Ammonia volatilization in no-till system in the south-central region of the State of Paraná, Brazil

Ammonia (NH3) volatilization can reduce the efficiency of urea applied to the surface of no-till (NT) soils. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the magnitude of NH3 losses from surface-applied urea and to determine if this loss justifies the urea incorporation in soil or its substitution for other N sources under the subtropical climatic conditions of South-Central region of Paraná State, Brazil. The experiment, performed over four harvesting seasons in a clayey Hapludox followed a randomized block design with four replicates. A single dose of N (150 kg ha-1) to V5 growth stage of corn cultivated under NT system was applied and seven treatments were evaluated, including surface-applied urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, urea with urease inhibitor, controlled-release N source, a liquid N source, incorporated urea, and a control treatment with no N application. Ammonia volatilization was evaluated for 20 days after N application using a semi-open static system. The average cumulative NH3 loss due to the superficial application of urea was low (12.5 % of the applied N) compared to the losses observed in warmer regions of Southeastern Brazil (greater than 50 %). The greatest NH3 losses were observed in dry years (up to 25.4 % of the applied N), and losses decreased exponentially as the amount of rainfall after N application increased. Incorporated urea and alternative N sources, with the exception of controlled-release N source, decreased NH3 volatilization in comparison with surface-applied urea. Urea incorporation is advantageous for the reduction of NH3 volatilization; however, other aspects as its low operating efficiency should be considered before this practice is adopted. In the South-Central region of Paraná, the low NH3 losses from the surface-applied urea in NT system due to wet springs and mild temperatures do not justify its replacement for other N sources.

Relationship between soil oxidizable carbon and physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of umbric ferralsols

The occurrence of Umbric Ferralsols with thick umbric epipedons (> 100 cm thickness) in humid Tropical and Subtropical areas is a paradox since the processes of organic matter decomposition in these environments are very efficient. Nevertheless, this soil type has been reported in areas in the Southeast and South of Brazil, and at some places in the Northeast. Aspects of the genesis and paleoenvironmental significance of these Ferralsols still need a better understanding. The processes that made the umbric horizons so thick and dark and contributed to the preservation of organic carbon (OC) at considerable depths in these soils are of special interest. In this study, eight Ferralsols with a thick umbric horizon (UF) under different vegetation types were sampled (tropical rain forest, tropical seasonal forest and savanna woodland) and their macromorphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties studied to detect soil characteristics that could explain the preservation of high carbon amounts at considerable depths. The studied UF are clayey to very clayey, strongly acidic, dystrophic, and Al-saturated and charcoal fragments are often scattered in the soil matrix. Kaolinites are the main clay minerals in the A and B horizons, followed by abundant gibbsite and hydroxyl-interlayered vermiculite. The latter was only found in UFs derived from basalt rock in the South of the country. Total carbon (TC) ranged from 5 to 101 g kg-1 in the umbric epipedon. Dichromate-oxidizable organic carbon represented nearly 75 % of TC in the thick A horizons, while non-oxidizable C, which includes recalcitrant C (e.g., charcoal), contributed to the remaining 25 % of TC. Carbon contents were not related to most of the inorganic soil variables studied, except for oxalate-extractable Al, which individually explained 69 % (P < 0.001) of the variability of TC in the umbric epipedon. Clay content was not suited as predictor of TC or of the other studied C forms. Bulk density, exchangeable Al3+, Al saturation, ECEC and other parameters obtained by selective extraction were not suitable as predictors of TC and other C forms. Interactions between organic matter and poorly crystalline minerals, as indicated by oxalate-extractable Al, appear to be one of the possible organic matter protection mechanisms of these soils.

Pedological and isotopic relations of a highland tropical peatland, Mountain Range of the Espinhaço Meridional (Brazil)

The evolution of organic matter sources in soil is related to climate and vegetation dynamics in the past recorded in paleoenvironmental Quaternary deposits such as peatlands. For this reason, a Histosol of the mineralotrophic peatland from the Pau-de-Fruta Special Protection Area - SPA, Espinhaço Meridional, State of Minas Gerais, was described and characterized to evidence the soil constituent materials and properties as related to changes in environmental conditions, supported by the isotopic and elementary characterization of soil C and N and 14C ages. Samples were collected in a depression at 1,350 m asl, where Histosols are possibly more developed due to the great thickness (505 cm). Nowadays, the area is colonized by vegetation physiognomies of the Cerrado Biome, mainly rocky and wet fields (Campo Rupestre and Campo Úmido), aside from fragments of Semidecidual Seasonal Forest, called Capões forests. The results this study showed that early the genesis of the analyzed soil profile showed a high initial contribution of mostly herbaceous organic matter before 8,090 ± 30 years BP (14C age). In the lower-mid Holocene, between 8,090 ± 30 years AP (14C age) to ± 4,100 years BP (interpolated age), the vegetation gradually became more woody, with forest expansion, possibly due to increased humidity, suggesting the existence of a more woody Cerrado in the past than at present. Drier climate conditions than the current were concluded ± 2,500 years BP (interpolated age) and that after 430 years BP (14C age) the forest gave way to grassland, predominantly. After the dry season, humidity increased to the current conditions. Due to these climate fluctuations during the Holocene, three decomposition stages of organic matter were observed in the Histosols of this study, with prevalence of the most advanced (sapric), typical of a deposit in a highly advanced stage of pedogenetic evolution.

Long-term C-CO2 emissions and carbon crop residue mineralization in an oxisol under different tillage and crop rotation systems

Soil C-CO2 emissions are sensitive indicators of management system impacts on soil organic matter (SOM). The main soil C-CO2 sources at the soil-plant interface are the decomposition of crop residues, SOM turnover, and respiration of roots and soil biota. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impacts of tillage and cropping systems on long-term soil C-CO2 emissions and their relationship with carbon (C) mineralization of crop residues. A long-term experiment was conducted in a Red Oxisol in Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil, with subtropical climate Cfa (Köppen classification), mean annual precipitation of 1,774 mm and mean annual temperature of 19.2 ºC. Treatments consisted of two tillage systems: (a) conventional tillage (CT) and (b) no tillage (NT) in combination with three cropping systems: (a) R0- monoculture system (soybean/wheat), (b) R1- winter crop rotation (soybean/wheat/soybean/black oat), and (c) R2- intensive crop rotation (soybean/ black oat/soybean/black oat + common vetch/maize/oilseed radish/wheat). The soil C-CO2 efflux was measured every 14 days for two years (48 measurements), by trapping the CO2 in an alkaline solution. The soil gravimetric moisture in the 0-0.05 m layer was determined concomitantly with the C-CO2 efflux measurements. The crop residue C mineralization was evaluated with the mesh-bag method, with sampling 14, 28, 56, 84, 112, and 140 days after the beginning of the evaluation period for C measurements. Four C conservation indexes were used to assess the relation between C-CO2 efflux and soil C stock and its compartments. The crop residue C mineralization fit an exponential model in time. For black oat, wheat and maize residues, C mineralization was higher in CT than NT, while for soybean it was similar. Soil moisture was higher in NT than CT, mainly in the second year of evaluation. There was no difference in tillage systems for annual average C-CO2 emissions, but in some individual evaluations, differences between tillage systems were noticed for C-CO2 evolution. Soil C-CO2 effluxes followed a bi-modal pattern, with peaks in October/November and February/March. The highest emission was recorded in the summer and the lowest in the winter. The C-CO2 effluxes were weakly correlated to air temperature and not correlated to soil moisture. Based on the soil C conservation indexes investigated, NT associated to intensive crop rotation was more C conserving than CT with monoculture.

Soil tillage systems: changes in soil structure and crop response

The introduction and intensification of no-tillage systems in Brazilian agriculture in recent decades have created a new scenario, increasing concerns about soil physical properties. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of different tillage systems on some physical properties of an Ultisol previously under native grassland. Five tillage methods were tested: no-tillage (NT), chiseling (Ch), no-tillage with chiseling every two years (NTCh2), chiseling using an equipment with a clod-breaking roller (ChR) and chiseling followed by disking (ChD). The bulk density, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity, mechanical resistance to penetration, water infiltration into the soil and crop yields were evaluated. The values of soil bulk density, mechanical resistance to penetration and microporosity increased as macroporosity decreased. Soil bulk density was lower in tillage systems with higher levels of tillage/soil mobilization; highest values were observed in NT and the lowest in the ChD system. The water infiltration rate was highest in the ChR system, followed by the systems ChD, NT and NTCh2, while crop yields were higher in systems with less soil mobilization.

Tree and Brush Control For County Road Right-of-Way, Ocotober 2002

This manual summarizes the roadside tree and brush control methods used by all of Iowa's 99 counties. It is based on interviews conducted in Spring 2002 with county engineers, roadside managers and others. The target audience of this manual is the novice county engineer or roadside manager. Iowa law is nearly silent on roadside tree and brush control, so individual counties have been left to decide on the level of control they want to achieve and maintain. Different solutions have been developed but the goal of every county remains the same: to provide safe roads for the traveling public. Counties in eastern and southern Iowa appear to face the greatest brush control challenge. Most control efforts can be divided into two categories: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical control includes cutting tools and supporting equipment. A chain saw is the most widely used cutting tool. Tractor mounted boom mowers and brush cutters are used to prune miles of brush but have significant safety and aesthetic limitations and boom mowers are easily broken by inexperienced operators. The advent of tree shears and hydraulic thumbs offer unprecedented versatility. Bulldozers are often considered a method of last resort since they reduce large areas to bare ground. Any chipper that violently grabs brush should not be used. Chemical control is the application of herbicide to different parts of a plant: foliar spray is applied to leaves; basal bark spray is applied to the tree trunk; a cut stump treatment is applied to the cambium ring of a cut surface. There is reluctance by many to apply herbicide into the air due to drift concerns. One-third of Iowa counties do not use foliar spray. By contrast, several accepted control methods are directed toward the ground. Freshly cut stumps should be treated to prevent resprouting. Basal bark spray is highly effective in sensitive areas such as near houses. Interest in chemical control is slowly increasing as herbicides and application methods are refined. Fall burning, a third, distinctly separate technique is underused as a brush control method and can be effective if timed correctly. In all, control methods tend to reflect agricultural patterns in a county. The use of chain saws and foliar sprays tends to increase in counties where row crops predominate, and boom mowing tends to increase in counties where grassland predominates. For counties with light to moderate roadside brush, rotational maintenance is the key to effective control. The most comprehensive approach to control is to implement an integrated roadside vegetation management (IRVM) program. An IRVM program is usually directed by a Roadside Manager whose duties may be shared with another position. Funding for control programs comes from the Rural Services Basic portion of a county's budget. The average annual county brush control budget is about $76,000. That figure is thought not to include shared expenses such as fuel and buildings. Start up costs for an IRVM program are less if an existing control program is converted. In addition, IRVM budgets from three different northeastern Iowa counties are offered for comparison in this manual. The manual also includes a chapter on temporary traffic control in rural work zones, a summary of the Iowa Code as it relates to brush control, and rules on avoiding seasonal disturbance of the endangered Indiana bat. Appendices summarize survey and forest cover data, an equipment inventory, sample forms for record keeping, a sample brush control policy, a few legal opinions, a literature search, and a glossary.

Water retention in a peatland with organic matter in different decomposition stages

Peatlands are ecosystems formed by successive pedogenetic processes, resulting in progressive accumulation of plant remains in the soil column under conditions that inhibit the activity of most microbial decomposers. In Diamantina, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, a peatland is located at 1366 m asl, in a region with a quartz-rich lithology and characteristic wet grassland vegetation. For this study, the peat area was divided in 12 transects, from which a total of 90 soil samples were collected at a distance of 20 m from each other. The properties rubbed fiber content (RF), bulk density (Bd), mineral material (MM), organic matter (OM), moisture (Moi) and maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) were analyzed in all samples. From three selected profiles of this whole area, samples were collected every 27 cm from the soil surface down to a depth of 216 cm. In these samples, moisture was additionally determined at a pressure of 10 kPa (Moi10) or 1500 kPa (Moi1500), using Richards' extractor and soil organic matter was fractionated by standard procedures. The OM decomposition stage of this peat was found to increase with soil depth. Moi and MWHC were highest in layers with less advanced stages of OM decomposition. The humin levels were highest in layers in earlier stages of OM decomposition and with higher levels of water retention at MWHC and Moi10. Humic acid contents were higher in layers at an intermediate stage of decomposition of organic matter and with lowest levels of water retention at MWHC, Moi10 and Moi1500.

Alterações nos atributos físicos de um latossolo vermelho sob plantio direto induzidas por diferentes tipos de escarificadores e o rendimento da soja

A compactação do solo, quando em níveis elevados, é um processo de difícil reversão sob sistema de plantio direto (SPD), especialmente em solos argilosos. Geralmente, a sua ocorrência em áreas comerciais de grãos é descontínua e restrita a áreas com histórico de pressões associadas ao trânsito intenso de máquinas agrícolas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as alterações nos atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico de textura argilosa (450 g kg-1) promovidas por dois tipos de escarificações sítio-específico e uma convencional (aleatória), bem como seus efeitos sobre o rendimento da soja. Para isso, selecionou-se no município de Victor Graeff, na região do planalto do RS, uma lavoura de 50,6 ha manejada sob SPD por longo prazo e, recentemente, com agricultura de precisão. O clima local é subtropical Cfa, com precipitação pluvial anual oscilando entre 1.500 e 1.750 mm, temperatura média de 20 ºC e altitude de 490 m. Com base nos mapas de rendimento de três safras anteriores, a área foi subdividida em três zonas de potencial produtivo. Na zona de baixo rendimento (ZB) foram implantados os seguintes tratamentos: (a) escarificação convencional com profundidade fixa de 0,30 m (EC); (b) escarificação sítio-específico com equipamento Fox® com profundidade fixa de 0,30 m (ESEF); (c) escarificação sítio-específico com equipamento Fox® com profundidade de atuação variável (0,10 a 0,30 m), em função da resistência máxima do solo à penetração (ESEV); e (d) controle sem escarificação (SE). A zona de alto rendimento (ZA) foi usada como referência para avaliar o efeito dos tratamentos no rendimento de grãos. Os tratamentos foram implantados em faixas paralelas de 100 x 20 m, seguindo o delineamento de blocos casualizados. Avaliaram-se, em três épocas, a densidade do solo, macroporosidade, microporosidade e porosidade total nas profundidades de 0,0-0,05, 0,05-0,10, 0,10-0,15 e 0,15-0,20 m, bem como a infiltração de água no solo. Os resultados da caracterização inicial dos atributos do solo por zona de rendimento evidenciaram maior densidade do solo e menor porosidade total, na profundidade de 0,15-0,20 m, na ZB em relação à ZA. Em todos os tratamentos com escarificação mecânica, observou-se, logo após o preparo, incremento da infiltração de água em relação ao SE, que aumentou em torno de quatro vezes nos tratamentos EC e ESEV em comparação a esse controle. No entanto, o efeito da escarificação, independentemente do tipo de escarificador, foi efêmero; transcorridos sete meses, verificou-se decréscimo na infiltração de água no solo, que não diferiu do tratamento controle. Entre os escarificadores investigados, o ESEV destacou-se pela manutenção da cobertura do solo em relação ao EC e proporcionou maior rendimento de soja. Contudo, sob condições de elevada precipitação pluvial não foi observado incremento no rendimento da soja nos tratamentos com escarificação mecânica, em relação ao tratamento controle (SE).

Functionally and phylogenetically diverse plant communities key to soil biota

Recent studies assessing the role of biological diversity for ecosystem functioning indicate that the diversity of functional traits and the evolutionary history of species in a community, not the number of taxonomic units, ultimately drives the biodiversity-ecosystem-function relationship. Here, we simultaneously assessed the importance of plant functional trait and phylogenetic diversity as predictors of major trophic groups of soil biota (abundance and diversity), six years from the onset of a grassland biodiversity experiment. Plant functional and phylogenetic diversity were generally better predictors of soil biota than the traditionally used species or functional group richness. Functional diversity was a reliable predictor for most biota, with the exception of soil microorganisms, which were better predicted by phylogenetic diversity. These results provide empirical support for the idea that the diversity of plant functional traits and the diversity of evolutionary lineages in a community are important for maintaining higher abundances and diversity of soil communities.

Potencial de uso do modelo century e sig para avaliar o impacto da agricultura sobre estoques regionais de carbono orgânico do solo

O uso e as mudanças no uso e manejo dos solos figuram entre os principais fatores determinantes dos estoques de carbono orgânico do solo (COS). A modelagem dinâmica espacialmente explícita é uma técnica que vem sendo usada com sucesso em avaliações das alterações nos estoques regionais de COS. Assim, este trabalho objetivou utilizar o modelo Century associado a técnicas de geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto para avaliar os efeitos das alterações do uso agrícola e manejo do solo na dinâmica do carbono orgânico do solo (COS) em propriedades rurais do Distrito Santana, Ijuí - RS. Para isso, foi criada uma base de dados geoespaciais em ambiente ArcGis9.x com os planos temáticos: solos, elementos da paisagem e início do uso agrícola. Após reconstituídos os cenários históricos de manejo, o modelo Century 4.0 foi inicializado com dados edafoclimáticos locais, calibrado em duas etapas e validado, obedecendo-se à seguinte ordem: calibração principal - validação - calibração para generalizações. Na calibração principal, foram ajustados parâmetros internos do modelo, valendo-se da adição de carbono (C) pelo milho, trigo e soja e dos estoques de COS medidos em 2007 na camada de 0 a 20 cm da mata nativa e de uma lavoura adjacente, cuja conversão ocorreu entre 1901 e 1930 (lavoura mais antiga, localizada na área 1), sob Latossolo de topo. Em seguida, o Century, assim ajustado, foi estatisticamente validado com base em dados observados em 10 lavouras iniciadas em diferentes épocas, sob a mesma classe de solo e posição na paisagem, amostradas em 2007 na camada de 0 a 20 cm e distribuídas em quatro áreas homogêneas (áreas 1, 2, 3 e 4) dentro do Distrito Santana. Na calibração para generalizações, foram criadas quatro opções de "floresta subtropical" para representar a mata nativa de cada classe de solo em estudo (Latossolo, Chernossolo, Neossolo Regolítico e Neossolo Flúvico), a partir da opção de floresta tropical gerada na etapa de calibração principal, mantendo-se os ajustes já realizados naquela etapa e alterando apenas o parâmetro referente à máxima produção bruta mensal de biomassa pela floresta para que a variável de saída SOMTC (COS simulado) se estabilizasse, após o modelo ser executado por 3.000 anos (execução de equilíbrio), coincidindo com os estoques de COS medidos no solo sob vegetação nativa respectiva de cada classe de solo; em seguida, procedeu-se às simulações correspondentes a 54 unidades de simulação (US), por meio da interface i-Century, nas condições de solos cultivados com os cenários de manejo históricos (de 1901 até 2007). O Century, depois de calibrado, estimou adequadamente a dinâmica do C, reproduzindo a evolução dos estoques de COS ocorrida no Distrito Santana. Segundo essas estimativas, a adoção de práticas conservacionistas de manejo garante a redução das perdas de C causadas pelo processo erosivo e decomposição microbiana, havendo com isso aumento no estoque de COS.

Carbon balance and crop residue management in dynamic equilibrium under a no-till system in Campos Gerais

The adoption of no-tillage systems (NT) and the maintenance of crop residues on the soil surface result in the long-term increase of carbon (C) in the system, promoting C sequestration and reducing C-CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the C sequestration rate and the minimum amount of crop residues required to maintain the dynamic C equilibrium (dC/dt = 0) of two soils (Typic Hapludox) with different textural classes. The experiment was arranged in a 2 x 2 x 2 randomized block factorial design. The following factors were analyzed: (a) two soil types: Typic Hapludox (Oxisol) with medium texture (LVTM) and Oxisol with clay texture (LVTA), (b) two sampling layers (0-5 and 5-20 cm), and (c) two sampling periods (P1 - October 2007; P2 - September 2008). Samples were collected from fields under a long-term (20 years) NT system with the following crop rotations: wheat/soybean/black oat + vetch/maize (LVTM) and wheat/maize/black oat + vetch/soybean (LVTA). The annual C sequestration rates were 0.83 and 0.76 Mg ha-1 for LVTM and LVTA, respectively. The estimates of the minimum amount of crop residues required to maintain a dynamic equilibrium (dC/dt = 0) were 7.13 and 6.53 Mg ha-1 year-1 for LVTM and LVTA, respectively. The C conversion rate in both studied soils was lower than that reported in other studies in the region, resulting in a greater amount of crop residues left on the soil surface.

Phosphorus fractions in sandy soils of vineyards in southern Brazil

Phosphorus (P) applications to vineyards can cause P accumulation in the soil and maximize pollution risks. This study was carried out to quantify the accumulation of P fractions in sandy soils of vineyards in southern Brazil. Soil samples (layers 0-5, 6-10 and 11-20 cm) were collected from a native grassland area and two vineyards, after 14 years (vineyard 1) and 30 years (vineyard 2) of cultivation, in Santana do Livramento, southern Brazil, and subjected to chemical fractionation of P. Phosphorus application, especially to the 30-year-old vineyard 2, increased the inorganic P content down to a depth of 20 cm, mainly in the labile fractions extracted by anion-exchange resin and NaHCO3, in the moderately labile fraction extracted by 0.1 and 0.5 mol L-1 NaOH, and in the non-labile fraction extracted by 1 mol L-1 HCl, indicating the possibility of water eutrophication. Phosphorus application and grapevine cultivation time increased the P content in the organic fraction extracted by NaHCO3 from the 0-5 cm layer, and especially in the moderately labile fraction extracted by 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH, down to a depth of 20 cm.

Soil and phytosociological characterization of an area with predominance of arnica (Lychnophora pohlii sch. bip.)

Lychnophora pohlii Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae), known as "Arnica mineira", is widely used in folk medicine and very abundant in the altitude vegetation of rocky grassland. The aim of this work was to study the density of this species and its relationship with soil parameters in rocky grassland in Diamantina, in the Upper Jequitinhonha region, Minas Gerais. Ten contiguous 20 x 50 m plots were marked (total sampled area 10,000 m²) on the campus Juscelino Kubitschek of the Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM). The plants in these plots were evaluated for frequency, dominance and density. The relationship between the density of this species with nine soil physical and chemical properties was analyzed by means of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The highest plant abundance (I) of the species Lychnophora pohlii Sch. Bip. was found in the vegetation sampling areas: plot 6 with 255 plants, plot 7 with 173, plot 8 with 189, plot 9 with 159, and plot 1 with 151 plants. In these areas, the floristic soil characteristics were similar, resulting in spatial proximity in the ACC diagrams. The density of Lychnophora pohlii was higher in plots with higher pH, P-rem and base saturation, the variables most strongly correlated with the first axis of canonical correspondence analysis.

Atributos físicos e matéria orgânica de organossolos háplicos em distintos ambientes no Brasil

Os Organossolos são formados em condições geomórficas e climáticas que favorecem o acúmulo de material orgânico e sua drenagem para uso agrícola conduz a subsidência e modificações no teor de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), com implicações na sustentabilidade desses solos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alguns atributos físicos e sua relação com o teor e grau de decomposição da matéria orgânica de Organossolos Háplicos formados em ambientes hidromórficos, nos Estados do Rio de Janeiro (clima tropical atlântico Aw), Maranhão (tropical Awh) e Paraná (subtropical Cfb), com distintos usos. Foram utilizados os métodos recomendados no Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos (SiBCS) para caracterização de oito perfis, totalizando 30 horizontes, de Organossolos, sendo o teor de matéria orgânica quantificado pelo método da mufla. Os atributos físicos densidade do solo (Ds), densidade da matéria orgânica (DMO), percentual de material mineral (MM) e resíduo mínimo (RM) refletiram no teor e grau de transformação do material orgânico. A Ds variou de 0,09 a 0,93 Mg m-3, com média de 0,44 Mg m-3 e a DMO, de 0,02 a 0,66 Mg m-3, sendo a média de 0,28 Mg m-3. Observou-se relação diretamente proporcional entre a Ds e os atributos MM e RM. Quanto ao grau de decomposição, os materiais orgânicos foram identificados principalmente nas classes de hêmicos e sápricos; porém, como classes distintas foram obtidas em função do método usado, recomenda-se o uso do índice de pirofosfato e teor de fibras esfregadas em conjunto, definindo as classes por faixa de valores. Os Organossolos com menor alteração antrópica, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (RJ02 e RJ08), apresentaram os maiores teores de matéria orgânica e os menores valores de Ds, DMO e MM. Assim, esses atributos são relevantes como indicadores do potencial de subsidência e da degradação dos Organossolos, solos relevantes pelo seu alto estoque de carbono e para a preservação de aquíferos.

Pedotransfer functions to estimate retention and availability of water in soils of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Studies on water retention and availability are scarce for subtropical or humid temperate climate regions of the southern hemisphere. The aims of this study were to evaluate the relations of the soil physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties with water retention and availability for the generation and validation of continuous point pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for soils of the State of Santa Catarina (SC) in the South of Brazil. Horizons of 44 profiles were sampled in areas under different cover crops and regions of SC, to determine: field capacity (FC, 10 kPa), permanent wilting point (PWP, 1,500 kPa), available water content (AW, by difference), saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, aggregate stability, particle size distribution (seven classes), organic matter content, and particle density. Chemical and mineralogical properties were obtained from the literature. Spearman's rank correlation analysis and path analysis were used in the statistical analyses. The point PTFs for estimation of FC, PWP and AW were generated for the soil surface and subsurface through multiple regression analysis, followed by robust regression analysis, using two sets of predictive variables. Soils with finer texture and/or greater organic matter content retain more moisture, and organic matter is the property that mainly controls the water availability to plants in soil surface horizons. Path analysis was useful in understanding the relationships between soil properties for FC, PWP and AW. The predictive power of the generated PTFs to estimate FC and PWP was good for all horizons, while AW was best estimated by more complex models with better prediction for the surface horizons of soils in Santa Catarina.