El ascenso del nivel del mar en la costa de la provincia de Buenos Aires

Este trabajo de divulgación científica presenta la tendencia relativa del nivel medio del mar y su aceleración, para aquellas localidades de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) de las que se dispone de series de alturas de marea que cubren por lo menos los últimos ciencuenta años. Este es el caso del puerto de Buenos Aires y el de Mar del Plata. Éstas dos localidades poseen características geográficas e hidrodinámicas distintas, por lo que resulta de mayor interés comparar los resultados obtenidos. Se discuten los mismos, y la evolución del nivel medio durante esta centuria.

MULTIPLE GENOTYPES OF MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA WITHIN A HORSE POPULATION FROM A SMALL REGION IN YUNNAN PROVINCE OF CHINA

mtDNA genotypes of six domestic horses (three adult short horses whose heights are under 1 m and three common domestic horses) from a small region of 15 km(2) in Malipo county of Yunnan province of China were investigated by the technique of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with restriction endonucleases which recognize 6-bp sequences. An average of fragments for an individual was obtained. Unlike other domestic animals, this population of horses exhibits high mtDNA genetic diversity. Each of the six horses has a specific mtDNA genotype showing a pattern of multiple maternal origins, as suggested by fossil and literature records. We think the population of horses is an amazing seed-resource pool of horses and hence deserves to be paid more attention from the view of conservation genetics. However it is also remarkable that we did not find any typical mtDNA genetic markers which would discriminate between short horses and common domestic horses.

On-going generation of multiple forms of HIV-1 intersubtype recombinants in the Yunnan Province of China

Objectives: To investigate the molecular epidemiology of HIV in China's Yunnan Province, where the initial HIV-1 outbreak among injecting drug users (IDU) occurred in 1989, and to analyse the genesis and interrelationship of the epidemic with that in surrounding areas. Design: A molecular epidemiological investigation was conducted among IDU in three prefectures in Yunnan Province, including Wenshan (east), Honghe (southeast) and Dehong (west). Methods: Thirty-nine specimens were collected from consenting IDU in 2000-2001. The nucleotide sequences of 2.6 kb gag-RT and 340 base pair (bp) env (C2/V3) regions were determined. Phylogenetic tree and recombination breakpoint analyses were performed. Results: The circulating recombinant form (CRF), CRF08_BC, predominated in east Yunnan near Guangxi Province (89% in Wenshan and 81% in Honghe), whereas it was not detected in Dehong(0/14) in the west. In contrast, 71% (10/14) of the Dehong isolates were unique recombinant forms (URF), mostly between subtypes B' (Thailand variant of subtype B) and C, with distinct profiles of recombination breakpoints. The subtype B' accounts for the remaining 29% (4/14) of Dehong isolates. Interestingly, two Honghe isolates (2/16) shared some of the precise B'/C recombination breakpoints with CRF07_BC. Conclusion: New recombinant strains are arising continually in west Yunnan near the Myanmar border. Some appeared to be secondary recombinants derived from CRF07_BC that had further recombined with other strains. The uneven distribution of subtypes, CRF and URF, suggests the presence of independent transmission networks and clusters among IDU in Yunnan. (C) 2002 Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Molecular epidemiology of the heterosexual HIV-1 transmission in Kunming, Yunnan Province of China suggests origin from the local IDU epidemic

Molecular epidemiological investigation was conducted among injecting drug users (IDUs) (n = 11) and heterosexuals (n = 15) in Kunming, Yunnan Province of China. HIV-1 genotypes were determined based on the nucleotide sequences of 2.6-kb gag-RT region. The distribution of genotypes among IDUs was as follows: CRF07_BC (5/11) and CRF08_BC (5/11); subtype B' (1/11). Similarly, a majority of Kunming heterosexuals (14/15) were infected with CRF07_BC (4/15), CRF08_BC (6/15), or subtype B' (4/15), known to predominate among IDUs in China. This contrasts with trends in the coastal regions of China and surrounding southeastern Asian countries, where CRF01_AE predominates among heterosexuals. The heterosexual HIV-1 epidemic in Kunming thus appears to derive from the local IDU epidemic. Of note, subtype B' was the most prevalent strain among heterosexuals before 1997, while CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC became predominant in 2002, indicating a transition of HIV-1 genotype distribution between the early and the more recent samples from Kunming heterosexuals.

Analysis of arable land loss and its impact on rural sustainability in Southern Jiangsu Province of China

Rapid urbanization and industrialization in southern Jiangsu Province have consumed a huge amount of arable land. Through comparative analysis of land cover maps derived from TM images in 1990, 2000 and 2006, we identified the trend of arable land loss. It is found that most arable land is lost to urbanization and rural settlements development. Urban settlements, rural settlements, and industrial park-mine-transport land increased, respectively, by 87 997 ha (174.65%), 81 041 ha (104.52%), and 12 692 ha (397.99%) from 1990 to 2006. Most of the source (e.g., change from) land covers are rice paddy fields and dryland. These two covers contributed to newly urbanized areas by 37.12% and 73.52% during 1990-2000, and 46.39% and 38.86% during 2000-2006. However, the loss of arable land is weakly correlated with ecological service value, per capita net income of farmers, but positively with grain yield for some counties. Most areas in the study site have a low arable land depletion rate and a high potential for sustainable development. More attention should be directed at those counties that have a high depletion rate but a low potential for sustainable development. Rural settlements should be controlled and rationalized through legislative measures to achieve harmonious development between urban and rural areas, and sustainable development for rural areas with a minimal impact on the ecoenvironment. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sediment provenance and province of the southern Yellow Sea: Evidence from light mineral

The distribution for percent content of light mineral is divided in detail to emphasize distributional trends of higher and lower contents by using 222 samples of light mineral in the southern Yellow Sea. 5 mineral provinces are divided, and they are I-north mineral province of the southern Yellow Sea, the sediment dominantly derived from the Yellow River; II-mixed mineral province, the sediment derived from both the Yellow River and Yangtze River; III-middle mineral province, the sediment derived mainly from the Yellow River and a part of sediment derived from Yangtze River; IV-province east of Yangtze River mouth, the sediment derived dominantly from Yangtze River; and V south mineral province, sediment was affected by relict sediment and modern sediment of Yangtze River. In this paper, the assemblage of dominant mineral and diagnostic mineral for the five provinces are discerned.

A preliminary discussion on the bio-metallogenesis of Tl deposits in the low-temperature minerogenetic province of southwestern China

Starting with the research status of bio-metallogenesis of Tl deposits and their geology, this work deals with the geological background of Tl enrichment and mineralization and the mechanism of bio- metal-logenesis of Tl deposits, as exemplified by Tl deposits in the low-temperature minerogenetic province. This research on the bio-metallogenesis of Tl deposits is focused on the correlations between bio-enrichment and Tl, the enrichment of Tl in micro-paleo-animals in rocks and ores, bio-fossil casts in Tl-rich ores, the involvement of bio-sulfur in minerogenesis and the enrichment of bio-genetic organic carbon in Tl ores. Thallium deposits have experienced two ore-forming stages: syngenetic bio- en-richment and epigenetic hydrothermal reworking (or transformation). Owing to the intense epigenetic hydrothermal reworking, almost no bio-residues remain in syngenetically bio-enriched Tl ores, thereby the Tl deposits display the characteristics of hydrothermally reoworked deposits.

Our west China mission : being a somewhat extensive summary by the missionaries on the field of the work during the first twenty-five years of the Canadian Methodist mission in the province of Szechwan, western China.

http://www.archive.org/details/westchinamiss00unknuoft

The protection and security of vulnerable populations in complex emergencies using the Dadaab refugee camps in the north eastern province of Kenya as a case study

The past two decades has seen a dramatic upheaval in the international world order: the end of the Cold War, the 9/11 attacks and the subsequent 'War on Terror', increased Jihadist activities, the accelerated pace of globalization, climate change and the 2008 global financial crisis have contributed to fear, uncertainty, poverty, conflict, massive displacements of populations of asylum seekers and refugees globally and a proliferation of Protracted Refugee Situations (PRS), defined as situations in which refugees have been in exile 'for 5 years or more after their initial displacement, without immediate prospects for implementation of durable solutions. In the past two decades there has been a huge proliferation of these with more than 7.2 million refugees now trapped in these PRS, with a further 16 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) trapped in camps within their own countries. The Dadaab refugee complex in Kenya, which of as March 2012, holds over 463,000 refugees, is the most significant and extreme example in recent times of a PRS. It was established in 1991 following the collapse of the Somali Government of Dictator Siad Barre, and the disintegration of Somalia into the chaos that still exists today. PRS such as Dadaab raise particular issues about humanitarianism in terms of aid, protection, security, human rights and the actions (or inaction) of the various stakeholders on an international, national and local level. This thesis investigates these issues by the use of a case study methodology on Dadaab as a PRS, framed in the context of humanitarianism and in particular the issues that arise in terms of how the international community, the UN system and individual states provide assistance and protection to vulnerable populations. Although the refugee camps have been in existence (as of 2012) for over 20 years, there has never been such a detailed study of Dadaab (or any other PRS) undertaken to date and would be of interest to academics in the areas of international relations, refugee/migration studies and global Governance as well as practitioners in both humanitarian response and development

Inundaciones y su relación con el clima y la hidrología subterránea en el Noroeste de Buenos Aires (1980-2010) : aplicación de percepción remota

Gran parte de la llanura pampeana Argentina presenta una escasa red de drenaje superficial y niveles freáticos cercanos a la superficie que, junto a los excesos hídricos, producen a menudo inundaciones provocando un fuerte impacto sobre los ecosistemas naturales y modificados. En esta tesis, mediante la utilización de sensores remotos, caractericé el área inundada y su relación con condicionantes climáticos, hidrológicos y de uso de la tierra para el período 1980-2010 en una superficie de 24.000 km2 en el noroeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires. La estimación de la fracción del área inundada mediante una clasificación con umbral en la banda 5 de imágenes Landsat presentó alta confiabilidad cuando se la comparó con un método más complejo de clasificación preexistente (r2=0,99, EEest = 1 por ciento, n = 10). Se observaron fuertes oscilaciones de la superficie inundada lo largo del período de estudio con valores extremos de 0,96 y 27,7 por ciento. Se identificaron claramente dos grandes ciclos completos de inundación en 1987 y 2001, los que llegaron a cubrir el 22,5 y 27,7 por ciento del territorio respectivamente y retrayéndose a niveles menor a 5 por ciento en los siguientes dos años en ambos episodios. La utilización del producto MOD13Q1 del sensor MODIS para estimar el área inundada empleando la técnica de Análisis Lineal de Mezclas Espectrales presentó altos niveles de error cuando se lo comparó con las estimaciones realizadas con Landsat. El análisis que vinculó al área inundada con la precipitación (PPT), el nivel freático absoluto y sus variaciones, la evapotranspiración potencial (ETP) y el balance hídrico, mostró que la precipitación fue el factor que más estuvo asociado a los eventos de inundación aún con períodos largos de integración de 24 y 36 meses. La inclusión de la evapotranspiración en el análisis, tanto en forma directa como a través del balance PPT-ETP, no mejoró en forma apreciable la explicación de las inundaciones. El nivel freático absoluto mostró una asociación alta con el área inundada (mayor inundación con niveles más superficiales) a la escala de 3 meses, perdiendo peso como variable explicativa en períodos más extensos. Ante la posibilidad de que se desarrollen nuevos eventos de inundación masiva en la llanura pampeana es trascendental avanzar en el conocimiento de las interacciones entre la hidrología, el clima y el uso del suelo a fin de compatibilizar estrategias agrícolas con estrategias de ordenamiento hidrológico del territorio para reducir el impacto de dichos eventos

Sistemas de evaluación de tierras y elaboración de modelos de aptitud de uso agrícola, para distintos escenarios climáticos, en un sector de la subregión pampa arenosa (Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina)

La Pampa Arenosa ha sido escenario de cambios en el uso del territorio que respondieron principalmente al aumento de las precipitaciones a partir de la década del 70. La evaluación de las tierras es una etapa crítica en la planificación del uso sustentable. Por este motivo, se analizaron distintos sistemas de evaluación de tierras y se desarrollaron modelos expertos que consideren los factores ambientales heredados y las variaciones climáticas, para el sector de dunas longitudinales de la Pampa Arenosa en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, a escala 1: 50.000, considerando a los partidos de Nueve de Julio, Carlos Casares, Pehuajó y Trenque Lauquen. Las tierras fueron clasificadas por Capacidad de Uso, Indice de Productividad (IP) y se generaron sistemas expertos, utilizando el programa ALES, para los tipos de utilización de las tierras (TUTs) : maíz, soja y trigo. La homogeneidad de las series climáticas de precipitaciones se determinó mediante el test de Rachas. La aplicación del test de Pettitt permitió identificar la existencia de un cambio abrupto en las precipitaciones y el este de Mann Kendall mostró una tendencia creciente en relación a la precipitación anual. Las tierras con severas (clase III) y muy severas limitaciones (clase IV), fueron las más frecuentes ocupando el 42,6 por ciento y 29,8 por ciento respectivamente del área. Se comprobó que el IP de las tierras se incrementó con el aumento de las precipitaciones, alcanzando su máxima expresión climática en el período posterior al cambio abrupto. Las tierras de moderada capacidad productiva con valores de IP entre 65-51 ocuparon la mayor superficie de área de estudio. Los modelos expertos según los TUTs presentaron una aptitud de uso de las tierras variable, condicionada por la capacidad de retención hídrica de los suelos. Los modelos expertos fueron sensibles a las variaciones climáticas y el cambio abrupto en las precipitaciones.

Identificacion de la agricultura familiar en el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires

El presente trabajo abordó la caracterización y problemática de la agricultura familiar en la Argentina en especial en el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Desde una perspectiva histórica se analizó desde el siglo pasado hasta la actualidad las políticas que favorecieron o perjudicaron al subsector en el nivel nacional y regional. Se estudiaron en detalle las definiciones conceptuales y operativas más utilizadas para su conceptualización e identificación. Se hizo un análisis crítico de indicadores empíricos utilizados para su identificación. Se utilizó bibliografía nacional e internacional (MERCOSUR) y se recabó la percepción sobre dicha forma de producción que los propios actores (representantes de la agricultura familiar ubicados en el AMBA) tenían sobre sus prácticas. Asimismo, se recabaron las opiniones de destacados especialistas (funcionarios, investigadores y extensionistas) en la temática a fin de identificar, ordenar y evaluar los principales indicadores de la agricultura familiar en el territorio del AMBA como producto. Dicho resultado permitirá construir una definición operativa más ajustada al territorio, que capture la complejidad del concepto y permita elaborar políticas y formas de intervención del Estado, que faciliten su uso operativo en programas de desarrollo y contribuyan a afirmar la seguridad alimentaria del conglomerado del Gran Buenos Aires

Comportamiento de Physalis ixocarpa Brot. y Physalis peruviana L. en Buenos Aires

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