Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from STYX expedition stations

The cores described in this paper were taken in the tropical central Pacific Ocean by Scripps Institution of Oceanography's R/V Alexander Agassiz on the STYX Expedition of April-September 1968. A total of 132 cores were attempted of which 97 were successful. These cores are available at Scripps for sampling and study.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from the LUSIAD Expedition stations

The cores and dredges described in this report were taken on the LUSIAD Expedition from May 1962 until August 1963 by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography from both the R/V Argo and the R/V Horizon. A total of 310 cores and dredges were recovered and are available at Scripps for sampling and study.

Observation of manganese nodules and manganese coated coral in the West Northern Atlantic ocean

Photography has become an integral part of submarine geological and biological investigations of the ocean bottom. The underwater cameras used to make these photographs were designed by Harold Edgerton. The pictures were taken from 1960 to 1962, from ships of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. They show that life occurs even in the deepest trenches, and that sedimentary and biological processes in deep water do not differ in kind from those in shallow water.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits recovered from dredges and cores from VEMA 17 Expedition stations

The cores and dredges described in this report were taken during the Vema 17 Expedition from December 1960 until October 1961 by the Lamont Geological Observatory, Columbia University from the R/V Vema. An approximate total of 210 cores, dredges and camera stations were recovered and are available at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory for sampling and study.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from the R/V Rig Seismic Cruise 11 (BMR 66) in 1986 over the Great Australian Bight Basin area

Late Cretaceous and younger sediments dredged from the upper continental slope and canyon walls in the Great Australian Bight Basin between 126° and 136°E broadly confirm the stratigraphy which had been established previously from scattered exploration wells. Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene marine and marginal marine terrigenous sediments are overlain by Middle Eocene and younger pelagic carbonate (fine limestone and calcareous ooze). The samples provide the first evidence of truly marine Maastrichtian sedimentation, with abundant calcareous nannoplankton, on the southern margin of the continent. Other samples of interest include Precambrian sheared granodiorite on the upper slope south of Eyre Terrace, Paleocene phosphatic sediment in 'Eucla' Canyon at 128° 30'E, and terrigenous Early Miocene mudstone at 133° 20' and 134° 50'E. The mudstone is of note as an exception to the uniform pelagic carbonate wackestone and ooze which characterise Middle Eocene and younger sedimentation at all other sites. Fragments of alkali basalt lava of unknown age were recovered in 'Eucla' Canyon. Cores are mostly pelagic calcareous ooze, but those from submarine canyons include terrigenous turbidites.

Observation of manganese nodules on the Muir Seamount during Atlantis Cruise 260

Seamounts are very effectively studied by deep-sea photography. Each photograph can be considered as a sample point when used in connection with bathymetric surveys, dredge samples, and cores, thus making it possible to delineate and map geologic and biologic zones on a seamount. Seamounts transcend through a great depth range and are characterized by minimal sedimentation which results in exciting and photogenic differences of environment over a short distance, as typified by our studies of Great Meteor and the New England Seamounts.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of ferromanganese concretions from the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea

Ferromanganese concretions cover large areas of the Gulf of Bothnia. They are flat to well-rounded, the rounded ones being richer in oxyhydroxides of iron and manganese. Rounded and ellipsoidal nodules, particularly those in the northern Gulf of Bothnia, are richest in Mn, Ni, Ba and Cu, which probably coexist in a Mn oxyhydroxide phase. Flat nodules are enriched in Fe, P, rare earths and As, probably associated with an Fe oxy-hydroxide component. Aluminum, V, Cr and Ti occur in still another phase. The sediments of the gulf generally consist of a 10-50 mm-thick layer of oxidized surface sediment, enriched in Mn, Ba, P and Ni lying on top of reduced sediments which are diagenetically depleted in these elements. The remobilized elements have redeposited in the nodules, but this process cannot explain the origin of all the nodular material. Some released Mn, Ba and Ni furthermore enter into suspended phases, which eventually leave the Baltic Sea. The economic value of the nodules in the Gulf of Bothnia is probably limited at present.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of ferromanganese concretions from the Svalbard shelf in the Barents Sea

Ferromanganese concretions from ten stations in the Barents Sea have been analysed for 24 elements. The deposits occur as discoidal and flat concretions and as coatings, in the latter case on lithified or detrital material or as extensive pavements on the Svalbard shelf. The concretions are compositionally similar to Baltic concretions but differ considerably from deep-ocean nodules, particularly in Cu, Ni and Co contents. Statistical analyses reveal distinct correlations between Mn, Na, Ba, Ni and Cu; the Mn-rich coatings showed enrichment of Mo, Zn and possibly Co in a Mn-phase. The iron phase holds high concretions of P and As. Two iron-rich concretions with high contents of P, Ca, Sr, Y, Yb and La were found east and northeast of Spitsbergen Banken, probably indicating upwelling of nutrient-rich, cold polar water along the Svalbard shelf.

Geochemistry and descriptions of manganese nodules and crusts retrieved from the open ocean

The book is a compilation of all available data at the time of publication (1965) on the subject of marine minerals together with the author's original ideas regarding their exploitation. It is one of the most significant publications on ocean resources. It is particularly focused on manganese deposits, their description, sedimentary setting, formation and geochemistry.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from ARA Islas Orcadas Cruise 15 core stations

The purpose of this volume, the tenth in a series of similar publications (Goodell, 1964, 1965, 1968; Frakes 1971, 1973 ; Cassidy et al., 1977), is to continue a presentation to the research community of sediment core descriptions and attendant data of cored and otherwise obtained sediments retrieved in waters of the Southern Ocean aboard the research vessel, ARA Islas Orcadas (formerly, USNS Eltanin), as a part of the circumpolar survey begun by Eltanin in 1962 (see issue of Antarctic Journal of the United States, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1973). The data presented herein are concerned with the results of coring activities aboard cruise 1578 of Islas Orcadas, the fourth marine geology coring cruise of this vessel under the terms of the present United States-Argentine agreement. The core descriptions are organised as follows: 1) a brief summary of the coring objectives of the cruise, together with a discussion of core recovery; 2) a table and map of station location data for materials retrieved; 3) a table of tentative age-dates for each piston core; 4) an explanation of the laboratory procedures and descriptive criteria used in the description of the sediments, and 5) lithologic descriptions of the piston and trigger cores, and the piston and trigger core bag samples.