A questão nuclear na relação argentino-brasileira (1968-1984)

Este trabalho visa explorar a dinâmica da relação nuclear entre Argentina e o Brasil ao longo do período 1968-1984. Em particular, ele procura analisar a interação de duas dimensões desta relação. A primeira, de ordem bilateral, centra-se no estudo da rivalidade argentino-brasileira e procura medir o seu impacto tanto nas decisões nucleares de cada país como nas tentativas de estabelecer um acordo de cooperação nesta área. A segunda dimensão, de ordem internacional, analisa o impacto que teve sobre o relacionamento argentino-brasileiro a coincidente postura de ambos os países frente o regime de não proliferação nuclear (Tlatelolco e TNP) e a pressão internacional que ambos tiveram que suportar sobre os seus programas nucleares. Com esse objetivo, o trabalho se concentra em uma abordagem histórica guiada por fontes primárias (pesquisa de arquivo e entrevistas pessoais) com o objeto de reconstruir a narrativa histórica e contribuir a novas interpretações sobre o relacionamento argentino-brasileiro no período em questão em base à nova evidencia apresentada. São apresentadas quatro conclusões centrais: (1) mesmo sob uma situação de competição regional e crescente disputa geopolítica na Bacia da Prata, não houve uma corrida armamentista para a obtenção da bomba devido à natureza da rivalidade argentino-brasileira; (2) em todo momento os dois países têm incentivos para cooperar no campo nuclear por causa da sua visão compartilhada respeito à ordem nuclear global e a falta de informação perfeita sobre as atividades nucleares do outro país; (3) a dinâmica da rivalidade regional argentino-brasileira é fundamental para explicar por que, apesar de numerosas tentativas de cooperação nuclear de ambos os lados, escolhem uma lógica de não-cooperação entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970, e posteriormente, passam a uma de cooperação no começo de 1980 (4) a democratização como variável central para explicar o rapprochement nuclear teve um papel menor do que a literatura sugere.

New Nuclear SNP Markers Unravel the Genetic Structure and Effective Population Size of Albacore Tuna (Thunnus alalunga)

In the present study we have investigated the population genetic structure of albacore (Thunnus alalunga, Bonnaterre 1788) and assessed the loss of genetic diversity, likely due to overfishing, of albacore population in the North Atlantic Ocean. For this purpose, 1,331 individuals from 26 worldwide locations were analyzed by genotyping 75 novel nuclear SNPs. Our results indicated the existence of four genetically homogeneous populations delimited within the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Current definition of stocks allows the sustainable management of albacore since no stock includes more than one genetic entity. In addition, short-and long-term effective population sizes were estimated for the North Atlantic Ocean albacore population, and results showed no historical decline for this population. Therefore, the genetic diversity and, consequently, the adaptive potential of this population have not been significantly affected by overfishing.

Early response to nanoparticles in the Arabidopsis transcriptome compromises plant defence and root-hair development through salicylic acid signalling

Background: The impact of nano-scaled materials on photosynthetic organisms needs to be evaluated. Plants represent the largest interface between the environment and biosphere, so understanding how nanoparticles affect them is especially relevant for environmental assessments. Nanotoxicology studies in plants allude to quantum size effects and other properties specific of the nano-stage to explain increased toxicity respect to bulk compounds. However, gene expression profiles after exposure to nanoparticles and other sources of environmental stress have not been compared and the impact on plant defence has not been analysed. Results: Arabidopsis plants were exposed to TiO2-nanoparticles, Ag-nanoparticles, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as well as different sources of biotic (microbial pathogens) or abiotic (saline, drought, or wounding) stresses. Changes in gene expression profiles and plant phenotypic responses were evaluated. Transcriptome analysis shows similarity of expression patterns for all plants exposed to nanoparticles and a low impact on gene expression compared to other stress inducers. Nanoparticle exposure repressed transcriptional responses to microbial pathogens, resulting in increased bacterial colonization during an experimental infection. Inhibition of root hair development and transcriptional patterns characteristic of phosphate starvation response were also observed. The exogenous addition of salicylic acid prevented some nano-specific transcriptional and phenotypic effects, including the reduction in root hair formation and the colonization of distal leaves by bacteria. Conclusions: This study integrates the effect of nanoparticles on gene expression with plant responses to major sources of environmental stress and paves the way to remediate the impact of these potentially damaging compounds through hormonal priming.