Contribuições para verificação automática de applets javacard

The widespread growth in the use of smart cards (by banks, transport services, and cell phones, etc) has brought an important fact that must be addressed: the need of tools that can be used to verify such cards, so to guarantee the correctness of their software. As the vast majority of cards that are being developed nowadays use the JavaCard technology as they software layer, the use of the Java Modeling Language (JML) to specify their programs appear as a natural solution. JML is a formal language tailored to Java. It has been inspired by methodologies from Larch and Eiffel, and has been widely adopted as the de facto language when dealing with specification of any Java related program. Various tools that make use of JML have already been developed, covering a wide range of functionalities, such as run time and static checking. But the tools existent so far for static checking are not fully automated, and, those that are, do not offer an adequate level of soundness and completeness. Our objective is to contribute to a series of techniques, that can be used to accomplish a fully automated and confident verification of JavaCard applets. In this work we present the first steps to this. With the use of a software platform comprised by Krakatoa, Why and haRVey, we developed a set of techniques to reduce the size of the theory necessary to verify the specifications. Such techniques have yielded very good results, with gains of almost 100% in all tested cases, and has proved as a valuable technique to be used, not only in this, but in most real world problems related to automatic verification

Espectros fractais em sistemas nanoestruturados e cristais fotônicos

The study of the elementary excitations such as photons, phonons, plasmons, polaritons, polarons, excitons and magnons, in crystalline solids and nanostructures systems are nowdays important active field for research works in solid state physics as well as in statistical physics. With this aim in mind, this work has two distinct parts. In the first one, we investigate the propagation of excitons polaritons in nanostructured periodic and quasiperiodic multilayers, from the description of the behavior for bulk and surface modes in their individual constituents. Through analytical, as well as computational numerical calculation, we obtain the spectra for both surface and bulk exciton-polaritons modes in the superstructures. Besides, we investigate also how the quasiperiodicity modifies the band structure related to the periodic case, stressing their amazing self-similar behavior leaving to their fractal/multifractal aspects. Afterwards, we present our results related to the so-called photonic crystals, the eletromagnetic analogue of the electronic crystalline structure. We consider periodic and quasiperiodic structures, in which one of their component presents a negative refractive index. This unusual optic characteristic is obtained when the electric permissivity and the magnetic permeability µ are both negatives for the same range of angular frequency ω of the incident wave. The given curves show how the transmission of the photon waves is modified, with a striking self-similar profile. Moreover, we analyze the modification of the usual Planck´s thermal spectrum when we use a quasiperiodic fotonic superlattice as a filter.

On fuzzy ideals and fuzzy filters of fuzzy lattices

In the literature there are several proposals of fuzzi cation of lattices and ideals concepts. Chon in (Korean J. Math 17 (2009), No. 4, 361-374), using the notion of fuzzy order relation de ned by Zadeh, introduced a new notion of fuzzy lattice and studied the level sets of fuzzy lattices, but did not de ne a notion of fuzzy ideals for this type of fuzzy lattice. In this thesis, using the fuzzy lattices de ned by Chon, we de ne fuzzy homomorphism between fuzzy lattices, the operations of product, collapsed sum, lifting, opposite, interval and intuitionistic on bounded fuzzy lattices. They are conceived as extensions of their analogous operations on the classical theory by using this de nition of fuzzy lattices and introduce new results from these operators. In addition, we de ne ideals and lters of fuzzy lattices and concepts in the same way as in their characterization in terms of level and support sets. One of the results found here is the connection among ideals, supports and level sets. The reader will also nd the de nition of some kinds of ideals and lters as well as some results with respect to the intersection among their families. Moreover, we introduce a new notion of fuzzy ideals and fuzzy lters for fuzzy lattices de ned by Chon. We de ne types of fuzzy ideals and fuzzy lters that generalize usual types of ideals and lters of lattices, such as principal ideals, proper ideals, prime ideals and maximal ideals. The main idea is verifying that analogous properties in the classical theory on lattices are maintained in this new theory of fuzzy ideals. We also de ne, a fuzzy homomorphism h from fuzzy lattices L and M and prove some results involving fuzzy homomorphism and fuzzy ideals as if h is a fuzzy monomorphism and the fuzzy image of a fuzzy set ~h(I) is a fuzzy ideal, then I is a fuzzy ideal. Similarly, we prove for proper, prime and maximal fuzzy ideals. Finally, we prove that h is a fuzzy homomorphism from fuzzy lattices L into M if the inverse image of all principal fuzzy ideals of M is a fuzzy ideal of L. Lastly, we introduce the notion of -ideals and - lters of fuzzy lattices and characterize it by using its support and its level set. Moreover, we prove some similar properties in the classical theory of - ideals and - lters, such as, the class of -ideals and - lters are closed under intersection. We also de ne fuzzy -ideals of fuzzy lattices, some properties analogous to the classical theory are also proved and characterize a fuzzy -ideal on operation of product between bounded fuzzy lattices L and M and prove some results.

Gastroprotective Effect of Serjania erecta Radlk (Sapindaceae): Involvement of Sensory Neurons, Endogenous Nonprotein Sulfhydryls, and Nitric Oxide

The present study reveals the pharmacological action of Serjania erecta Radlk. (Family Sapindaceae), an important medicinal plant species used in the Brazilian Pantanal against gastric pain. The methanolic (Me) and chloroformic (Se) extracts obtained from leaves of S. erecta were challenged by a very strong necrotizing agent in rodents, absolute ethanol. Se was also confronted with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester), a capsaicin cation channel transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 antagonist (ruthenium red), or a sulfhydryl-blocker (N-ethylmaleimide) to evaluate the participation of these cytoprotective factors in gastroprotection. In an in vivo experimental model, Me and Se presented several degrees of gastroprotective action without signs of acute toxicity. The best gastroprotective effect was restricted to all doses of Se. The mechanisms involving the gastroprotective action of Se are related to an augmented defense mechanism of the gastrointestinal mucosa consisting of sensory neurons, nitric oxide, and sulfhydryl groups that prevent and attenuate the ulcer process. The presence of polyisoprenoids in the Se explains the potent gastroprotective action of this medicinal species. Effective gastroprotective action and the absence of acute toxicity indicate this species may be a promising herbal drug against gastric disease.

(1-x)PMN-xPT ceramics prepared by conventional and modified columbite route: Effect on electrical properties

This study aims to demonstrate how the chemical homogeneity of B cations affects the microstructure and electrical responses of (1-x) PMN-xPT ceramics. Two methodologies were employed to synthesize three different compositions, with x assuming the values 0.10, 0.28, and 0.35. If compared to conventional method, the Ti-modified columbite route, which is characterized by higher B cation homogeneity, leads to PMN-PT powders and ceramics with lower content of PNT pyrochlore phase and, for 0.65PMN-0.35PT composition, minor amount of tetragonal phase is found. Conclusively, PMN-PT ceramics obtained by modified route favors B cations homogeneity, enhancing the dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties.

Effect of lithium additive on the microstructure and electrical responses of 0.9PMN-0.1PT ceramics

Structural effects of lithium additive on 0.9PMN-0.1PT powders prepared by Ti-modified columbite route were studied. The substitution of Li+ ions for Mg2+ ions in the B-site sub-lattice of 0.9PMN-0.1PT perovskite structure was explained in terms of lead and oxygen vacancies generation originated as consequence of the ionic compensation of negatively charged Li'(Mg) sites. The rise in mass transport as consequence of the increasing of Pb2+ and O2- vacancies produces more agglomerated particles during the powder synthesis and changes the mechanical characteristics between grain and grain boundary of sintered ceramic. The relation between K-m and T-m values, the difference between ionic radii of B cation and the molar volume were used to explain the changes in the relaxor behavior and diffusiveness of phase transition as function of lithium doping, which are corroborated by the results obtained through the ferroelectric characterization.

Synergistic effect in the catalytic activity of lipase Rhizomucor miehei immobilized on zeolites for the production of biodiesel

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Purification and characterization of a new alkaline serine protease from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora sp.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Caracterização da matéria-prima cerâmica da Mina Tabajara (Limeira, SP)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Weathering rates at Alto Sorocaba basin, Brazil, using U-isotopes and major cations

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Amino acid, Antioxidant and Ion Profiles of Carpolobia lutea Leaf (Polygalaceae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid and total phenol of exotic fruits occurring in Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A homovalent doping in PMN ceramics by using lithium and scandium cations

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influence of oxygen flow on crystallization and morphology of PLZT thin films

PLZT thin films were prepared by a dip coating process using Pechini's method, also known as polymeric precursor method. The PLZT solution was obtained from a mixture of the individual cation solutions and the process to prepare each solution is based on metallic citrate polymerization. The viscosity of the PLZT solution was adjusted at 40 cP while the ionic concentration was adjusted at 0.1 M. PLZT solutions were deposited on silicon (100) and platinum coated silicon (100) substrates with withdrawal speed at 5 mm/min. The coated substrates were thermally treated with a heating rate of 1 degreesC/min up to 300 degreesC and 5 degreesC/min up to 650 degreesC in order to obtain homogeneous and cracks free films. The influence of oxygen flow on crystallization and morphology of PLZT (9/65/35) thin film is discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. Ltd and Techna S.r.l. All rights reserved.

Influence of viscosity and ionic concentration on morphology of PLZT thin films

PLZT thin films were prepared by a dip-coating process using Pechini's method. The PLZT solution was obtained from the mixture of the cation solutions. The viscosity of the solution was adjusted in the range of 20-40 cP, while the ionic concentration was adjusted in the range of 0.1 and 0.2 M. PLZT solutions were deposited on Si (1 0 0) substrate with withdrawal speed at 5 mm/min. The coated substrates were thermally treated with heating rate of 1 degreesC/min up to 300 and 5 degreesC/ min up to 650 degreesC in order to obtain homogeneous and crack free films. The influence of viscosity and ionic concentration on crystallization and morphology of PLZT (9/65/35) thin film will be discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.