The American reader : containing extracts suited to excite a love of science and literature, to refine the taste, and to improve the moral character.

Mode of access: Internet.

A new history of Spanish literature,

"General bibliography": p. 520-528.

Johnstons' dental miscellany : a monthly journal of American and foreign dental, surgical, chemical and mechanical literature.

Mode of access: Internet.

Spanish influence on English literature,

Mode of access: Internet.

Encyclopaedia Americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography. A new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed of the German Conversations-lexicon.

Mode of access: Internet.

Transcultural experiences: A literature bridge to English for ESOL students from Cuba

This qualitative study is concerned with exploring the transcultural experiences of ESOL students and connecting their lived experiences to literature in the classroom. The purpose of this study was to describe and explain the transcultural perspectives of six high school and community college students: four Cuban born students and two American born/raised students of Cuban-American culture. The participants were from Barbara Goleman Senior High School and Miami-Dade Community College. The six phenomenological portraits were explored in the form of lived experience pieces, representing the students' transcultural experiences. The data was collected in the form of student interviews, researcher's journal, and document reviews. The following exploratory questions guided this study: (1) From the perspective of four Cuban-born, non-native English-speaking students (NNS), what are the essential structures of their transcultural identities? (2) What are the underlying themes that account for the Cuban NNS students' transcultural experiences? (3) What are the universal transcultural structures among the Cuban NNS students' transcultural experiences and the Cuban-American, native English/Spanish speaking (NESS) students' experiences? (4) What are the possible structural meanings of the Cuban NNS students' interests in relation to their transcultural experiences? (5) What are some connections between the structural themes inherent in the Cuban NNS students' transcultural experiences and teaching literature in ESOL? ^ A phenomenological approach was used to investigate the participants' transcultural experiences, focused on the students' lived experiences. The study consisted of three interview sessions for each of the six participants. The analysis of the data was conducted following the principles of qualitative research, which included participant interviews, thematic analysis, researcher's journal, document reviews, and triangulation. The researcher created portraits representing students' transcultural experiences. Subsequently, the participants' transcultural experiences were used to respond to the exploratory questions, including comparing and contrasting themes and drawing connections among teaching literature in the ESOL classroom. ^ The results of this study show some relevant specific statements and themes that emerged from the students' transcultural data. The results serve as a better understanding of these students' transcultural experiences and the potentiality of connecting their perspectives to literature in the classroom. In addition, this study shows the need for a better understanding of the connection between transcultural experiences and literature in ESOL. ^

A Cross-Generational Analysis of Spanish-to-English Lexico-Semantic Phenomena in Emerging Miami English

Sociolinguists have documented the substrate influence of various languages on the formation of dialects in numerous ethnic-regional setting throughout the United States. This literature shows that while phonological and grammatical influences from other languages may be instantiated as durable dialect features, lexical phenomena often fade over time as ethnolinguistic communities assimilate with contiguous dialect groups. In preliminary investigations of emerging Miami Latino English, we have observed that lexical forms based on Spanish lexical forms are not only ubiquitous among the speech of the first generation Cuban Americans but also of the second. Examples, observed in field work, casual observation, and studied formally in an experimental context include the following: “get down from the car,” which derives from the Spanish equivalent, bajar del carro instead of “get out of the car”. The translation task administered to thirty-one participants showed a variety lexical phenomena are still maintained at equal or higher frequencies.

A Spanish Translation of the American Crime TV Series "Wicked City"

El siguiente trabajo de fin de Master tiene como objetivo la realización de una traducción audiovisual al español de la serie americana de crimen Wicked City, en concreto de los dos primeros episodios de esta. El creciente desarrollo tecnológico sufrido en los últimos años así como el aumento en el número de producciones audiovisuales, ha colocado a la rama de la traducción audiovisual en una de las más demandadas hoy en día. Aun habiendo una gran cantidad de productos audiovisuales, sobre todo series y películas, que son importadas y exportadas y por lo tanto traducidas y adaptadas a la cultura receptora, siendo las más traducidas las estadounidenses, hay aun algunas que todavía no han sido objeto de este proceso. Y este es el caso de, por ejemplo, la serie elegida en este trabajo, Wicked City, que no ha sido oficialmente traducida al español. Por lo tanto, este trabajo propone una traducción para los dos primeros capítulos de esta serie, y dicha traducción es acompañada de un análisis de las prioridades y restricciones que se han seguido para llevarla a cabo, así como de una ejemplificación de las características específicas pertenecientes al género del crimen en esta serie concreta y de algunas de las técnicas de traducción usadas en el proyecto. La disertación se estructura en cinco partes aparte de la introductoria. La primera es un marco teórico sobre la traducción audiovisual y el género del crimen. En la segunda, se presenta la metodología usada para el proyecto. La tercera se centra en la traducción de la serie en sí. La cuarta es un análisis y discusión sobre la traducción. La quinta y última, está destinada a las conclusiones y sugerencias para investigación futura. En el marco teórico se define la traducción audiovisual como una traducción de cualquier producto audiovisual, ya sea de cine, televisión, teatro, radio, o de aplicaciones informáticas, siendo esta una disciplina relativamente nueva. Así mismo, también se da una vista general de todos los modos de traducción audiovisual, así como de las prioridades técnicas y lingüísticas de esta y la situación de la disciplina en el ámbito universitario español. También se comentan los aspectos más básicos del crimen ficticio así como las características de este género en las series televisivas. En la sección de metodología se explica que con el fin de llevar desarrollar el objetivo del trabajo, el primer paso a seguir fue, tras la visualización de la serie, el transcribir los diálogos de los dos episodios a un documento aparte, creando así lo que podríamos llamar el “script original”. Una vez hecho esto, se tradujeron ambos episodios al español. Seguidamente, se imprimó tal script para poder señalar todos los aspectos a discutir, es decir, las restricciones, las características del crimen de televisión y las técnicas de traducción. Finalmente, se llevó a cabo un análisis cualitativo de todos los aspectos mencionados previamente. Así bien, en la sección de análisis, se destaca que se llevó como prioridad el intentar conservar un lenguaje natural y no forzado. Para tal prioridad hay que tener en cuenta las restricciones que nos presenta la traducción: los referentes culturales, los nombres propios, la intertextualidad, las unidades fraseológicas, las rimas, los calcos, las normas ortotipográficas, los diferentes acentos y las interjecciones. Además, esta serie presenta una serie de características pertenecientes al género del crimen que son las preguntas, la terminología específica, los marcadores pragmáticos y los “suavizadores” . Por último, para llevar a cabo la traducción se siguieron diversas técnicas, así como préstamo, traducción palabra por palabra, traducción literal, omisión, reducción, particularización, generalización, transposición, amplificación, variación, substitución y adaptación. Todos estos aspectos son ejemplificados con ejemplos extraídos de la traducción. Como conclusión, se resalta que una traducción audiovisual contiene mayormente dos tipos de restricciones: las técnicas y las lingüísticas. Las primeras van a estar especialmente ligadas a la modalidad de traducción audiovisual. Aunque en este trabajo la traducción no ha sido realizada con el fin de adaptarla a una modalidad específica, y por tanto las restricciones técnicas no suponen tantos problemas, es importante tener en cuenta la coherencia visual y auditiva, que de cierta manera van a condicionar la traducción. Así, a la hora de familiarizar, extranjerizar y naturalizar un término cultural, es importante mantener dichas coherencias. Por lo tanto, va a ser más fácil usar estas técnicas con un término que no aparece en pantalla. En cuanto a las restricciones lingüísticas, nos encontramos con los referentes culturales, los nombres propios, la intertextualidad, las unidades fraseológicas, las rimas, los calcos, las normas ortotipográficas, los diferentes acentos y las interjecciones, aspectos que el traductor tiene que cuidar especialmente. Finalmente, ya que ha sido muy poca la investigación realizada en el género del crimen desde un punto de vista traductológico, algunas líneas de estudio futuras podrían ser: estudiar en mayor profundidad las características que son específicas al genero del crimen, especialmente en las series de televisión; comparar estas características con las características de otro tipo de textos como por ejemplo la novela; estudiar si estas características especificas a un género condicionan de alguna manera la traducción, y si es así, hasta qué punto; y por último, determinar cómo una traducción puede ser diferente dependiendo del género, es decir, por ejemplo, si es de tipo romántico, de crimen, o de comedia.

The impact of political and economic crisis on the polarization of the Spanish media

In this paper the characteristics of the cyclical political polarization of the Spanish media system are defined. From this study, a prospective analysis raises doubts about this scenario remains unchanged because of the political and economic crisis. It seeks to define the role played by political and media actors in polarization focusing on the two legislatures where the tension reached higher levels (1993-1996 and 2004-2008) and compares it with the developments faced by them in the current economical and political context of crisis. To achieve these aims, it has been performed an analysis of media content (since 1993) and looked through primary sociological sources and the scientific literature about polarization. This is an exploratory, critical and descriptive case analysis.

Reduced vowel production in American English among Spanish-English bilinguals

Prominent views in second language acquisition suggest that the age of L2 learning is inversely correlated with native-like pronunciation (Scovel, 1988; Birdsong, 1999). The relationship has been defined in terms of the Critical Period Hypothesis, whereby various aspects of neural cognition simultaneously occur near the onset of puberty, thus inhibiting L2 phonological acquisition. The current study tests this claim of a chronological decline in pronunciation aptitude through the examination of a key trait of American English – reduced vowels, or “schwas.” Groups of monolingual, early bilingual, and late bilingual participants were directly compared across a variety of environments phonologically conditioned for vowel reduction. Results indicate that late bilinguals have greater degrees of difficulty in producing schwas, as expected. Results further suggest that the degree of differentiation between schwa is larger than previously identified and that these subtle differences may likely be a contributive factor to the perception of a foreign accent in bilingual speakers.

Cuban Literature in Exile

This flyer promotes a lecture by Zoe Valdes on recent literary trends, works, and authors of Cuban origin living outside the island. Valdes was born in Havana, Cuba and is the authors of 32 novels. This lecture was conducted in Spanish, held on October 28, 2015 at the Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Graham Center, Room 140.

Governance and effectiveness in regional planning: an analysis of North American, European, and Australasian practice

Over the past several years, there has been resurgent interest in regional planning in North America, Europe and Australasia. Spurred by issues such as metropolitan growth, transportation infrastructure, environmental management and economic development, many states and metropolitan regions are undertaking new planning initiatives. These regional efforts have also raised significant question about governance structures, accountability and measures of effectiveness.n this paper, the authors conducted an international review of ten case studies from the United States, Canada, England, Belgium, New Zealand and Australia to explore several critical questions. Using qualitative data template, the research team reviewed plans, documents, web sites and published literature to address three questions. First, what are the governance arrangements for delivering regional planning? Second, what are the mechanisms linking regional plans with state plans (when relevant) and local plans? Third, what means and mechanisms do these regional plans use to evaluate and measure effectiveness? The case study analysis revealed several common themes. First, there is an increasing focus on goverance at the regional level, which is being driven by a range of trends, including regional spatial development initiatives in Europe, regional transportation issues in the US, and the growth of metropolitan regions generally. However, there is considerable variation in how regional governance arrangements are being played out. Similarly, there is a range of processes being used at the regional level to guide planning that range from broad ranging (thick) processes to narrow and limited (thin) approaches. Finally, evaluation and monitoring of regional planning efforts are compiling data on inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes. Although there is increased attention being paid to indicators and monitoring, most of it falls into outcome evaluations such as Agenda 21 or sustainability reporting. Based on our review we suggest there is a need for increased attention on input, process and output indicators and clearer linkages of these indicators in monitoring and evaluation frameworks. The focus on outcome indicators, such as sustainability indicators, creates feedback systems that are too long-term and remote for effective monitoring and feedback. Although we found some examples of where these kinds of monitoring frameworks are linked into a system of governance, there is a need for clearer conceptual development for both theory and practice.

Attitudes towards American brands and brand America

A study of 556 students at colleges and universities in Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore explored the relationship between attitude towards the United States and brand attitudes and preferences. Singaporean student attitudes towards both the US Government and US people were higher than were those of the Australian and Hong Kong students. Coke, Nike and McDonald's were among both the most-liked and disliked US brands among the international students, a finding suggesting that brands may possess both a 'lovemark' status, as described in the literature, and its opposite — 'loathemark' status — within the same demographic group. US brand preference scores did not offer support for the belief that international consumers 'vote with their pocketbooks' by refusing to purchase US brands if they have a negative attitude towards the United States. Among Hong Kong and Singaporean students, favourable attitudes towards the purchase of US brands was found to be positively related to favourability towards the US Government.