952 resultados para Russkij mir


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En el presente estudio me propongo analizar, desde un punto de vista estrictamente discursivo, el imaginario social de la "civilización" y la "barbarie" en Las Catilinarias de Juan Montalvo. Parto por ello, a manera de contexto referencial, de las lecturas que se han hecho de Las Catilinarias en el espacio de algunos prólogos. Avanzo hacia una comprensión de tres conceptos fundamentales en la obra: pueblo, nación y tiranía. Explico el fundamento social y cultural de las tiranías y la critica que les hace Montalvo. Discuto entonces el papel que juegan las letras en este combate. Mi propósito es demostrar básicamente que Montalvo frente a la denuncia de la barbarie de su época, se personificó a sí mismo en el civilizador del pueblo. Esa lucha civilizadora involucró un combate político y cultural interrelacionados. Sostengo que el ejercicio de las letras fue para él la forma de civilizar, una manera de cuestionar tanto una barbarie política -referida a los tiranos de turno- cuanto una barbarie étnica -patente en la figura de los indios, chagras y negros-. Ese modelo de civilización adoptado miró a España y Francia como ejemplo, e hizo por eso del casticismo su emblema de combate. Por otro lado, Montalvo no pudo convocar al pueblo a su reforma. En definitiva, el intento de Montalvo por salvar al pueblo, lo terminó conduciendo en contra del mismo pueblo. Montalvo pretendió reformar la sociedad de su época pero no encontró vínculos efectivos con ella. El ilustre ambateño, imitador del quijote, combatió para salvar a un pueblo que terminó siendo más quijotesco que él mismo.

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Esta tesis indaga qué fue el sujeto revolucionario para la intelectualidad orgánica de la izquierda ecuatoriana en el período comprendido entre 1975 y 1986. Se parte de la existencia de interpretaciones diversas y divergentes del tema, tanto para las corrientes comunistas (PCE, MRT), las socialistas (PSE, PSRE); las maoístas (PCMLE), las nacionalistas (AVC, MPL) y las guevaristas (MIR). El corte temporal escogido (1975-1986) comienza con: I) la declaratoria de la Primera Huelga Nacional del FUT el 13 de noviembre de 1975, y el ascenso de la lucha de clases encabezada por el movimiento obrero; y culmina con: II) el decaimiento de los proyectos devenidos, de una u otra forma, del campo de la revolución (descabezamiento de AVC, liquidación de otras formas de subversión como MPL y OPM, extinción del PSRE, consolidación de la línea electoral en la mayor parte de los partidos de izquierda –como el PSE, el PCMLE y el PCE–, disgregación del MIR en varias fracciones, desaparición del MRT), y el ascenso de formas de lucha no clasistas con el advenimiento de los denominados movimientos sociales. Se entiende a los intelectuales orgánicos como la expresión de un ‘intelectual colectivo’ (el Partido para Gramsci) que abandera una determinada tendencia políticaideológica, integrada en un particular contexto histórico y social. En esta línea, los partidos analizados representan la voz de una intelectualidad de carácter colectivo. La ‘categoría’ sujeto revolucionario, hace referencia a actores sociales específicos que actúan, dinamizan y se crean en una determinada conflictividad. No se aborda al sujeto revolucionario como algo acabado, sino más bien como una creación particular, que se forja en el terreno de la lucha de clases concreta. A nivel de la estructura metodológica se establece un diálogo entre las preguntas: ¿cómo se pensó al sujeto revolucionario en la tradición marxista internacional? (capítulo uno), y ¿cómo se pensó el sujeto revolucionario en la izquierda ecuatoriana del período 1975-1986? (capítulo dos). Con la finalidad de determinar las tesis y puntos de vista convergentes de cada una de las tradiciones partidarias estudiadas (capítulo tres), agrupándose al sujeto revolucionario pensado desde la izquierda en las siguientes figuras o denominaciones: I) el militante revolucionario; II) el pueblo; III) la población sufragante; IV) el proletariado como clase obrera industrial; y, V) el proletariado como sujeto negativo.

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A four-wavelength MAD experiment on a new brominated octanucleotide is reported here. d[ACGTACG(5-BrU)], C77H81BrN30O32P7, (DNA) = 2235, tetragonal, P43212 (No. 96), a = 43.597, c = 26.268 Å, V = 49927.5 Å3, Z = 8, T = 100 K, R = 10.91% for 4312 reflections between 15.0 and 1.46 Å resolution. The self-complementary brominated octanucleotide d[ACGTACG(5-BrU)]2 has been crystallized and data measured to 1.45 Å at both 293 K and a second crystal flash frozen at 100 K. The latter data collection was carried out to the same resolution at the four wavelengths 0.9344, 0.9216, 0.9208 and 0.9003 Å, around the Br K edge at 0.92 Å and the structure determined from a map derived from a MAD data analysis using pseudo-MIR methodology, as implemented in the program MLPHARE. This is one of the first successful MAD phasing experiments carried out at Sincrotrone Elettra in Trieste, Italy. The structure was refined using the data measured at 0.9003 Å, anisotropic temperature factors and the restrained least-squares refinement implemented in the program SHELX96, and the helical parameters are compared with those previously determined for the isomorphous d(ACGTACGT)2 analogue. The asymmetric unit consists of a single strand of octamer with 96 water molecules. No countercations were located. The A-DNA helix geometry obtained has been analysed using the CURVES program.

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This study investigated the potential application of mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR 4,000–900 cm−1) for the determination of milk coagulation properties (MCP), titratable acidity (TA), and pH in Brown Swiss milk samples (n = 1,064). Because MCP directly influence the efficiency of the cheese-making process, there is strong industrial interest in developing a rapid method for their assessment. Currently, the determination of MCP involves time-consuming laboratory-based measurements, and it is not feasible to carry out these measurements on the large numbers of milk samples associated with milk recording programs. Mid-infrared spectroscopy is an objective and nondestructive technique providing rapid real-time analysis of food compositional and quality parameters. Analysis of milk rennet coagulation time (RCT, min), curd firmness (a30, mm), TA (SH°/50 mL; SH° = Soxhlet-Henkel degree), and pH was carried out, and MIR data were recorded over the spectral range of 4,000 to 900 cm−1. Models were developed by partial least squares regression using untreated and pretreated spectra. The MCP, TA, and pH prediction models were improved by using the combined spectral ranges of 1,600 to 900 cm−1, 3,040 to 1,700 cm−1, and 4,000 to 3,470 cm−1. The root mean square errors of cross-validation for the developed models were 2.36 min (RCT, range 24.9 min), 6.86 mm (a30, range 58 mm), 0.25 SH°/50 mL (TA, range 3.58 SH°/50 mL), and 0.07 (pH, range 1.15). The most successfully predicted attributes were TA, RCT, and pH. The model for the prediction of TA provided approximate prediction (R2 = 0.66), whereas the predictive models developed for RCT and pH could discriminate between high and low values (R2 = 0.59 to 0.62). It was concluded that, although the models require further development to improve their accuracy before their application in industry, MIR spectroscopy has potential application for the assessment of RCT, TA, and pH during routine milk analysis in the dairy industry. The implementation of such models could be a means of improving MCP through phenotypic-based selection programs and to amend milk payment systems to incorporate MCP into their payment criteria.

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This paper reviews the current state of development of both near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopic techniques for process monitoring, quality control, and authenticity determination in cheese processing. Infrared spectroscopy has been identified as an ideal process analytical technology tool, and recent publications have demonstrated the potential of both NIR and MIR spectroscopy, coupled with chemometric techniques, for monitoring coagulation, syneresis, and ripening as well as determination of authenticity, composition, sensory, and rheological parameters. Recent research is reviewed and compared on the basis of experimental design, spectroscopic and chemometric methods employed to assess the potential of infrared spectroscopy as a technology for improving process control and quality in cheese manufacture. Emerging research areas for these technologies, such as cheese authenticity and food chain traceability, are also discussed.

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Huntingtin (Htt) protein interacts with many transcriptional regulators, with widespread disruption to the transcriptome in Huntington's disease (HD) brought about by altered interactions with the mutant Htt (muHtt) protein. Repressor Element-1 Silencing Transcription Factor (REST) is a repressor whose association with Htt in the cytoplasm is disrupted in HD, leading to increased nuclear REST and concomitant repression of several neuronal-specific genes, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf). Here, we explored a wide set of HD dysregulated genes to identify direct REST targets whose expression is altered in a cellular model of HD but that can be rescued by knock-down of REST activity. We found many direct REST target genes encoding proteins important for nervous system development, including a cohort involved in synaptic transmission, at least two of which can be rescued at the protein level by REST knock-down. We also identified several microRNAs (miRNAs) whose aberrant repression is directly mediated by REST, including miR-137, which has not previously been shown to be a direct REST target in mouse. These data provide evidence of the contribution of inappropriate REST-mediated transcriptional repression to the widespread changes in coding and non-coding gene expression in a cellular model of HD that may affect normal neuronal function and survival.