Intervenção em situações de violência e indisciplina em alunos do ensino básico: Estudo de Caso

A indisciplina e a violência em contexto escolar têm sido uma preocupação social crescente e um assunto amplamente discutido sob diversas perspetivas. Pela complexidade de que se revestem e amplitude de implicações que acarretam, nomeadamente o insucesso escolar e as consequências psicossociais e individuais inerentes, os problemas ao nível do comportamento exigem cada vez mais uma resposta eficaz da comunidade escolar, que vê o seu funcionamento diário ser prejudicado. A acumulação de processos disciplinares evidencia a ineficácia dos sistemas punitivos, pelo que se impõe uma alternativa eficaz. Neste trabalho procuramos apresentar um programa de intervenção comportamental de caráter preventivo e que tem revelado eficácia em diversos contextos escolares. Pelo seu carácter proativo e cientificamente fundamentado, o sistema PBIS (Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports) apoia-se em princípios da Psicologia Positiva e em dados empíricos e oferece um quadro operacional adaptável a qualquer instituição escolar. O estudo de caso apresentado apresenta intervenções de nível dois e três que, mesmo sem a implementação do nível um de base, revelaram resultados bastante positivos, pelo que há evidências de que seria benéfico para as escolas a introdução destes sistemas no combate diário, constante e preocupante à indisciplina.

Lutar por uma vida melhor

O presente trabalho pretende dar conta do projecto de investigação e intervenção social desenvolvido com uma família acompanhada no âmbito do Rendimento Social de Inserção (RSI). Parte, em termos teóricos, da complexidade e variabilidade do trabalho social, considerando as suas diferentes visões e a sua construção social, destacando a existência de diferentes forças que constroem e influenciam a acção psicossocial. Enfatiza, em função das fragilidades do modelo tradicional de intervenção, a necessidade dos profissionais repensarem e qualificarem as suas intervenções e, ainda, a importância do modelo de relação de ajuda e da abordagem sistémica no desenvolvimento do trabalho psicossocial e educativo desenvolvido pelos educadores sociais. O projecto desenvolvido assenta no paradigma emergente, constituindo uma investigação qualitativa, orientada por uma metodologia de investigação-acção participativa. Estas opções metodológicas permitiram o desenvolvimento de um trabalho plenamente cooperativo, que partiu dos seus participantes, das suas circunstâncias reais, ou seja, dos problemas concretos da família, numa lógica de aproximação entre saberes. Foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de promover a melhoria da qualidade de vida da família, nomeadamente ao nível da habitação, educação e relações familiares e permitiu, em linhas gerais, que a família adquirisse maior poder de decisão sobre a sua vida, expectativas mais positivas relativamente ao futuro, interacções familiares mais positivas e uma crescente consciência da importância de um maior envolvimento e empenho nas questões relacionadas com a escola e com as aprendizagens escolares.

Órgão de governação de topo do hospital público português : estrutura e constituição

RESUMO - Pretende-se com este projecto fazer uma reflexão sobre a problemática dos modelos de governação na gestão pública de hospitais e sobre a forma de incrementar a capacidade estratégica da gestão, contextualizando a governação dos hospitais num quadro mais amplo e comunitário, integrando os interesses e expectativas dos diversos interessados no funcionamento dos hospitais públicos. Sinteticamente, a questão fundamental de investigação é: Como conseguirá o sistema de governação de um hospital público incorporar os interesses de todos os seus stakeholders e shareholders? A resposta a esta questão integra duas fases, uma primeira dedicada ao estudo de um novo modelo de configuração para o órgão de governação de topo do hospital público e uma segunda fase dedicada à construção de um questionário para discussão e validação do modelo proposto através da técnica Delphi. A metodologia utilizada passou pela condução prévia de entrevistas exploratórias a informadores privilegiados e pela divisão do projecto em duas partes – uma primeira parte de enquadramento que segue a metodologia clássica da revisão bibliográfica e uma segunda parte prática que segue a metodologia Delphi, precedida de um levantamento das questões críticas para integrar no questionário que servirá de base à discussão dos peritos. Como resultado, o actual modelo pareceu-nos dificultar a consideração das expectativas e dos interesses dos proprietários/accionistas e dos stakeholders em geral do hospital público, concluindo-se pela necessidade de um novo modelo que estabeleça, inequivocamente, os papéis e as funções inerentes ao órgão de governação, garantindo a internalização da perspectiva de todos os interessados. -------------------------------ABSTRACT - The objective of this project is to reflect on the problematic of models of governance in the public management of hospitals and on the means for incrementing strategic management capacity. It does so by contextualizing the governance of public hospitals on a more ample community–wide scale, integrating the interests and expectations of different parties. The main research question is: how can the system of governance of a public hospital incorporate the interests of all its stakeholders and shareholders? The answer to this question involves two phases, one dedicated to the study of the configuration of the top-level governing body of the public hospital and, a second, dedicated to the construction of a questionnaire for discussion and validation of the proposed model by means of a Delphi technique. The methodology involved, first of all, exploratory interviews with key- informants and by the structuring of the project in two parts – the first, dedicated to contextualization by means of a standard literature review and the second, essentially practical by means of the Delphi technique, preceded by the raising of critical questions that integrate the questionnaire that will form the basis of expert discussion. The present model of public hospital governance appears to limit the possibility of integrating the expectations and interests of stakeholders and owner/shareholders. It is concluded that a new model is needed, one that establishes unequivocally the roles and functions of the top- level governing body, thereby

Mother-to-child transmission of different HIV-1 subtypes among ARV Naïve infected pregnant women in Nigeria

The rate of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV as well as the implications of the circulating multiple subtypes to MTCT in Nigeria are not known. This study was therefore undertaken to determine the differential rates of MTCT of HIV-1 subtypes detected among infected pregnant women before ARV intervention therapy became available in Nigeria. Twenty of the HIV-positive women who signed the informed consent form during pregnancy brought their babies for follow-up testing at age 18-24 months. Plasma samples from both mother and baby were tested for HIV antibody at the Department of Virology, UCH, Ibadan, Nigeria. All positive samples (plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells - PBMCs) were shipped to the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, where the subtype of the infecting virus was determined using the HMA technique. Overall, a mother-to-child HIV transmission rate of 45% was found in this cohort. Specifically, 36.4%, 66.7% and 100% of the women infected with HIV-1 CRF02 (IbNg), G and B, respectively, transmitted the virus to their babies. As far as it can be ascertained, this is the first report on the rate of MTCT of HIV in Nigeria. The findings reported in this paper will form a useful reference for assessment of currently available therapeutic intervention of MTCT in the country.

Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Pregnancy Outcome in a Portuguese Population

Introduction:Women with antiphospholipid syndrome(APS) may suffer from recurrent miscarriage, fetal death, fetal growth restriction (FGR), pre-eclampsia, placental abruption, premature delivery and thrombosis. Treatment with aspirin and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) combined with close maternal-fetal surveillance can change these outcomes. Objective: To assess maternal and perinatal outcome in a cohort of Portuguese women with primary APS. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 51 women with primary APS followed in our institution (January 1994 to December 2007). Forty one(80.4%) had past pregnancy morbidity and 35.3%(n=18) suffered previous thrombotic events. In their past they had a total of 116 pregnancies of which only 13.79 % resulted in live births. Forty four patients had positive anticardiolipin antibodies and 33 lupus anticoagulant. All women received treatment with low dose aspirin and LMWH. Results: There were a total of 67 gestations (66 single and one multiple). The live birth rate was 85.1%(57/67) with 10 pregnancy failures: seven in the first and second trimesters, one late fetal death and two medical terminations of pregnancy (one APS related). Mean (± SD) birth weight was 2837 ± 812 g and mean gestational age 37 ± 3.3 weeks. There were nine cases of FGR and 13 hypertensive complications(4 HELLP syndromes). 54.4% of the patients delivered by caesarean section. Conclusions: In our cohort, early treatment with aspirin and LMWH combined with close maternal-fetal surveillance was associated with a very high chance of a live newborn.

HTLV- I infection is not associated with a higher risk of death in peruvian HIV-infected patients

Limited and contradictory information exists regarding the prognosis of HIV/HTLV-I co-infection. Our goal was to estimate the effect of HTLV-I infection on mortality in HIV-infected patients at a HIV reference center in Peru. We studied a retrospective cohort of HIV-infected patients, who were exposed or unexposed to HTLV-I. Exposed patients were Western Blot (WB) positive for both retroviruses. Unexposed patients were WB positive for HIV, and had least one negative EIA for HTLV-I. These were selected among patients who entered our Program immediately before and after each exposed patient, between January 1990 and June 2004. Survival time was considered between the diagnosis of exposure to HTLV-I and death or censoring. Confounding variables were age, gender, baseline HIV clinical stage, baseline CD4+ T cell count, and antiretroviral therapy. We studied 50 exposed, and 100 unexposed patients. Exposed patients had a shorter survival compared to unexposed patients [median survival: 47 months (95% CI: 17-77) vs. 85 months (95% CI: 70-100), unadjusted p = 0.06]. Exposed patients had a higher rate of mortality compared to unexposed patients (HIV/HTLV-I (24/50 [48%]) vs. HIV only (37/100 [37%]), univariable p = 0.2]. HTLV-I exposure was not associated to a higher risk of death in the adjusted analysis: HR: 1.2 (0.4-3.5). AIDS clinical stage and lack of antiretroviral therapy were associated to a higher risk of dying. In conclusions, HTLV-I infection was not associated with a higher risk of death in Peruvian HIV-infected patients. Advanced HIV infection and lack of antiretroviral therapy may explain the excess of mortality in this population.

Auditoria operacional nos hospitais

Dada a sua estrutura organizacional complexa e a natureza delicada do serviço prestado, os hospitais carecem de uma gestão eficaz e eficiente que os transforme em organizações de excelência. Fatores externos derivados das atuais imposições governamentais, como a necessidade de reorganização dos serviços no sentido de contenção de custos, a obtenção de resultados económicos positivos e, a incessante necessidade dos utentes em obter um atendimento de qualidade, são fatores que não simplificam o problema. As melhorias da qualidade dos serviços de saúde têm sido difíceis de implementar em Portugal, não só porque estas exigem uma mudança fundamental na forma de pensar e de agir que conduzam à alteração de comportamentos, hábitos e de práticas estabelecidas, mas também, porque estes processos requerem tempo, resiliência e uma participação ativa do Estado, e demais entidades reguladoras. A exigência neste processo torna-se fundamental ao nível da segurança, flexibilidade e da atuação sobre fatores estruturais e comportamentais, dado que os conceitos de economia, eficiência e eficácia são transversais a todos os procedimentos, desde o ato de atendimento, à qualidade dos serviços prestados por todos os profissionais e à performance global dos atores envolvidos. No entanto, apesar da importância de que se reveste um processo de mudança, o conhecimento de facto, por si só, não é suficiente para desencadear e manter esta transformação, ainda não existe uma clara e concreta a correlação entre análise e ação. Entende-se por isso, a necessidade do desenvolvimento do benchmarking hospitalar, integrado na filosofia do Balanced Scorecard, complementado com a opinião dos utentes e dos profissionais destes serviços de saúde, comparando o setor público com o privado. Após efetuada a análise aos dados recolhidos, recorrendo à utilização das metodologias previamente identificadas, concluimos que, a generalidade das hipóteses formuladas se verificaram, tendo, por isso, alcançado os objetivos a que nos propusemos nesta investigação.

Tamoxifeno e Espessamento Endometrial Assintomático

Tamoxifen is a first-line agent for adjuvant treatment of estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer, and is used to reduce the risk of this condition in high-risk individuals. Retrospective studies established an association between tamoxifen use, endometrial thickness and endometrial cancer. There have been many attempts to identify an effective screening program for tamoxifen-related endometrial cancer, which have led to the use of transvaginal ultrasound and invasive procedures. The use of a 5mm endometrial cut-off in vaginal ultrasound is known to raise the number of endometrial biopsies with no gain in early cancer diagnosis. A review of the scientific literature was performed in order to establish the best available evidence for endometrial evaluation of asymptomatic breast cancer patients on tamoxifen.

USE OF THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF ASYMPTOMATIC Leishmania INFECTION IN A VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS-ENDEMIC AREA

The diagnosis of asymptomatic infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi has become more important over recent years. Expansion of visceral leishmaniasis might be associated with other routes of transmission such as transfusion, congenital or even vector transmission, and subjects with asymptomatic infection are potential reservoirs. Moreover, the identification of infection may contribute to the management of patients with immunosuppressive conditions (HIV, transplants, use of immunomodulators) and to the assessment of the effectiveness of control measures. In this study, 149 subjects living in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area were evaluated clinically and submitted to genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serological testing, and the Montenegro skin test. Forty-nine (32.9%) of the subjects had a positive PCR result and none of them developed the disease within a follow-up period of three years. No association was observed between the results of PCR, serological and skin tests. A positive PCR result in subjects from the endemic area did not indicate a risk of progression to visceral leishmaniasis and was not associated with a positive result in the serological tests.

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF THE PROBIOTIC Saccharomyces boulardii IN Toxocara canis INFECTION IS NOT DUE TO DIRECT ACTION ON THE LARVAE

SUMMARY In a previous study our group found that the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii was capable of reducing the intensity of infection in mice with toxocariasis. In order to assess whether the mechanism involved would be a direct action of the probiotic on Toxocara canis larvae, this study was designed. Both probiotics were singly cultivated in plates containing RPMI 1640 medium and T. canis larvae. S. boulardii and B. cereus var. toyoi cultures presented 97.6% and 95.7% of larvae with positive motility, respectively, and absence of color by the dye trypan blue, not representing significant difference to the control group (p > 0.05). We conclude that none of the probiotics showed in vitro effects on T. canis larvae and that the interaction with the intestinal mucosa is necessary for the development of the protective effect of S. boulardii.

Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN PERIDOMICILIARY AREA DURING ASYMPTOMATIC MALARIA TRANSMISSION IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST: MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD-MEAL SOURCES INDICATES HUMANS AS PRIMARY INTERMEDIATE HOSTS

Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii has been implicated as the primary vector of human and simian malarias out of the Brazilian Amazon and specifically in the Atlantic Forest regions. The presence of asymptomatic human cases, parasite-positive wild monkeys and the similarity between the parasites infecting them support the discussion whether these infections can be considered as a zoonosis. Although many aspects of the biology of An. cruzii have already been addressed, studies conducted during outbreaks of malaria transmission, aiming at the analysis of blood feeding and infectivity, are missing in the Atlantic Forest. This study was conducted in the location of Palestina, Juquitiba, where annually the majority of autochthonous human cases are notified in the Atlantic Forest of the state of São Paulo. Peridomiciliary sites were selected for collection of mosquitoes in a perimeter of up to 100 m around the residences of human malaria cases. The mosquitoes were analyzed with the purpose of molecular identification of blood-meal sources and to examine the prevalence of Plasmodium. A total of 13,441 females of An. (Ker.) cruzii were collected. The minimum infection rate was calculated at 0.03% and 0.01%, respectively, for P. vivax and P. malariae and only human blood was detected in the blood-fed mosquitoes analyzed. This data reinforce the hypothesis that asymptomatic human carriers are the main source of anopheline infection in the peridomiciliary area, making the probability of zoonotic transmission less likely to happen.

IDENTIFICATION OF Leishmania infantum IN PUERTO IGUAZÚ, MISIONES, ARGENTINA

 The emergence of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in Latin America is a growing public health problem. The urbanization of ZVL has been observed in different countries around the world, and there are a growing number of reports drawing attention to the emergence of this infection in new locations, as well as its increase in previously established areas of endemicity. In the city of Posadas, Misiones province, Northeastern Argentina, the transmission of ZVL associated with canines and Lutzomyia longipalpis was first reported in 2006. In the city of Puerto Iguazú, also in Misiones province, the first human case of ZVL was reported in February 2014. From 209 surveyed dogs, 15 (7.17%) were identified as positive by serological and/or parasitological methods. Amplification was observed in 14 samples and in all cases the species implicated was Leishmania infantum. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first molecular characterization of L. infantum from dogs in this area.

Influence of Compound 16.842 on hookworm infections

Compound 16.842 was tried with three different groups of patients in order to evaluate its tolerancy, and efficacy as well, with a view of using the drug in mass campaigns against hookworm. Group I, used for a preliminary trial, consisted of 38 patients attending an out-patient clinic, and living either in the out-skirts or in the various urban areas of the city of Rio de Janeiro, including some inmates of an orphanage. Group II, a field trial, was carried out in two farms, where the drug was administered both to the positive cases (124) and to the rest of the population (nearly 90%). Group III, a field trial was also carried out in a small town where nearly 40% of the total population was treated with the Compound. Tolerability was considered rather satisfactory, mainly among the patients receiving two single doses (50-150mg), according to the age, 4 - 6 weeks apart). These results suggest that 2-4 courses of therapy within a shorter span of time should be the ideal for a mass treatment campaign. Efficacy varied from 26.6% to 76.2% parasitological cure in the various groups, with a wide range of variation also in the percent of mean reduction of eggs for hookworm. The drug showed also some effect against Ascaris lumbricoides giving cure rates between 10,5% and 35.7% in the various groups, with a percentage reduction in mean egg counts of 27% to 83.3% according to the various groups. It was concluded that Compound 16.842 possesses a marked effect on hookworm and a mild effect on A. lumbricoides. The findings indicate the need for more accurate studies to determine the most efficient schedules of treatment and the real value of the drug, as compared to other antihelminthics against the two parasites under study.

IgG4-Related Hashimoto's Thyroiditis - A New Variant of a Well Known Disease

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) has been characterized for many years as a well-defined clinicopathologic entity, but is now considered a heterogeneous disease. IgG4-related HT is a new subtype characterized by thyroid inflammation rich in IgG4-positive plasma cells and marked fibrosis. It may be part of the systemic IgG4-related disease. We report a case of a 56-year-old Portuguese man who presented with a one-month history of progressive neck swelling and dysphagia. Laboratory testing revealed increased inflammatory parameters, subclinical hypothyroidism and very high levels of thyroid autoantibodies. Cervical ultrasound (US) demonstrated an enlarged and heterogeneous thyroid gland and two hypoechoic nodules. US-guided fine needle aspiration cytology was consistent with lymphocytic thyroiditis. The patient was submitted to total thyroidectomy and microscopic examination identified typical findings of HT, marked fibrosis limited within the thyroid capsule and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, with >50 IgG4-positive plasma cells per high-power field and an IgG4/IgG ratio of >40%. After surgery, serum IgG4 concentration was high-normal. Symptoms relief and reduction in laboratory inflammatory parameters were noticed. Thyroid function is controlled with levothyroxine. To our knowledge we report the first case of IgG4-related HT in a non-Asian patient. We also perform a review of the literature regarding IgG4-related disease and IgG4-related HT. Our case highlights this new variant of the well known HT, and helps physicians in recognizing its main clinical features, allowing for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The Shading Sign: Is It Exclusive of Endometriomas?

OBJECTIVES: To investigate if the shading sign is an exclusive MRI feature of endometriomas or endometrioid tumors, and to analyze its different patterns. METHODS: Three hundred and fourty six women with adnexal masses who underwent 1.5/3-T MRI were included in this retrospective, board-approved study. The shading sign was found in 56 patients, but five cases were excluded due to lack of imaging follow-up or histological correlation. The final sample included 51 women. The type of tumor and the pattern of shading were recorded for each case. RESULTS: Thirty endometriomas and five endometrioid carcinomas were found. The remaining 16 cases corresponded to other benign and malignant tumors. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 73%, 93%, 59%, and 96%, respectively. Restricting the analysis to cystic lesions without solid or fat component, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 73%, 96%, 94%, and 80%. Five shading patterns were identified: layering (15.7%), liquid-liquid level (11.8%), homogenous (45.1%), heterogeneous (11.8%), and focal/multifocal shading within a complex mass (19.6%). No significant correlation was found between these patterns and the type of tumor. CONCLUSIONS: The shading sign is not exclusive of endometriomas or endometrioid tumors. Homogenous shading was the most prevalent pattern in endometriomas and half of the cases with focal/multifocal shading within a complex mass were endometrioid carcinomas.