6x3 Microstrip Beam Forming Network for Multibeam Triangular Array

A six inputs and three outputs structure which can be used to obtain six simultaneous beams with a triangular array of 3 elements is presented. The beam forming network is obtained combining balanced and unbalanced hybrid couplers and allows to obtain six main beams with sixty degrees of separation in azimuth direction. Simulations and measurements showing the performance of the array and other detailed results are presented

Habilitadores para aplicación de teleconsulta sobre IP Multimedia Subsystem

En el presente trabajo se presenta el diseño e implementación de un conjunto de habilitadores o servicios genéricos para aplicaciones de teleconsulta sobre redes IMS. A partir de las funcionalidades identificadas en las aplicaciones de teleconsulta se han diseñado los habilitadores a desarrollar, que son los siguientes: una sala de espera virtual, una pizarra virtual y una multiconferencia multimedia. Estos servicios utilizan a su vez otros habilitadores genéricos referidos en el estado del arte de la arquitectura IMS. Tales servicios se han integrado en una arquitectura IMS para garantizar su funcionamiento. Para evaluar el funcionamiento de los habilitadores desarrollados se ha definido e implementado el caso de uso de una aplicación de teleconsulta avanzada.

Comparación del movimiento de alcance entre sujetos Sanos y Patológicos en Neurorrehabilitación Funcional de Extremidad Superior

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como propósito principal realizar una comparación del movimiento de alcance entre sujetos aquejados de Daño Cerebral Adquirido y el correspondiente patrón de normalidad. La finalidad de esta comparación es detectar los déficits motores que permitan posteriormente emitir una valoración funcional del movimiento como parte de un método de evaluación objetiva de la función motora. La comparación del movimiento se basa en las medidas de parámetros espaciales y de similitud. En este trabajo se han utilizado modelos de movimiento de sujetos sanos en ejecuciones de Actividades de Vida Diaria (e.g. 'servir agua de una jarra'), como punto de referencia para encontrar diferencias relevantes con respecto a los datos de movimiento de cuatro pacientes bajo un proceso de Neurorrehabilitación Funcional de Extremidad Superio

Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Multicrystalline and Monocrystalline Silicon Wafers Manufactured by Casting Methods

Quasi-monocrystalline silicon wafers have appeared as a critical innovation in the PV industry, joining the most favourable characteristics of the conventional substrates: the higher solar cell efficiencies of monocrystalline Czochralski-Si (Cz-Si) wafers and the lower cost and the full square-shape of the multicrystalline ones. However, the quasi-mono ingot growth can lead to a different defect structure than the typical Cz-Si process. Thus, the properties of the brand-new quasi-mono wafers, from a mechanical point of view, have been for the first time studied, comparing their strength with that of both Cz-Si mono and typical multicrystalline materials. The study has been carried out employing the four line bending test and simulating them by means of FE models. For the analysis, failure stresses were fitted to a three-parameter Weibull distribution. High mechanical strength was found in all the cases. The low quality quasi-mono wafers, interestingly, did not exhibit critical strength values for the PV industry, despite their noticeable density of extended defects.

Performance Modeling of Fresnel-Based CPV Systems: Effects of Deformations under Real Operation Conditions

Getting a lower energy cost has always been a challenge for concentrated photovoltaic. The FK concentrator enhances the performance (efficiency, acceptance angle and manufacturing tolerances) of the conventional CPV system based on a Fresnel primary stage and a secondary lens, while keeping its simplicity and potentially low‐cost manufacturing. At the same time F‐XTP (Fresnel lens+reflective prism), at the first glance has better cost potential but significantly higher sensitivity to manufacturing errors. This work presents comparison of these two approaches applied to two main technologies of Fresnel lens production (PMMA and Silicone on Glass) and effect of standard deformations that occur under real operation conditions

Monitoring maximum peak power density values as a more reliable marker for measurement procedures to elucidate RF EMF health effects: Leganes project

Considering the measurement procedures recommended by the ICNIRP, this communication is a proposal for a measurement procedure based in the maximum peak values of equivalent plane wave power density. This procedure has been included in a project being developed in Leganés, Spain. The project plans to deploy a real time monitoring system for RF to provide the city with a useful tool to adapt the environmental EM conditions to the new regulations approved. A first stage consisting of 105 measurement points has been finished and all the values are under the threshold of the regulation.

Design and Test of a High QoS Radio Network for CBTC Systems in Subway Tunnels

Communications Based Train Control Systems require high quality radio data communications for train signaling and control. Actually most of these systems use 2.4GHz band with proprietary radio transceivers and leaky feeder as distribution system. All them demand a high QoS radio network to improve the efficiency of railway networks. We present narrow band, broad band and data correlated measurements taken in Madrid underground with a transmission system at 2.4 GHz in a test network of 2 km length in subway tunnels. The architecture proposed has a strong overlap in between cells to improve reliability and QoS. The radio planning of the network is carefully described and modeled with narrow band and broadband measurements and statistics. The result is a network with 99.7% of packets transmitted correctly and average propagation delay of 20ms. These results fulfill the specifications QoS of CBTC systems.

Propagation Mechanism Analysis Before the Break Point Inside Tunnels

There is no unanimous consensus yet on the propagation mechanism before the break point inside tunnels. Some deem that the propagation mechanism follows the free space model, others argue that it should be described by the multimode waveguide model. Firstly, this paper analyzes the propagation loss in two mechanisms. Then, by conjunctively using the propagation theory and the three-dimensional solid geometry, a generic analytical model for the boundary between the free space mechanism and the multi-mode waveguide mechanism inside tunnels has been presented. Three measurement campaigns validate the model in different tunnels at different frequencies. Furthermore, the condition of the validity of the free space model used in tunnel environment has been discussed in some specific situations. Finally, through mathematical derivation, the seemingly conflicting viewpoints on the free space mechanism and the multi-mode waveguide mechanism have been unified in some specific situations by the presented generic model. The results in this paper can be helpful to gain deeper insight and better understanding of the propagation mechanism inside tunnels

Broadband Channel Long Delay Cluster Measurements and Analysis at 2.4GHz in Subway Tunnels

The delay caused by the reflected ray in broadband communication has a great influence on the communications in subway tunnel. This paper presents measurements taken in subway tunnels at 2.4 GHz, with 5 MHz bandwidth. According to propagation characteristics of tunnel, the measurements were carried out with a frequency domain channel sounding technique, in three typical scenarios: line of sight (LOS), Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) and far line of sight (FLOS), which lead to different delay distributions. Firstly IFFT was chosen to get channel impulse response (CIR) h(t) from measured three-dimensional transfer functions. Power delay profile (PDP) was investigated to give an overview of broadband channel model. Thereafter, a long delay caused by the obturation of tunnel is observed and investigated in all the scenarios. The measurements show that the reflection can be greatly remained by the tunnel, which leads to long delay cluster where the reflection, but direct ray, makes the main contribution for radio wave propagation. Four important parameters: distribution of whole PDP power, first peak arriving time, reflection cluster duration and PDP power distribution of reflection cluster were studied to give a detailed description of long delay characteristic in tunnel. This can be used to ensure high capacity communication in tunnels

Evaluación de habilidades motoras en cirugía de mínima invasión basada en el análisis del vídeo laparoscópico

En el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados preliminares de validación de un sistema de evaluación de habilidades motoras en cirugía de mínima invasión (CMI) basado en el seguimiento por vídeo del instrumental quirúrgico. El sistema, en fase de prototipo aún, se valida con 42 participantes (16 noveles, 22 residentes y 4 expertos). En esta primera fase del trabajo se han analizado varias métricas obtenidas a partir del 2D de la imagen. El sistema presenta validez para las métricas de tiempo, camino recorrido, velocidad media y eficiencia de espacio. A falta de implementar una versión definitiva capaz de llevar a cabo procesamiento en tiempo real de múltiples herramientas, y de la validación de métricas obtenidas a partir del 3D, se demuestra la viabilidad de construir entornos de formación basados en tecnologías de video, que sean transparentes al cirujano.

La relevancia de las métricas de movimiento en la evaluación objetiva de habilidades motoras en cirugía laparoscópica

El presente trabajo investiga la relevancia de las métricas de movimiento en la evaluación objetiva de habilidades laparoscópicas, así como su correlación directa a dichas habilidades. Se ha realizado una validación de construcción de tres nuevas tareas para la evaluación de cirujanos. Para registrar los movimientos, se ha empleado el sistema de tracking TrEndo. 42 voluntarios (16 noveles, 22 residentes y 4 expertos) participaron en el experimento. Los resultados muestran que tiempo, camino recorrido y profundidad son métricas de evaluación válidas para un amplio espectro de habilidades. Otras métricas como la brusquedad de movimientos o el tiempo muerto demuestran validez en tareas bi-manuales. Métricas como la brusquedad o la velocidad media muestran un alto grado de independencia con respecto a los objetivos de la tarea a realizar. Se verifica la utilidad de este tipo de métricas, si bien son necesarios nuevos estudios que corroboren los resultados alcanzados.

e-MIS Contents: Multimedia Contents for e-Learning Environments in Minimally Invasive Surgery

This work describes the design and application of multimedia contents for web technologies-based training in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The chosen strategy allows knowing the deficiencies of the current training methods so new multimedia contents can cover them. This study is concluded with the definition of three different types of multimedia contents accordingly to the development degree and didactic objectives that they present: Didactic resources are basic contents such as videos or documents that can be enhanced with contributions of users. On the other hand, case reports and didactic units have a defined structure. Didactic resources and case reports provide an informal training while didactic units are included in a more regulated training.

Estado del arte de los sistemas de navegación en cirugía hepática

Los avances en instrumentación, tecnologías de localización y en técnicas de procesado de imagen han permitido el desarrollo de la cirugía guiada por imagen (CGI). En concreto, los sistemas de navegación quirúrgicos permiten transferir los estudios preoperatorios, imágenes y decisiones al propio quirófano, sirviendo de apoyo a los cirujanos durante la intervención. Los principales retos de estos sistemas se hallan en su incorporación en cirugías de tejidos blandos, donde la deformación y el movimiento de los órganos complican el desarrollo de estos sistemas. Tal es el caso de las cirugías hepáticas. El presente trabajo recoge un estado del arte de sistemas de navegación centrados en cirugía hepática

Herramienta de autoría de contenidos didácticos multimedia para entorno de formación colaborativo en cirugía de mínima invasión

Dada la gran importancia de los contenidos para el éxito del proceso de formación es necesario desarrollar herramientas que permitan la creación de los mismos de una manera simple, eficaz y motivadora. Actualmente, su proceso de creación es largo y costoso, teniendo que llevarlo a cabo expertos cirujanos docentes en estrecha colaboración con técnicos especialistas en herramientas de edición y creación de contenidos multimedia. El presente trabajo de investigación presenta una nueva herramienta de autoría que permite la creación y edición de contenidos didácticos multimedia que son utilizados en el proceso de formación de los cirujanos. La herramienta incorpora un editor multimedia de vídeos laparoscópicos, capaz de realizar un procesamiento y agregar valor didáctico a los vídeos originales. La herramienta de autoría se incorpora en un entorno de formación web que permite crear, compartir y reutilizar contenidos didácticos basados en la edición de vídeo laparoscópico.

How can video analysis help laparoscopic surgeons?

Automatic analysis of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) video has the potential to drive new solutions that alleviate existing needs for safer surgeries: reproducible training programs, objective and transparent assessment systems and navigation tools to assist surgeons and improve patient safety. As an unobtrusive, always available source of information in the operating room (OR), this research proposes the use of surgical video for extracting useful information during surgical operations. Methodology proposed includes tools' tracking algorithm and 3D reconstruction of the surgical field. The motivation for these solutions is the augmentation of the laparoscopic view in order to provide orientation aids, optimal surgical path visualization, or preoperative virtual models overlay