Megaeventos esportivos e políticas públicas: Jogos Pan-Americanos 2007 e suas relações com a Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014 e os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016

Esta tese tem como questão central investigar de que forma as propostas de legados apresentadas pelos realizadores dos megaeventos esportivos brasileiros Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2007, Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014 e Jogos Olímpicos Rio 2016 respondem aos interesses das políticas públicas. Para tanto, os objetivos consistiram em: a) verificar na história recente de três megaeventos esportivos ações de boas práticas ligadas aos possíveis legados dos seguintes eventos: Copa Mundo/2010 África do Sul, Jogos Sul-Americanos/2010 Medellín/Colômbia e Jogos Olímpicos/2012 Londres / Inglaterra; b) verificar, diante dos legados do evento Jogos Pan-Americanos Rio-2007, como se instituíram as relações entre Governo Federal e o órgão de administração nacional do esporte olímpico brasileiro (COB) na definição das ações do evento; c) verificar em que medida se dão as relações entre o atual Governo Federal e os órgãos de administração nacional do esporte (CBF e COB), responsáveis pela organização da Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014 e pelos Jogos Olímpicos do Rio de Janeiro de 2016, no que tange aos possíveis legados a serem deixados pelos referidos eventos, se eles se aproximam ou se afastam dos encontrados nos Jogos Pan-Americanos Rio-2007. O procedimento metodológico utilizado neste estudo foi realizado em quatro fases: a) revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema; b) levantamento e análise de documentos referentes aos eventos estudados; c) realização de sete entrevistas semiestruturadas, que foram gravadas, transcritas e categorizadas; d) categorização e análise dos documentos e das entrevistas levando em consideração os objetivos propostos na pesquisa. Os resultados demonstraram que as ações de boas práticas ligadas aos possíveis legados dos megaeventos verificados na história recente se posicionam no campo dos legados tangíveis para os Jogos de 2010 e 2012 e intangíveis para a Copa do Mundo de 2010. Quanto à relação entre Governo Federal e COB nas tomadas de decisão, com base nos legados, do Pan de 2007, os dados mostram que o processo se baseou em um planejamento frágil, um modelo de governança inadequado e a assinatura tardia da matriz de responsabilidade do evento. Com relação ao desenvolvimento de legados dos eventos de 2014 e 2016, observamos que o de imagem é que aparece de maneira mais relevante na pesquisa. Finalmente, para responder à questão central da presente pesquisa, chegamos à demonstração de que a base das propostas de legados do Pan de 2007 pouco se aproxima dos interesses das políticas públicas. Já para a Copa do Mundo de 2014 e para os Jogos de 2016, as propostas de legados se direcionam para ações que, se bem-executadas, podem de forma direta ou indireta atender os interesses das políticas públicas.

Assessing the precision of frequency distributions estimated from trawl-survey samples

In trawl surveys a cluster of fish are caught at each station, and fish caught together tend to have more similar characteristics, such as length, age, stomach contents etc., than those in the entire population. When this is the case, the effective sample size for estimates of the frequency distribution of a population characteristic can, therefore, be much smaller than the number of fish sampled during a survey. As examples, it is shown that the effective sample size for estimates of length-frequency distributions generated by trawl surveys conducted in the Barents Sea, off Namibia, and off South Africa is on average approximately one fish per tow. Thus many more fish than necessary are measured at each station (location). One way to increase the effective sample size for these surveys and, hence, increase the precision of the length-frequency estimates, is to reduce tow duration and use the time saved to collect samples at more stations.

The marine linefish resources of Moçambique (status, development and future research)

Marine line-fishing is seen to be of major importance to the social well-being and economy of many coastal people of Mozambique. Aspects of the artisanal and semi-industrial fisheries of Mozambique are described and a recent significant increase in effort is noted. Landings are seen to comprise a high proportion of vulnerable, endemic species, several of which are shared with neighbouring South Africa. Trends in CPUE, sex ratios and yield per recruit suggest that future landings may decline if conservative management is not introduced. Strategies for data collection and biological research on key species are proposed.

Spiny lobsters and their fishing techniques

Scores of publications on spiny lobsters and their fishing techniques are available from various parts of the world. A variety of fishing gears which vary in design and operation are employed for exploiting lobsters. A review of the work carried out on spiny lobsters with special reference to their distribution, fishing gear, fishing methods, baits and crafts in India, Sri Lanka, United States, Australia, South Africa, United Kingdom, Ireland and Portugal based on selected literature are considered and discussed.

The role of infrastructure in improving human settlements

This paper considers how the provision of integrated household-level infrastructure – particularly water and environmental sanitation (including water supply, sewerage, roads, storm drainage and solid waste management) –can play a leading role in improving the conditions in slum settlements. Around 700 socio-economic interviews were carried out in India and South Africa to investigate an innovative approach called slum networking, which sees the strong correlation between slum locations and drainage paths as an opportunity for improving the wider urban environment. This recognition allows resources to be mobilised locally, thereby removing the need for external aid funding. The evidence from the 700 families shows that communities perceive water and sanitation inputs to be their top priority and are willing to contribute to the costs. If slum upgrading is led with access to integrated water and environmental sanitation at household level with community contributions to the cost of infrastructure, then slum communities subsequently invest considerably greater sums in improved housing and education, with longer term contributions to poverty alleviation, improvements in health and literacy and an increase in disposable incomes.

Contributions of Pelagic and Benthic Dietary Sources to Freshwater Mussels: Evidence from Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis

In Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu, tissue of five mussel species showed delta C-13 values similar to or slightly below that of pelagic suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM). This indicated that mussels in this area either fed non-selectively and so reflected available carbon in the pelagic habitat or selected for phytoplankton. The situation was the same for Anodonta woodiana woodiana and Cristaria plicata in Meiliang Bay; however, for the remaining three species, Hyriopsis cumingii, Arconaia lanceolata, and Lamprotula rochechouarti, tissue had intermediate delta C-13 values, falling between those for pelagic SPOM and benthic sediment organic matter (SOM), suggesting a possible preferential selection of phytoplankton from the pelagic SPOM but more likely reflecting local differences in pelagic SPOM and benthic SOM composition and available organic carbon sources. The mixing model showed that pelagic SPOM accounted for over 98% of carbon incorporated by all mussels in Gonghu Bay and two mussels in Meiliang Bay, suggesting the dietary importance of pelagic food sources for mussels. Less than 50% of the assimilation in H. cumingii, A. lanceolata, and L. rochechouarti came from the pelagic carbon sources in Meiliang Bay, which suggested that these species consumed a mix of benthic and pelagic derived carbon sources.

The effects of fresh and decomposed Microcystis aeruginosa on cladocerans from a subtropic Chinese Lake

We studied in the laboratory the population growth rates of four cladocerans fed both with decomposed Microcystis aeruginosa and with a mixture of fresh colonial M. aeruginosa and Scenedesmus obliquus. The neonates of Diqphanosoma brachyurum and Daphnia carinata were able to develop into adults when they were fed with <64mum decomposed M. aeruginosa, while those of Moina micrura could not use decomposed M. aeruginosa. The population growth rate of the largest species, D. carinata, was less affected by the presence of fresh colonial M. aeruginosa than the other three species. D. carinata obtained the highest growth rate at a biomass level of 10 mg L-1 fresh colonial M. aeruginosa, indicating that, to some extent, it can use colonial M. aeruginosa at a size range of 64-112mum. The population growth rate of M. micrura was negatively correlated with fresh colonial M. aeruginosa within a range of 10-100 mg L-1. The population growth rates of D. brachyurum and Ceriodaphnia cornuta were remarkably decreased by fresh colonial M. aeruginosa, although no significant difference was found within the M. aeruginosa biomass range of 10-100 mg L-1 for either cladoceran. At a biomass level of 50 mg L-1 M. aeruginosa, the population growth rates of the four cladocerans positively correlated with S. obliquus biomass within a range of 0.1-5.0 mg L-1. Our results indicate that the zooplankton community under bloom condition is shaped by the quantity of both M. aeruginosa and other edible algae.