Perpetual Conflict or Compromise? The Cost of Domestic Legitimacy in the Realm of Women's Human Rights: A Case Study on the Right to an Abortion

With its turbulent and volatile legal evolution, the right to an abortion in the United States still remains a highly contested issue and has developed into one of the most divisive topics within modern legal discourse. By deconstructing the political underpinnings and legal rationale of the right to an abortion through a systematic case law analysis, I will demonstrate that this right has been incrementally destabilized. This instability embedded in abortion jurisprudence has been primarily produced by a combination of textual ambiguity in the case law and judicial ambivalence regarding this complex area of law. In addition, I argue that the use of the largely discredited substantive due process doctrine to ground this contentious right has also contributed to the lack of legal stability. I assert that when these elements culminate in the realm of reproductive privacy the right to terminate a pregnancy becomes increasingly unstable and contested.

Who's in Charge in the Inner City? The Conflict Between Efficiency and Equity in the Design of a Metropolitan Area

A circular metropolitan area consists of an inner city and a suburb. Households sort over the two jurisdictions based on public service levels and their costs of commuting to the metropolitan center. Using numerical simulations, we show (1) there typically exist two equilibria: one in which the poor form the majority in the inner city and the other in which the rich form the majority in the inner city; (2) there is an efficiency vs. equity trade-off as to which equilibrium is preferred; and (3) if the inner city contains only poor households, equity favors expanding the inner city to include rich households.

Isak Israeli : Probe-Artikel aus dem vorbereiteten und halb ausgearbeiteten Werke über die arabische Litteratur der Juden

Moritz Steinschneider

Über die Unechtheit der dem Isaak ben Salomo Israeli beigelegten Schrift "Sitte der Ärzte"

Jakob Guttmann

Das Buch über die Elemente : ein Beitrag zur jüdischen Religionsphilosophie des Mittelalters von Isaak b. Salomon Israeli nach dem aus dem Arabischen ins Hebräische übers. Texte von Abraham b. Samuel Halevi ibn Chasdai ; aus einer Handschr. d. Univ.-Bibliothek zu Leyden mit Vergleichung e. anderen ... Staatsbibliothek zu München ...

zum ersten Male hrsg. mit Anmerkungen, sowie mit e. biogr. Einleitung versehen von Salomon Fried

Das Buch über die Elemente : ein Beitrag zur jüdischen Religionsphilosophie des Mittelalters von Isaak b. Salomon Israeli nach dem aus dem Arabischen ins Hebräische übers. Texte von Abraham b. Samuel Halevi ibn Chasdai ; aus einer Handschr. d. Univ.-Bibliothek zu Leyden mit Vergleichung e. anderen ... Staatsbibliothek zu München ...

zum ersten Male hrsg. mit Anmerkungen, sowie mit e. biogr. Einleitung versehen von Salomon Fried

Die philosophischen Lehren des Isaak ben Salomon Israeli

von Jacob Guttmann

A review of cataract in stable and conflict zones in Africa

Aim. To review and explore cataract prevalence in stable and unstable countries by examining published and unpublished ocular literature about Africa from 1980 onwards.^ Methods. Searches using OVID, Proquest Dissertations, WHO, and Ebsco Host were done. The review was restricted to articles utilizing WHO definitions of blindness and low vision. Random cluster sampling technique with a minimum sample size of 1,500, and reporting causes of blindness categorized by age and gender were inclusion considerations in the selected articles. ^ Results. Blindness and low vision increased with conflict. Women and the elderly were more likely to have vision impairing cataract. Cataract was the leading cause of blindness; the prevalence range was 22%–81% for the reviewed nations.^ Conclusion. Instability was connected to higher cataract prevalence and worse visual outcome across all characteristics examined except cataract surgical rates. ^

Affect and cognition measures in preference-based decisions: Validity testing of the Ottawa Decisional Conflict Scale and a decision-specific anxiety measure with men eligible for prostate cancer screening

Background. At present, prostate cancer screening (PCS) guidelines require a discussion of risks, benefits, alternatives, and personal values, making decision aids an important tool to help convey information and to help clarify values. Objective: The overall goal of this study is to provide evidence of the reliability and validity of a PCS anxiety measure and the Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS). Methods. Using data from a randomized, controlled PCS decision aid trial that measured PCS anxiety at baseline and DCS at baseline (T0) and at two-weeks (T2), four psychometric properties were assessed: (1) internal consistency reliability, indicated by factor analysis intraclass correlations and Cronbach's α; (2) construct validity, indicated by patterns of Pearson correlations among subscales; (3) discriminant validity, indicated by the measure's ability to discriminate between undecided men and those with a definite screening intention; and (4) factor validity and invariance using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Results. The PCS anxiety measure had adequate internal consistency reliability and good construct and discriminant validity. CFAs indicated that the 3-factor model did not have adequate fit. CFAs for a general PCS anxiety measure and a PSA anxiety measure indicated adequate fit. The general PCS anxiety measure was invariant across clinics. The DCS had adequate internal consistency reliability except for the support subscale and had adequate discriminate validity. Good construct validity was found at the private clinic, but was only found for the feeling informed subscale at the public clinic. The traditional DCS did not have adequate fit at T0 or at T2. The alternative DCS had adequate fit at T0 but was not identified at T2. Factor loadings indicated that two subscales, feeling informed and feeling clear about values, were not distinct factors. Conclusions. Our general PCS anxiety measure can be used in PCS decision aid studies. The alternative DCS may be appropriate for men eligible for PCS. Implications: More emphasis needs to be placed on the development of PCS anxiety items relating to testing procedures. We recommend that the two DCS versions be validated in other samples of men eligible for PCS and in other health care decisions that involve uncertainty. ^

ROLE CONFLICT, ROLE AMBIGUITY, AND JOB DISSATISFACTION: A STUDY OF HOSPITAL EXECUTIVES

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of role conflict and role ambiguity to job dissatisfaction among 169 hospital executives in Houston and San Antonio, Texas. Organizational characteristics were studied as moderators.^ Role conflict and role ambiguity scores among respondents were found to be lower than in studies reported in the literature. Job dissatisfaction scores were slightly lower (indicating less dissatisfaction) than those reported elsewhere for the constructs of security, social, and esteem needs; comparable for self-fulfillment; and slightly higher for autonomy needs. Conclusions were that role ambiguity and role conflict were related to job dissatisfaction among the respondents; that the same relationships hold true when controlling for organizational characteristics; that those highest on the organizational ladder were the least dissatisfied; and that those with the greatest amount of budget responsibility had the lowest levels of job dissatisfaction. ^

Militares, gobierno y sociedad civil, en Israel

Este trabajo trata acerca de las cambiantes relaciones entre las fuerzas armadas, el gobierno y la sociedad civil en Israel. A pesar de que Israel cuenta con una democracia bien establecida, una sociedad civil activa e históricamente las fuerzas armadas han mostrado una subordinación a los gobiernos electos, los cambios que afectan los distintos niveles de la democracia en el país, los desarrollos sociales y la naturaleza evolutiva de sus fuerzas armadas presentan un desafío para el análisis. El marco de este tema es lo que generalmente es conocido como el conflicto Árabe-Israelí, en sus diversas fases. La larga duración de los conflictos en los que Israel ha estado involucrado desde su establecimiento como un estado independiente en 1948, sus múltiples y cambiantes características, ambos generan presiones sobre los distintos actores fuerzas armadas, sociedad y gobierno - y sirven como un recurso para la legitimación y deslegitimación de iniciativas, actitudes y políticas.

Ocean acidification induces multi-generational decline in copepod naupliar production with possible conflict for reproductive resource allocation

Climate change, including ocean acidification (OA), presents fundamental challenges to marine biodiversity and sustained ecosystem health. We determined reproductive response (measured as naupliar production), cuticle composition and stage specific growth of the copepod Tisbe battagliai over three generations at four pH conditions (pH 7.67, 7.82, 7.95, and 8.06). Naupliar production increased significantly at pH 7.95 compared with pH 8.06 followed by a decline at pH 7.82. Naupliar production at pH 7.67 was higher than pH 7.82. We attribute the increase at pH 7.95 to an initial stress response which was succeeded by a hormesis-like response at pH 7.67. A multi-generational modelling approach predicted a gradual decline in naupliar production over the next 100 years (equivalent to approximately 2430 generations). There was a significant growth reduction (mean length integrated across developmental stage) relative to controls. There was a significant increase in the proportion of carbon relative to oxygen within the cuticle as seawater pH decreased. Changes in growth, cuticle composition and naupliar production strongly suggest that copepods subjected to OA-induced stress preferentially reallocate resources towards maintaining reproductive output at the expense of somatic growth and cuticle composition. These responses may drive shifts in life history strategies that favour smaller brood sizes, females and perhaps later maturing females, with the potential to profoundly destabilise marine trophodynamics.

The Sandinista Revolution and Post-Conflict Development--Key Issues

Following Daniel Ortega's victory in the presidential election held in November 2006, Nicaragua has been undergoing a transition from a democratic to authoritarian system. In the 1980s, Ortega served as President of the Sandinista government and implemented a Cuban-type socialist system, but the system failed and democracy was established during 1990-2007. Considering this failure, why did Ortega succeed in taking power again? This paper provides a brief history of modern Nicaragua and gives some insights into the twists of Latin American politics. The paper was prepared for the international seminar on Helping Failed States Recover: The Role of Business in Promoting Stability and Development, organized by the University of Kansas Center for International Business Education and Research (CIBER), held on April 4-6, 2007 in Lawrence. The opinions and views expressed herein are those of the author. All mistakes and/or errors are entirely the author's responsibility.