlaps with that of ovarian carcinoma. The reported case is that of a 72 year-old patient who had undergone a total hysterectomy with bilateral annessiectomy surgery 20 years earlier subsequently to a diagnosis for uterine leiomyomatosis. The patient came to our attention presenting recurring abdominal pain, constipation, weight loss, severe asthenia and fever. Her blood test results showed hypochromic microcytic anemia and a remarkable increase CA125 marker levels. Instrumental diagnostics with Ultrasound (US) and CT scans indicated the presence of a single peritoneal mass (10-12 cm diameter) close to the great epiploon. The patient was operated through a midline abdominal incision and the mass was removed with the great omentum. No primary tumor was found anywhere else in the abdomen and in the pelvis. The operation lasted approximately 50 minutes. The post-operative course was normal and the patient was discharged four days later. The histological exam of the neoplasia, supported by immunohistochemical analysis, showed a significant positivity for CA 125, vimentin and cytocheratin, presence of psammoma bodies, and cytoarchitectural pattern resembling that of a serous ovarian carcinoma even in absence of primitiveness, leading to a final diagnosis of EOPPC. The patient later underwent six cycles of chemotherapy with paclitaxel (135 mg/m2/24 hr) in association with cisplatin (75mg/m2). At the fourth year follow-up no sign of relapse was observed. .

Adjuvant Effect of Leuprolide on Stroke: A Case report

Objectives: To contribute to current knowledge on the vascular risk of oestrogens. Materials and methods: A 44-year-old woman received a 11.25 mg Leuprolide exteneded release injection to control bleeding from a 7 cm uterine fibroid tumour; 45 days later, she had a stroke due to right frontal lobe ischaemia. Thrombolysis induced complete remission. Three years previously, while taking a birth control pill, the patient had suffered from a stroke that involved her left temporal lobe. She was heterozygous for Factor V R2 H1299R locus and homozygous for the 4G/4G mutation of the PAI-1 gene. Even though her homocysteine level was normal, the patient was homozygous for the MTHFR C677T mutation and although she had never had severe bleeding, she was also homozygous for Factor XIII V34L. Results and conclusion: This patient’s prothrombotic condition could have been enhanced by leuprolide since its stimulatory effect on oestrogen production would still have been minimally present at the time of cerebral thrombosis.

Fluorine-18-labeled estrogens, progestins and corticosteroids for receptor-based imaging of breast tumors and target areas of the brain

Estrogens can be labeled with the positron-emitting radionuclide fluorine-18 (t$\sb{1/2}$ = 110 min) by fluoride ion (n-Bu$\sb4$N$\sp{18}$F) displacement of a 16$\beta$-trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate) derivative of the corresponding estrone 3-triflate, and purification by HPLC. That sequence has been used to synthesize the 11$\beta$-methoxy 1 and 11$\beta$-ethyl 2 analogues of the breast tumor imaging agent, 16$\alpha$-($\sp{18}$F) fluoro-17$\beta$-estradiol (FES). Tissue distribution studies of 1 and 2 in immature female rats show high selectivity for target tissue (T, uterus) vs non-target (NT, muscle and lung), with T/NT ratios being 43 and 17 at one hour after injection for 1 and 2, respectively. The parent estrogen FES has previously been shown to display an intermediate value for tissue selectivity.

Fetal-maternal interface impedance parallels local NADPH oxidase related superoxide production

Blood flow assessment employing Doppler techniques is a useful procedure in pregnancy evaluation, as it may predict pregnancy disorders coursing with increased uterine vascular impedance, as pre-eclampsia. While the local causes are unknown, emphasis has been put on reactive oxygen species (ROS) excessive production. As NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a ROS generator, it is hypothesized that combining Doppler assessment with NOX activity might provide useful knowledge on placental bed disorders underlying mechanisms. A prospective longitudinal study was performed in 19 normal course, singleton pregnancies. Fetal aortic isthmus (AoI) and maternal uterine arteries (UtA) pulsatility index (PI) were recorded at two time points: 20-22 and 40-41 weeks, just before elective Cesarean section. In addition, placenta and placental bed biopsies were performed immediately after fetal extraction. NOX activity was evaluated using a dihydroethidium-based fluorescence method and associations to PI values were studied with Spearman correlations. A clustering of pregnancies coursing with higher and lower PI values was shown, which correlated strongly with placental bed NOX activity, but less consistently with placental tissue. The study provides evidence favoring that placental bed NOX activity parallels UtA PI enhancement and suggests that an excess in oxidation underlies the development of pregnancy disorders coursing with enhanced UtA impedance.

Spontaneous Dissection of the Renal Artery in Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a rare heterogeneous group of connective tissue disorders. The vascular type (vEDS) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in the COL3A1 gene predisposing to premature arterial, intestinal, or uterine rupture. We report a case of a 38-year-old woman with a recent diagnosis of vEDS admitted in the Emergency Department with a suspicion of a pyelonephritis that evolved to a cardiopulmonary arrest. A fatal retroperitoneal hematoma related with a haemorrhagic dissection of the right renal artery was found after emergency surgery. This case highlights the need to be aware of the particular characteristics of vEDS, such as a severe vascular complication that can lead to a fatal outcome.

Braid groups, mapping class groups, and Torelli groups

This thesis discusses subgroups of mapping class groups of particular surfaces. First, we study the Torelli group, that is, the subgroup of the mapping class group that acts trivially on the first homology. We investigate generators of the Torelli group, and we give an algorithm that factorizes elements of the Torelli group into products of particular generators. Furthermore, we investigate normal closures of powers of standard generators of the mapping class group of a punctured sphere. By using the Jones representation, we prove that in most cases these normal closures have infinite index in the mapping class group. We prove a similar result for the hyperelliptic mapping class group, that is, the group that consists of mapping classes that commute with a fixed hyperelliptic involution. As a corollary, we recover an older theorem of Coxeter (with 2 exceptional cases), which states that the normal closure of the m-th power of standard generators of the braid group has infinite index in the braid group. Finally, we study finite index subgroups of braid groups, namely, congruence subgroups of braid groups. We discuss presentations of these groups and we provide a topological interpretation of their generating sets.

PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF MAMMOGRAPHY AND PAP SMEAR TEST

Objective: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with the performance of mammography and pap smear test in women from the city of Maringá, Paraná. Methods: Population-based cross-sectional study conducted with 345 women aged over 20 years in the period from March 2011 to April 2012. An interview was carried out using a questionnaire proposed by the Ministry of Health, which addressed sociodemographic characteristics, risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases and issues related to mammographic and pap screening. Data were analyzed using bivariate analysis, crude analysis with odds ratio (OR) and chi-squared test using Epi Info 3.5.1 program; multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed using the software Statistica 7.1, with a significance level of 5% and a confidence interval of 95%. Results: The mean age of the women was 52.19 (±5.27) years. The majority (56.5%) had from 0 to 8 years of education. Additionally, 84.6% (n=266) of the women underwent pap smear and 74.3% (n=169) underwent mammography. The lower performance of pap smear test was associated with women with 9-11 years of education (p=0.01), and the lower performance of mammography was associated with women without private health insurance (p<0.01). Conclusion: The coverage of mammography and pap smear test was satisfactory among the women from Maringá, Paraná. Low education level and women who depended on the public health system presented lower performance of mammography.

Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers, 1831

Electric rays, thought to be the most primitive of the skates and rays, have stout tails but have rather expansive disc. This group is distinguished by the presence of powerful electric organs, derived from branchial muscles in head region. Torpedo sinuspersici found inshore in sandy bottoms, and well offshore from the surf zone down to 200 m. Also on or near coral reefs (like Kish Island in Persian Gulf). Common in shallow sandy areas. Occasionally hooked by anglers, more often seen by divers; can deliver a strong shock. Flesh is edible. T. sinuspersici can survive for hours after being stranded on the beach. Little is known of the life history of the Gulf torpedo. It is a sluggish predator of bony fishes. At night it actively hunts for food, sculling slowly through the water about a meter above the bottom; during the day it usually rests on the bottom and opportunistically ambushes unwary prey. It uses its broad pectoral fins to envelop the target fish before delivering an electric shock to stun it. Usually solitary, they may form groups during the mating season. Reproduction is a placental viviparous, with the developing embryos initially surviving on their yolk sacs, and then on enriched uterine fluid produced by the mother. Litters of 9-22 young are birthed in the summer. Newborns measure about 10 cm wide; males mature at a disc width of 39 cm and females at 45 cm.

Added value of diffusion-weighted MRI in detection of cervical cancer recurrence compared with morphologic and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI sequences

PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the added value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting post-treatment cervical cancer recurrence. The detection accuracy of T2-weighted (T2W) images was compared with that of T2W MRI combined with either dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI or DWI. METHODS Thirty-eight women with clinically suspected uterine cervical cancer recurrence more than six months after treatment completion were examined with 1.5 Tesla MRI including T2W, DCE, and DWI sequences. Disease was confirmed histologically and correlated with MRI findings. The diagnostic performance of T2W imaging and its combination with either DCE or DWI were analyzed. Sensitivity, positive predictive value, and accuracy were calculated. RESULTS Thirty-six women had histologically proven recurrence. The accuracy for recurrence detection was 80% with T2W/DCE MRI and 92.1% with T2W/DWI. The addition of DCE sequences did not significantly improve the diagnostic ability of T2W imaging, and this sequence combination misclassified two patients as falsely positive and seven as falsely negative. The T2W/DWI combination revealed a positive predictive value of 100% and only three false negatives. CONCLUSION The addition of DWI to T2W sequences considerably improved the diagnostic ability of MRI. Our results support the inclusion of DWI in the initial MRI protocol for the detection of cervical cancer recurrence, leaving DCE sequences as an option for uncertain cases.

Do hereditary syndrome-related gynecologic cancers have any specific features?

Hereditary syndromes are responsible for 10 % of gynaecologic cancers, among which hereditary breastovarian cancer and hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer syndromes, known as HBOC and Lynch syndromes respectively, present the highest relative risk. The latter predisposes to endometrial cancer and both contribute to ovarian cancer. Cowden syndrome-related endometrial cancer and the increased risk of ovarian, uterine and cervical cancers associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, are also demonstrated, while Li-Fraumeni syndrome patients are prone to develop ovarian and endometrial cancers. Despite these syndromes’ susceptibility to gynaecologic cancers being consensual, it is still not clear whether these tumours have any epidemiologic, clinical, pathologic or imaging specific features that could allow any of the intervening physicians to raise suspicion of a hereditary syndrome in patients without known genetic risk. Moreover, controversy exists regarding both screening and surveillance schemes. Our literature review provides an updated perspective on the evidence-based specific features of tumours related to each of these syndromes as well as on the most accepted screening and surveillance guidelines. In addition, some illustrative cases are presented.

Hydropic leiomyoma of the uterus presenting as a giant abdominal mass

We describe a case of a 35-year-old woman with a pedunculated uterine leiomyoma with diffuse hydropic degeneration presenting as a giant abdominal mass. The patient was admitted in the emergency department because of diffuse abdominal bloating and discomfort. Ultrasonography (US) showed a heterogeneous abdominopelvic mass. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to further characterise and revealed a myometrial pedunculated tumour. Despite its marked T2-signal heterogeneity and volume, there were no other suspicious findings to suggest a malignant nature; therefore, fertility-sparing myomectomy was performed. Leiomyomas frequently undergo degenerative changes altering their imaging appearances. Leiomyomas with uncommon degenerative changes may be difficult to differentiate from malignant myometrial tumours, based solely on imaging. To the best of our knowledge, a diffuse hydropic degeneration imaging appearance has only been described twice in the literature. We describe the imaging appearance of this rare form of leio