The impact of environmental enrichment on the outcome variability and scientific validity of laboratory animal studies.

It has been widely accepted for some time that species-appropriate environmental enrichment is important for the welfare of research animals, but its impact on research data initially received little attention. This has now changed, as the use of enrichment as one element of routine husbandry has expanded. In addition to its use in the care of larger research animals, such as nonhuman primates, it is now being used to improve the environments of small research animals, such as rodents, which are used in significantly greater numbers and in a wide variety of studies. Concern has been expressed that enrichment negatively affects both experimental validity and reproducibility. However, when a concise definition of enrichment is used, with a sound understanding of the biology and behaviour of the animal as well as the research constraints, it becomes clear that the welfare of research animals can be enhanced through environmental enrichment without compromising their purpose. Indeed, it is shown that the converse is true: the provision of suitable enrichment enhances the well-being of the animal, thereby refining the animal model and improving the research data. Thus, the argument is made that both the validity and reproducibility of the research are enhanced when proper consideration is given to the research animal's living environment and the animal's opportunities to express species-typical behaviours.

The Little Ice Age in Scientific Perspective: Cold Spells and Caveats

Contrary to the position taken by Kelly and Ó Gráda, a rich body of regional- to large-scale temperature reconstructions that span from the last millennium to almost the entire Holocene confirms the existence of several temperature depressions that occurred at different intensities and spatial ranges between c. 1350 and 1900, thus supporting the conception of a Little Ice Age. Nonetheless, the genuine uncertainties that continue to surround paleoclimatic study suggest that methodologies and findings are subject to further refinement.

Das Proletariat und die russische Revolution

von A. Tscherewanin. Mit einer Vorrede von H. Roland-Holst und einem Anhang vom Übersetzer S. Lewitin

Scientific Rationale of a Saturn Probe Mission

We describe the main scientific goals to be addressed by future in situ exploration of Saturn.

VIRTOPSY--scientific documentation, reconstruction and animation in forensic: individual and real 3D data based geo-metric approach including optical body/object surface and radiological CT/MRI scanning.

Until today, most of the documentation of forensic relevant medical findings is limited to traditional 2D photography, 2D conventional radiographs, sketches and verbal description. There are still some limitations of the classic documentation in forensic science especially if a 3D documentation is necessary. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate new 3D real data based geo-metric technology approaches. This paper present approaches to a 3D geo-metric documentation of injuries on the body surface and internal injuries in the living and deceased cases. Using modern imaging methods such as photogrammetry, optical surface and radiological CT/MRI scanning in combination it could be demonstrated that a real, full 3D data based individual documentation of the body surface and internal structures is possible in a non-invasive and non-destructive manner. Using the data merging/fusing and animation possibilities, it is possible to answer reconstructive questions of the dynamic development of patterned injuries (morphologic imprints) and to evaluate the possibility, that they are matchable or linkable to suspected injury-causing instruments. For the first time, to our knowledge, the method of optical and radiological 3D scanning was used to document the forensic relevant injuries of human body in combination with vehicle damages. By this complementary documentation approach, individual forensic real data based analysis and animation were possible linking body injuries to vehicle deformations or damages. These data allow conclusions to be drawn for automobile accident research, optimization of vehicle safety (pedestrian and passenger) and for further development of crash dummies. Real 3D data based documentation opens a new horizon for scientific reconstruction and animation by bringing added value and a real quality improvement in forensic science.

Ausländische Juden im Kirchenstaat während der Revolution 1948/49

Ermanno Loevinson

A Matter of Perspective? Disentangling the Emic−Etic Debate in the Scientific Study of Religion\s

This article introduces the emic–etic debate in the scientific study of religion\s and provides a frame for the special issue’s six articles on the topic. Departing from the broader debate’s early history in the 1960s, this article contextualizes the emic–etic debate and locates its point of entry into the scientific study of religion\s in the 1980s. This article argues that in the course of the debate the insider–outsider and emic–etic complexes have become entangled. In order to facilitate an understanding of the debate, this article maintains that the emic–etic debate in the scientific study of religion\s touches upon three central dimensions (existential–political, methodologi- cal, and epistemological). In order to move toward a clearer methodological and epis- temological framework, this article furthermore proposes an iterative model that locates insider–outsider at the level of observers and emic–etic at the level of categories.

Die preußischen Provinzial-Stände im Angesicht der wilden und gezähmten Revolution in und seit den Märztagen : zur Begrüßung insbesondere der gegenwärtig hier versammelten Stände der Kurmark

Boberach: In sechs Aufsätzen werden die Entwicklung des preußischen und speziell des brandenburgischen Provinziallandtages und der Erste Vereinigte Landtag dargestellt, um zu beweisen, daß sie durch die Revolution und die Verfassung nicht beseitigt werden konnten

Denkschrift über die Wiener October-Revolution : ausführliche Darstellung aller Ereignisse aus ämtlichen Quellen geschöpft, mit zahlreichen Urkunden begleitet, dann nach eigenen Erlebnissen und nach authentischen Berichten von Augenzeugen und Autoritäten ; nebst einem Rückblick auf die vorausgegangenen Zustände vom 13. März bis 5. October 1848, dem Namen-Verzeichnisse der Minister, der Reichstags-Abgeordneten, der Gemeinderäthe, der Nationalgarde-Verwaltungsräthe, dem Stande des Ober-Commando-Offizier-Corps, der Nationalgarde- und der k. k. Militär-Macht

Boberach: Die Ereignisse zwischen dem 6. und 31. Oktober 1848 werden Tag für Tag durch Dokumente belegt und kommentiert

Preußen, seine Revolution und die Demokratie : eine Skizze

Boberach: Friedrich Wilhelm IV. wollte mit den Beamten und einer noch zu bildenden volkstümlichen Partei regieren, aber die Beamtenkaste erwies sich als unzulänglich, [und] das Versprechen, Preußen werde in Deutschland aufgehen, als hohle Phrase. Noch ist das Volk ans Königtum gewöhnt, aber es wird sich künftig für die demokratische Republik entscheiden

Die Revolution in Baden und die Demokraten : vom revolutionären Standpunkt aus beleuchtet

Boberach: Die Niederlage der Demokraten und Republikaner wird mit ihrer falschen Taktik erklärt. Die Revolutionäre haben sich zu sehr um Ordnung und Recht bemüht. Die Provisorische Zentralgewalt und ihre Behörden werden mit der französischen Regierung verglichen