986 resultados para Portland Vase.


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Cement industry significantly associated with high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Considering the environmental impact, particularly global warming potential, it is important to reduce these emissions to air. The aim of the study is to investigate the mitigation possibility of GHG emissions in Ethiopian cement industry. Life cycle assessment (LCA) method used to identify and quantify GHG emissions during one ton of ordinary portland cement (OPC) production. Three mitigation scenarios: alternative fuel use, clinker substitution and thermal energy efficiency were applied on a representative gate-to-gate flow model developed with GaBi 6 software. The results of the study indicate that clinker substitution and alternative fuel use play a great role for GHG emissions mitigation with affordable cost. Applying most energy efficient kiln technology, which in turn reduces the amount of thermal energy use, has the least GHG emissions reduction intensity and high implementation cost comparing to the other scenarios. It was found that the cumulative GHG emissions mitigation potential along with other selected mitigation scenarios can be at least 48.9% per ton of cement production.

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Tässä kanditaatintyössä selvitettiin kuinka erilaiset sideaineseokset soveltuvat raskas-metallien sitomiseen 28 vuorokautta stabiloiduissa näytteistä. Työssä oletettiin teollisten jätefraktioiden käytön tehostavan eräiden metallien, kuten kupari ja sinkki, immobilisointia lievästi pilaantuneista maa-aineksista. Kokeellisessa osassa stabiloitiin Kokkolan satamasta ruopattua sedimenttiä, jonka sinkkipitoisuudet olivat ylittäneet saastuneen sedimentin ohjearvon (≥400 mg/kg). Sedimenttiin lisättiin eri sideaineseoksia ja näytteiden annettiin stabiloitua 28 vuorokautta, minkä jälkeen niistä testattiin liukenevat raskasmetallit muokatulla ravistelutestillä. Eri sideaineseoksilla saatuja tuloksia verrattiin pelkän yleissementin käyttöön. Lisäksi erillisistä näytteistä otettiin pyyhkäisyelektronimikros-koopilla (SEM) kuvia havainnollistamaan stabiloitumista. Näissä näytteissä käytettiin samoja sideaineita kuin tehdyissä kokeissa. Liukoisuustestien tuloksista voidaan huomata näytteissä ongelmalliseksi raskasmetalliksi identifioidun sinkin sitoutuvan parhaiten sementin ja kipsin sekoituksella. Myös tuhkaa sisältävät sideainesekoitukset pienensivät sinkin liukoisuutta verrattuna pelkkään yleis-sementtiin. Jatkotutkimuksissa voitaisiin testata erilaisia sideainesekoituksia betonira-kentamisessa, joilla saadaan ainakin 25 MPa lujuusarvo, pilaantunutta sedimenttiä tai maa-ainesta käyttäen.

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Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Ingeniería Cerámica) U.A.N.L.

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Tesis (Doctor en Ingeniería con Especialidad en Materiales) U.A.N.L.

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Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'université de Franche-Comté, école doctorale Langage, espace, temps et société.

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The present study focused on the quality of rainwater at various land use locations and its variations on interaction with various domestic rainwater harvesting systems.Sampling sites were selected based upon the land use pattern of the locations and were classified as rural, urban, industrial and sub urban. Rainwater samples were collected from the south west monsoon of May 2007 to north east monsoon of October 2008, from four sampling sites namely Kothamangalam, Emakulam, Eloor and Kalamassery, in Ernakulam district of the State of Kerala, which characterized typical rural, urban, industrial and suburban locations respectively. Rain water samples at various stages of harvesting were also collected. The samples were analyzed according to standard procedures and their physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were determined. The variations of the chemical composition of the rainwater collected were studied using statistical methods. It was observed that 17.5%, 30%, 45.8% and 12.1% of rainwater samples collected at rural, urban, industrial and suburban locations respectively had pH less than 5.6, which is considered as the pH of cloud water at equilibrium with atmospheric CO,.Nearly 46% of the rainwater samples were in acidic range in the industrial location while it was only 17% in the rural location. Multivariate statistical analysls was done using Principal Component Analysis, and the sources that inf1uence the composition of rainwater at each locations were identified .which clearly indicated that the quality of rain water is site specific and represents the atmospheric characteristics of the free fall The quality of harvested rainwater showed significant variations at different stages of harvesting due to deposition of dust from the roof catchment surface, leaching of cement constituents etc. Except the micro biological quality, the harvested rainwater satisfied the Indian Standard guide lines for drinking water. Studies conducted on the leaching of cement constituents in water concluded that tanks made with ordinary portland cement and portland pozzolana cement could be safely used for storage of rain water.

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Research in the field of polymer modified cement has been carried out for the last 70 years or more. Polymers are mostly used to enhance durability and sustainability of cement concrete and in combination with classical construction materials a synergistic effect is obtained. In this work different polymers were added to Portland cement in various proportions and the mechanical and chemical resistance properties of the resultant composites when exposed to chemical environments were studied. Microstructural studies were also carried out to investigate the morphology of the composite and analyse the nature of interactions taking place between the cement and polymer phases. Though most polymers did not improve the compressive strength of the cement paste, it was found that they enhanced the resistance of the virgin cement paste to external chemical environments. The polymers seal the pores in the cement matrix and bridge the microcracks within the composite. Some of the polymers underwent chemical interactions with the cement paste thereby interfering in the hydration of cement. Polymers also decreased the leachability of water soluble components of virgin cement resulting in composites having improved durability. An attempt to correlate the structure of the polymers with the properties of the resultant composites is also presented.

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Concrete is a universal material in the construction industry. With natural resources like sand and aggregate, fast depleting, it is time to look for alternate materials to substitute these in the process of making concrete. There are instances like exposure to solar radiation, fire, furnaces, and nuclear reactor vessels, special applications like missile launching pads etc., where concrete is exposed to temperature variations In this research work, an attempt has been made to understand the behaviour of concrete when weathered laterite aggregate is used in both conventional and self compacting normal strength concrete. The study has been extended to understand the thermal behaviour of both types of laterised concretes and to check suitability as a fire protection material. A systematic study of laterised concrete considering parameters like source of laterite aggregate, grades of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and types of supplementary cementitious materials (fly ash and GGBFS) has been carried out to arrive at a feasible combination of various ingredients in laterised concrete. A mix design methodology has been proposed for making normal strength laterised self compacting concrete based on trial mixes and the same has also been validated. The physical and mechanical properties of laterised concretes have been studied with respect to different variables like exposure temperature (200°C, 400°C and 600°C) and cooling environment (air cooled and water cooled). The behaviour of ferrocement elements with laterised self compacting concrete has also been studied by varying the cover to mesh reinforcement (10mm to 50mm at an interval of 10mm), exposure temperature and cooling environment.

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The research in the area of geopolymer is gaining momentum during the past 20 years. Studies confirm that geopolymer concrete has good compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and durability. These properties are comparable with OPC concrete.There are many occasions where concrete is exposed to elevated temperatures like fire exposure from thermal processor, exposure from furnaces, nuclear exposure, etc.. In such cases, understanding of the behaviour of concrete and structural members exposed to elevated temperatures is vital. Even though many research reports are available about the behaviour of OPC concrete at elevated temperatures, there is limited information available about the behaviour of geopolymer concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures. A preliminary study was carried out for the selection of a mix proportion. The important variable considered in the present study include alkali/fly ash ratio, percentage of total aggregate content, fine aggregate to total aggregate ratio, molarity of sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio, curing temperature and curing period. Influence of different variables on engineering properties of geopolymer concrete was investigated. The study on interface shear strength of reinforced and unreinforced geopolymer concrete as well as OPC concrete was also carried out. Engineering properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures (ambient to 800 °C) were studied and the corresponding results were compared with those of conventional concrete. Scanning Electron Microscope analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared analysis, X-ray powder Diffractometer analysis and Thermogravimetric analysis of geopolymer mortar or paste at ambient temperature and after exposure to elevated temperature were also carried out in the present research work. Experimental study was conducted on geopolymer concrete beams after exposure to elevated temperatures (ambient to 800 °C). Load deflection characteristics, ductility and moment-curvature behaviour of the geopolymer concrete beams after exposure to elevated temperatures were investigated. Based on the present study, major conclusions derived could be summarized as follows. There is a definite proportion for various ingredients to achieve maximum strength properties. Geopolymer concrete with total aggregate content of 70% by volume, ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate of 0.35, NaOH molarity 10, Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 2.5 and alkali to fly ash ratio of 0.55 gave maximum compressive strength in the present study. An early strength development in geopolymer concrete could be achieved by the proper selection of curing temperature and the period of curing. With 24 hours of curing at 100 °C, 96.4% of the 28th day cube compressive strength could be achieved in 7 days in the present study. The interface shear strength of geopolymer concrete is lower to that of OPC concrete. Compared to OPC concrete, a reduction in the interface shear strength by 33% and 29% was observed for unreinforced and reinforced geopolymer specimens respectively. The interface shear strength of geopolymer concrete is lower than ordinary Portland cement concrete. The interface shear strength of geopolymer concrete can be approximately estimated as 50% of the value obtained based on the available equations for the calculation of interface shear strength of ordinary portland cement concrete (method used in Mattock and ACI). Fly ash based geopolymer concrete undergoes a high rate of strength loss (compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity) during its early heating period (up to 200 °C) compared to OPC concrete. At a temperature exposure beyond 600 °C, the unreacted crystalline materials in geopolymer concrete get transformed into amorphous state and undergo polymerization. As a result, there is no further strength loss (compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity) in geopolymer concrete, whereas, OPC concrete continues to lose its strength properties at a faster rate beyond a temperature exposure of 600 °C. At present no equation is available to predict the strength properties of geopolymer concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures. Based on the study carried out, new equations have been proposed to predict the residual strengths (cube compressive strength, split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity) of geopolymer concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures (upto 800 °C). These equations could be used for material modelling until better refined equations are available. Compared to OPC concrete, geopolymer concrete shows better resistance against surface cracking when exposed to elevated temperatures. In the present study, while OPC concrete started developing cracks at 400 °C, geopolymer concrete did not show any visible cracks up to 600 °C and developed only minor cracks at an exposure temperatureof 800 °C. Geopolymer concrete beams develop crack at an early load stages if they are exposed to elevated temperatures. Even though the material strength of the geopolymer concrete does not decrease beyond 600 °C, the flexural strength of corresponding beam reduces rapidly after 600 °C temperature exposure, primarily due to the rapid loss of the strength of steel. With increase in temperature, the curvature at yield point of geopolymer concrete beam increases and thereby the ductility reduces. In the present study, compared to the ductility at ambient temperature, the ductility of geopolymer concrete beams reduces by 63.8% at 800 °C temperature exposure. Appropriate equations have been proposed to predict the service load crack width of geopolymer concrete beam exposed to elevated temperatures. These equations could be used to limit the service load on geopolymer concrete beams exposed to elevated temperatures (up to 800 °C) for a predefined crack width (between 0.1mm and 0.3 mm) or vice versa. The moment-curvature relationship of geopolymer concrete beams at ambient temperature is similar to that of RCC beams and this could be predicted using strain compatibility approach Once exposed to an elevated temperature, the strain compatibility approach underestimates the curvature of geopolymer concrete beams between the first cracking and yielding point.

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Probar que el léxico infantil atraviesa una serie de etapas lingüísticas y cognitivas hasta su conformación definitiva. La parte empírica del trabajo pretende corroborar esta evolución conceptual. Muestra no representativa, compuesta por 40 niños entre cinco y ocho años de Preescolar, primero, segundo y tercer curso de EGB, pertenecientes al Colegio Nacional Aniceto Sela de Mieres. En un primer apartado se expone el modelo teórico de Vygotski y Luria sobre el pensamiento y el lenguaje. En el segundo se exponen una serie de teorías de enfoque psicolingüístico que explican el desarrollo semántico y cognoscitivo del lenguaje: teoría referencial, teoría atómica del significado. El tercer apartado trata de ver la incidencia de la variable edad en la adquisición y uso de conceptos basándose en la hipótesis de los rasgos semánticos. Prueba gráfica consistente en pares de dibujos, que el niño debe identificar con los conceptos a los que representan. Véase Bibliografía. Análisis de diferentes teorías sobre el desarrollo semántico. En la prueba gráfica se utilizan porcentajes para la descripción de los resultados de la misma. Los conceptos que componen el lenguaje infantil se adquieren en base a una suma o adicción de rasgos semánticos, que establece una jerarquía en el orden de adquisición y que sigue la línea que va desde lo más general a lo más específico.

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Justificar la educación personalizada como la orientación más acorde con las necesidades del mundo actual. Partiendo de unos presupuestos filosóficos básicos, se estudian las Teorías de educación personalizada y se exponen los principios fundamentales para organizar la experiencia educativa en esta línea. Se estudian previamente los conceptos de persona, individualización, socialización, comunicación educativa, etc. Se trata, a continuación, el tema de la educación personalizada en relación con la situación social. El siguiente aspecto de análisis, son los principios educativos que se derivan de esta tendencia, para la realización de la actividad didáctica y para la organización de las instituciones escolares. Véase bibliografia. Análisis teórico de las obras que se citan en la bibliografía. La educación personalizada considera que la tarea educativa no se agota en el ámbito escolar, valora y se acerca a todos los elementos ambientales que maduran a la persona. Este tipo de educación tiende a convertirse en un proceso de autoeducación, en el que juega un papel importante la presencia de los otros.

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Analizar los problemas que plantea la institucionalización de la orientación escolar en España en la Reforma de 1970. La orientación escolar en España. Los aspectos que trata esta investigación son los siguientes: institucionalización de la orientación escolar en España, estudio histórico. Sentido de la organización escolar: definición, objetivos, funciones, técnicas, servicios de orientación, etc. Problemática organizativa: epistemológica, axiológica, institucional. El proceso orientador y sus técnicas. Experiencias y realizaciones de orientación en España. Perspectiva comparada de los Servicios de Orientación Escolar. Leyes y decretos que regulan la orientación en España y en otros países. Véase bibliografía. Aparte del análisis teórico de la información obtenida a través de la bibliografía, se realiza un estudio histórico de la orientación en España y un análisis comparativo de los Servicios de Orientación Escolar en los países con modelos más representativos: Alemanía, Francia, URSS, EEUU e Inglaterra. Los servicios de orientación en España deben aumentar en efectivos humanos; reorganizarse atendiendo a las necesidades locales, de comarcalización, de coordinación; por otra parte deberá atender a la orientación en EGB, BUP y FP; abordando ampliamente los aspectos de la orientación escolar, personal y vocacional.

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Realizar un estudio de las teorías del análisis funcional y de las técnicas de cambio conductual y aplicar estos principios a una serie de casos prácticos. Análisis funcional y técnicas de cambio de conducta. Se desarrollan distintos aspectos de la modificación de conducta: constitución y desarrollo, corrientes actuales, objeto, características. Asimismo se estudia el análisis funcional de la conducta: perspectiva histórica, características, validez. En una última parte se trata de aplicar estos principios teóricos a casos prácticos: cuatro casos de eneuresis; un caso de un niño encoprético; un caso de obesidad ligera. En los casos prácticos se obtiene información a través de entrevistas con los familiares o con el propio individuo. Véase bibliografía. Las fases del análisis en los casos prácticos son: análisis inicial de la situación del problema; clarificación del problema; análisis motivacional; análisis evolutivo; análisis del autocontrol; análisis de las relaciones sociales; análisis del medio físico-cultural. En todos los casos prácticos se consigue la modificación de conducta aunque el tiempo en que se logra esto varía según los casos. En la modificación de conducta es fundamental que exista una estrecha relación entre análisis de conducta y tratamiento. Se critica el uso rutinario de las técnicas de modificación conductual, que no estén basadas en un previo análisis de la conducta.

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Este trabajo es el avance de otro que se realizará posteriormente con el mismo título. Se pretende un análisis de los elementos que se pueden aislar en toda enseñanza, desde diferentes concepciones, exponer el estado de los conocimientos científicos y pedagógicos relacionados con las decisiones que han de tomarse sobre el Currículum. Este trabajo trata de articular iniciativas, referidas a dos campos que no deben plantearse por separado: la reforma del Currículum y la formación del profesorado. Este trabajo de carácter teórico se articula en los siguientes bloques: pensamiento general y concepción curricular. Se trata la utilidad del pensamiento dialéctico para abordar la actividad de enseñar el desarrollo curricular como praxis de la enseñanza, modelo de desarrollo curricular. Los elementos de la enseñanza y el desarrollo del Currículum: objetivos, evaluación, contenidos, estrategias de enseñanza y actividades de aprendizaje. Los diseños para la acción y la investigación: la unidad del desarrollo curricular con la formación del profesorado, el proyecto curricular como instrumento de trabajo del profesor, niveles del mismo, etc. Véase bibliografía. Por medio de un análisis teórico de la bibliografía y una serie de aportaciones de los propios autores, se estudian los principios relacionados con el diseño del Currículum, su relación con la formación del profesorado y su configuración como modelo de acción y de investigación. Se dan una serie de recomendaciones acerca de los diferentes elementos de la enseñanza: es necesario especificar los objetivos del docente al plantear determinadas situaciones, y los que se espera alcancen los estudiantes con ellas; la evaluación debe interpretarse tanto en términos de los aprendizajes de los alumnos, como en términos de evaluación de nuestro trabajo, para lo cual es preciso que en todo proyecto curricular se incorpore el diseño de investigación, instrumento para evaluar el propio proyecto curricular; todo proyecto curricular, podría tener un diseño que incluyese el método, diseño de instrucción y diseño de investigación.