Statistical moving object detection for mobile devices with camera

A novel and high-quality system for moving object detection in sequences recorded with moving cameras is proposed. This system is based on the collaboration between an automatic homography estimation module for image alignment, and a robust moving object detection using an efficient spatiotemporal nonparametric background modeling.

Comparative theoretical analysis between parallel and perpendicular geometries for 2D particle patterning in photovoltaic ferroelectric substrates

This paper describes the dielectrophoretic potential created by the evanescent electric field acting on a particle near a photovoltaic crystal surface depending on the crystal cut. This electric field is obtained from the steady state solution of the Kukhtarev equations for the photovoltaic effect, where the diffusion term has been disregarded. First, the space charge field generated by a small, square, light spot where d _ l (being d a side of the square and l the crystal thickness) is studied. The surface charge density generated in both geometries is calculated and compared as their relation determines the different properties of the dielectrophoretic potential for both cuts. The shape of the dielectrophoretic potential is obtained and compared for several distances to the sample. Afterwards other light patterns are studied by the superposition of square spots, and the resulting trapping profiles are analysed. Finally the surface charge densities and trapping profiles for different d/l relations are studied.

Influence of body weight support on wearable devices reproducing normal gait

Oral presentation en ESMAC 2015

A multi-level analysis of innovation diffusion: The case of solar photovoltaic systems in Germany and the disillusion of grid parity

¿Suministrarán las fuentes de energía renovables toda la energía que el mundo necesita algún día? Algunos argumentan que sí, mientras que otros dicen que no. Sin embargo, en algunas regiones del mundo, la producción de electricidad a través de fuentes de energía renovables ya está en una etapa prometedora de desarrollo en la que su costo de generación de electricidad compite con fuentes de electricidad convencionales, como por ejemplo la paridad de red. Este logro ha sido respaldado por el aumento de la eficiencia de la tecnología, la reducción de los costos de producción y, sobre todo, los años de intervenciones políticas de apoyo financiero. La difusión de los sistemas solares fotovoltaicos (PV) en Alemania es un ejemplo relevante. Alemania no sólo es el país líder en términos de capacidad instalada de sistemas fotovoltaicos (PV) en todo el mundo, sino también uno de los países pioneros donde la paridad de red se ha logrado recientemente. No obstante, podría haber una nube en el horizonte. La tasa de difusión ha comenzado a declinar en muchas regiones. Además, las empresas solares locales – que se sabe son importantes impulsores de la difusión – han comenzado a enfrentar dificultades para manejar sus negocios. Estos acontecimientos plantean algunas preguntas importantes: ¿Es ésta una disminución temporal en la difusión? ¿Los adoptantes continuarán instalando sistemas fotovoltaicos? ¿Qué pasa con los modelos de negocio de las empresas solares locales? Con base en el caso de los sistemas fotovoltaicos en Alemania a través de un análisis multinivel y dos revisiones literarias complementarias, esta tesis doctoral extiende el debate proporcionando riqueza múltiple de datos empíricos en un conocimiento de contexto limitado. El primer análisis se basa en la perspectiva del adoptante, que explora el nivel "micro" y el proceso social que subyace a la adopción de los sistemas fotovoltaicos. El segundo análisis es una perspectiva a nivel de empresa, que explora los modelos de negocio de las empresas y sus roles impulsores en la difusión de los sistemas fotovoltaicos. El tercero análisis es una perspectiva regional, la cual explora el nivel "meso", el proceso social que subyace a la adopción de sistemas fotovoltaicos y sus técnicas de modelado. Los resultados incluyen implicaciones tanto para académicos como políticos, no sólo sobre las innovaciones en energía renovable relativas a la paridad de red, sino también, de manera inductiva, sobre las innovaciones ambientales impulsadas por las políticas que logren la competitividad de costes. ABSTRACT Will renewable energy sources supply all of the world energy needs one day? Some argue yes, while others say no. However, in some regions of the world, the electricity production through renewable energy sources is already at a promising stage of development at which their electricity generation costs compete with conventional electricity sources’, i.e., grid parity. This achievement has been underpinned by the increase of technology efficiency, reduction of production costs and, above all, years of policy interventions of providing financial support. The diffusion of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in Germany is an important frontrunner case in point. Germany is not only the top country in terms of installed PV systems’ capacity worldwide but also one of the pioneer countries where the grid parity has recently been achieved. However, there might be a cloud on the horizon. The diffusion rate has started to decline in many regions. In addition, local solar firms – which are known to be important drivers of diffusion – have started to face difficulties to run their businesses. These developments raise some important questions: Is this a temporary decline on diffusion? Will adopters continue to install PV systems? What about the business models of the local solar firms? Based on the case of PV systems in Germany through a multi-level analysis and two complementary literature reviews, this PhD Dissertation extends the debate by providing multiple wealth of empirical details in a context-limited knowledge. The first analysis is based on the adopter perspective, which explores the “micro” level and the social process underlying the adoption of PV systems. The second one is a firm-level perspective, which explores the business models of firms and their driving roles in diffusion of PV systems. The third one is a regional perspective, which explores the “meso” level, i.e., the social process underlying the adoption of PV systems and its modeling techniques. The results include implications for both scholars and policymakers, not only about renewable energy innovations at grid parity, but also in an inductive manner, about policy-driven environmental innovations that achieve the cost competiveness.

Atmospheric parameters, spectral indexes and their relation to CPV spectral performance

Air Mass and atmosphere components (basically aerosol (AOD) and precipitable water (PW)) define the absorption of the sunlight that arrive to Earth. Radiative models such as SMARTS or MODTRAN use these parameters to generate an equivalent spectrum. However, complex and expensive instruments (as AERONET network devices) are needed to obtain AOD and PW. On the other hand, the use of isotype cells is a convenient way to characterize spectrally a place for CPV considering that they provide the photocurrent of the different internal subcells individually. Crossing data from AERONET station and a Tri-band Spectroheliometer, a model that correlates Spectral Mismatch Ratios and atmospheric parameters is proposed. Considering the amount of stations of AERONET network, this model may be used to estimate the spectral influence on energy performance of CPV systems close to all the stations worldwide.

Desarrollo de herramienta software para la caracterización de células y módulos de concentración fotovoltaica

La caracterización de módulos fotovoltaicos proporciona las especificaciones eléctricas que se necesitan para conocer los niveles de eficiencia energética que posee un módulo fotovoltaico de concentración. Esta caracterización se consigue a través de medidas de curvas IV, de igual manera que se obtienen para caracterizar los módulos convencionales. Este proyecto se ha realizado para la optimización y ampliación de un programa de medida y caracterización de hasta cuatro módulos fotovoltaicos que se encuentran en el exterior, sobre un seguidor. El programa, desarrollado en LabVIEW, opera sobre el sistema de medida, obteniendo los datos de caracterización del módulo que se está midiendo. Para ello en primer lugar se ha tomado como base una aplicación ya implementada y se ha analizado su funcionamiento para poder optimizarla y ampliarla para introducir nuevas prestaciones. La nueva prestación más relevante para la medida de los módulos, busca evitar que el módulo entre medida y medida, se encuentre disipando toda la energía que absorbe y se esté calentando. Esto se ha conseguido introduciendo una carga electrónica dentro del sistema de medida, que mantenga polarizado el módulo siempre y cuando, no se esté produciendo una medida sobre él. En este documento se describen los dispositivos que forman todo el sistema de medida, así como también se describe el software del programa. Además, se incluye un manual de usuario para un fácil manejo del programa. ABSTRACT. The aim of the characterization of concentrator photovoltaic modules (CPV) is to provide the electrical specifications to know the energy efficiency at operating conditions. This characterization is achieved through IV curves measures, the same way that they are obtained to characterize conventional silicon modules. The objective of this project is the optimization and improvement of a measurement and characterization system for CPV modules. A software has been developed in LabVIEW for the operation of the measurement system and data acquisition of the IV curves of the modules. At first, an already deployed application was taken as the basis and its operation was analyzed in order to optimize and extend to introduce new features. The more relevant update seeks to prevent the situation in which the module is dissipating all the energy between measurements. This has been achieved by introducing an electronic load into the measuring system. This load maintains the module biased at its maximum power point between measurement periods. This work describes the devices that take part in the measurement system, as well as the software program developed. In addition, a user manual is included for an easy handling of the program.

Sistema autónomo para carga de baterías mediante una instalación fotovoltaica con aplicación directa al vehículo eléctrico y usos

La situación energética actual es insostenible y como consecuencia se plantea un escenario próximo orientado a conseguir un futuro energético sostenible que permita el desarrollo económico y el bienestar social. La situación ambiental actual está afectada directamente por la combustión de combustibles fósiles que en 2013 constituyeron el 81% de la energía primaria utilizada por el ser humano y son la principal fuente antropogénica de gases de efecto invernadero. Los informes del IPCC1, ponen de manifiesto que el cambio climático se ha consolidado durante los últimos años y en la conferencia de la ONU sobre cambio climático de París que se celebrará a finales de 2015, se pretende que los gobiernos suscriban un acuerdo universal para limitar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y evitar que el incremento de la temperatura media global supere los 2°C. Por otra parte, en el interior de las ciudades es especialmente preocupante, por su efecto directo sobre la salud humana, el impacto ambiental producido por las emisiones de NOx que generan el transporte de personas y mercancías. El sector del transporte fue responsable en 2012 del 27,9% del consumo final de energía. Una vez expuesto el escenario energético y ambiental actual, en esta tesis, se analiza la eficiencia de un sistema autónomo fotovoltaico para la carga de baterías de vehículos eléctricos y el uso del mismo con otras cargas, con el objetivo de aprovechar al máximo la energía eléctrica generada y contribuir a la utilización de energía limpia que no produzca impacto ambiental. Como primer paso para el desarrollo de la tesis se hizo un estudio de trabajos previos comenzando por las primeras aplicaciones de la energía fotovoltaica en los vehículos solares para después pasar a trabajos más recientes enfocados al suministro de energía a los vehículos eléctricos. También se hizo este estudio sobre las metodologías de simulación en los sistemas fotovoltaicos y en el modelado de distintos componentes. Posteriormente se eligieron, dentro de la amplia oferta existente en el mercado, los componentes con características técnicas más adecuadas para este tipo de instalaciones y para las necesidades que se pretenden cubrir. A partir de los parámetros técnicos de los componentes elegidos para configurar la instalación autónoma y utilizando modelos contrastados de distintos componentes, se ha desarrollado un modelo de simulación en ordenador del sistema completo con el que se han hecho simulaciones con distintos modos de demanda de energía eléctrica, según los modos de carga disponibles en el vehículo eléctrico para corriente alterna monofásica de 230 V. También se han simulado distintos tamaños del generador fotovoltaico y del sistema de acumulación de energía eléctrica para poder determinar la influencia de estos parámetros en los balances energéticos del sistema. Utilizando recursos propios el doctorando ha realizado la instalación real de un sistema fotovoltaico que incluye sistema de acumulación e inversor en un edificio de su propiedad. Para la realización de la tesis, La Fundación de Fomento e Innovación Industrial (F2I2) ha facilitado al doctorando un dispositivo que permite realizar la alimentación del vehículo eléctrico en modo 2 (este modo emplea un adaptador que incorpora dispositivos de seguridad y se comunica con el vehículo permitiendo ajustar la velocidad de recarga) y que ha sido necesario para los trabajos desarrollados. Se ha utilizado la red eléctrica como sistema de apoyo de la instalación fotovoltaica para permitir la recarga en el modo 2 que requiere más potencia que la proporcionada por el sistema fotovoltaico instalado. Se han analizado mediante simulación distintos regímenes de carga que se han estudiado experimentalmente en la instalación realizada, a la vez que se han hecho ensayos que se han reproducido mediante simulación con los mismos valores de radiación solar y temperatura con objeto de contrastar el modelo. Se han comparado los resultados experimentales con los obtenidos mediante simulación con objeto de caracterizar el comportamiento del sistema de acumulación (energía eléctrica suministrada y tensión de salida en las baterías) y del generador fotovoltaico (energía eléctrica fotovoltaica suministrada). Por último, se ha realizado un estudio económico de la instalación autónoma fotovoltaica ejecutada y simulada. En el mismo se ha planteado la utilización de fondos propios (como realmente se ha llevado a cabo) y la utilización de financiación, para determinar dos posibles escenarios que pudieran ser de utilidad a un propietario de vehículo eléctrico. Se han comparado los resultados obtenidos en los dos escenarios propuestos del estudio económico del sistema, en cuanto a los parámetros de tiempo de retorno de la inversión, valor actual neto de la inversión y tasa interna de retorno de la misma. Las conclusiones técnicas obtenidas, permiten la utilización del sistema con los modos de carga ensayados y otro tipo de cargas que aprovechen la generación eléctrica del sistema. Las baterías ofrecen mejor comportamiento cuando el aporte fotovoltaico está presente, pero no considera adecuado la conexión de cargas elevadas a un sistema de acumulación de gel (plomo-acido) como el que se ha utilizado, debido al comportamiento de este tipo de baterías ante demandas de intensidad de corriente eléctrica elevadas. Por otra parte, el comportamiento de este tipo de baterías con valores de intensidad de corriente eléctrica inferiores a 10 A en ausencia de energía fotovoltaica, con el objetivo de utilizar la generación de energía eléctrica diaria acumulada en el sistema, sí resulta interesante y ofrece un buen comportamiento del sistema de acumulación. Las circunstancias actuales de mercado, que carece de sistemas de acumulación de litio con precios de compra interesantes, no han permitido poder experimentar este sistema de acumulación en la instalación autónoma fotovoltaica ejecutada, tampoco se ha podido obtener el favor de ningún fabricante para ello. Actualmente hay disponibles sistemas de acumulación en litio que no se comercializan en España y que serían adecuados para el sistema de acumulación de energía propuesto en este estudio, que deja abierta las puertas para futuros trabajos de investigación. Las conclusiones económicas obtenidas, rentabilizan el uso de una instalación autónoma fotovoltaica con consumo instantáneo, sin acumulación de energía eléctrica. El futuro de conexión a red por parte de estas instalaciones, cuando se regule, aportará un incentivo económico para rentabilizar con menos tiempo las instalaciones autónomas fotovoltaicas, esto también deja la puerta abierta a futuros trabajos de investigación. El sistema de acumulación de energía aporta el mayor peso económico de inversión en este tipo de instalaciones. La instalación estudiada aporta indicadores económicos que la hacen rentable, pero se necesitaría que los precios de acumulación de la energía en sistemas eficientes estén comprendidos entre 100-200 €/kWh para que el sistema propuesto en este trabajo resulte atractivo a un potencial propietario de un vehículo eléctrico. ABSTRACT The current energy situation is untenable; it poses a scenario next focused on reaching a sustainable energy future, to allow economic development and social welfare. The environmental current situation is affected directly by the combustion of fossil fuels that in 2013 constituted 81 % of the primary energy used by the human being and they are the principal source human of greenhouse gases. The reports of the IPCC2, they reveal that the climate change has consolidated during the last years and in the conference of the UNO on climate change of Paris that will be celebrated at the end of 2015, there is claimed that the governments sign a universal agreement to limit the emission of greenhouse gases and to prevent that the increase of the global average temperature overcomes them 2°C. On the other hand, inside the cities it is specially worrying, for his direct effect on the human health, the environmental impact produced by the NOx emissions that generate the persons' transport and goods. The sector of the transport was responsible in 2012 of 27,9 % of the final consumption of energy. Once exposed the scenario and present environmental energy, in this thesis, it has analyzed the efficiency of an autonomous photovoltaic system for charging electric vehicles, and the use of the same with other workloads, with the objective to maximize the electrical energy generated and contribute to the use of clean energy that does not produce environmental impact. Since the first step for the development of the thesis did to itself a study of previous works beginning for the first applications of the photovoltaic power in the solar vehicles later to go on to more recent works focused on the power supply to the electrical vehicles. Also this study was done on the methodologies of simulation in the photovoltaic systems and in the shaped one of different components. Later they were chosen, inside the wide existing offer on the market, the components with technical characteristics more adapted for this type of facilities and for the needs that try to cover. From the technical parameters of the components chosen to form the autonomous installation and using models confirmed of different components, a model of simulation has developed in computer of the complete system with which simulations have been done by different manners of demand of electric power, according to the available manners of load in the electrical vehicle for single-phase alternating current of 230 V. Also there have been simulated different sizes of the photovoltaic generator and of the system of accumulation of electric power to be able to determine the influence of these parameters in the energy balances of the system. Using own resources the PhD student has realized a real installation of a photovoltaic system that includes system of accumulation and investing in a building of his property. For the accomplishment of the thesis, The Foundation of Promotion and Industrial Innovation (F2I2) it has facilitated to the PhD student a device that allows to realize the supply of the electrical vehicle in way 2 (this way uses an adapter that incorporates safety devices and communicates with the vehicle allowing to fit the speed of recharges) and that has been necessary for the developed works. The electrical network has been in use as system of support of the photovoltaic installation for allowing it her recharges in the way 2 that more power needs that provided by the photovoltaic installed system. There have been analyzed by means of simulation different rate of load that have been studied experimentally in the realized installation, simultaneously that have done to themselves tests that have reproduced by means of simulation with the same values of solar radiation and temperature in order the model contrasted. The experimental results have been compared by the obtained ones by means of simulation in order to characterize the behavior of the system of accumulation (supplied electric power and tension of exit in the batteries) and of the photovoltaic generator (photovoltaic supplied electric power). Finally, there has been realized an economic study of the autonomous photovoltaic executed and simulated installation. In the same one there has appeared the utilization of own funds (since really it has been carried out) and the utilization of financing, to determine two possible scenes that could be of usefulness to an owner of electrical vehicle. There have been compared the results obtained in both scenes proposed of the economic study of the system, as for the parameters of time of return of the investment, current clear value of the investment and rate hospitalizes of return of the same one. The technical obtained conclusions, they make the utilization of the system viable with the manners of load tested and another type of loads of that they take advantage the electrical generation of the system. The batteries offer better behavior when the photovoltaic contribution is present, but he does not consider to be suitable the connection of loads risen up to a system of accumulation of gel (lead - acid) as the one that has been in use, due to the behavior of this type of batteries before demands of intensity of electrical current raised. On the other hand, the behavior of this type of batteries with low values of intensity of electrical current to 10 To in absence of photovoltaic power, with the aim to use the generation of daily electric power accumulated in the system, yes turns out to be interesting and offers a good behavior of the system of accumulation. The current circumstances of market, which lacks systems of accumulation of lithium with interesting purchase prices, have not allowed to be able to experience this system of accumulation in the autonomous photovoltaic executed installation, neither one could have obtained the favor of any manufacturer for it. Nowadays there are available systems of accumulation in lithium that is not commercialized in Spain and that they would be adapted for the system of accumulation of energy proposed in this study, which makes the doors opened for future works of investigation. The economic obtained conclusions; they make more profitable the use of an autonomous photovoltaic installation with instantaneous consumption, without accumulation of electric power. The future of connection to network on the part of these facilities, when it is regulated, will contribute an economic incentive to make profitable with less time the autonomous photovoltaic facilities, this also leaves the door opened for future works of investigation. The system of accumulation of energy contributes the major economic weight of investment in this type of facilities. The studied installation contributes economic indicators that make her profitable, but it would be necessary that the prices of accumulation of the energy in efficient systems are understood between 100-200 € in order that the system proposed in this work turns out to be attractive to a proprietary potential of an electrical vehicle.

Finite Element Model of the Innovation Diffusion: An Application to Photovoltaic Systems

This paper presents a Finite Element Model, which has been used for forecasting the diffusion of innovations in time and space. Unlike conventional models used in diffusion literature, the model considers the spatial heterogeneity. The implementation steps of the model are explained by applying it to the case of diffusion of photovoltaic systems in a local region in southern Germany. The applied model is based on a parabolic partial differential equation that describes the diffusion ratio of photovoltaic systems in a given region over time. The results of the application show that the Finite Element Model constitutes a powerful tool to better understand the diffusion of an innovation as a simultaneous space-time process. For future research, model limitations and possible extensions are also discussed.

Hybrid thermionic-photovoltaic converter

A conceptual device for the direct conversion of heat into electricity is presented. This concept hybridizes thermionic (TI) and thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion in a single thermionic-photovoltaic (TIPV) solid-state device. This device transforms into electricity both the electron and photon fluxes emitted by an incandescent surface. This letter presents an idealized analysis of this device in order to determine its theoretical potential. According to this analysis, the key advantage of this converter, with respect to either TPV or TI, is the higher power density in an extended temperature range. For low temperatures, TIPV performs like TPV due to the negligible electron flux. On the contrary, for high temperatures, TIPV performs like TI due to the great enhancement of the electron flux, which overshadows the photon flux contribution. At the intermediate temperatures, 1650K in the case of this particular study, I show that the power density potential of TIPV converter is twice as great as that of TPV and TI. The greatest impact concerns applications in which the temperature varies in a relatively wide range, for which averaged power density enhancement above 500% is attainable. (C) 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.

Ti/Pd/Ag Contacts to n-Type GaAs for High Current Density Devices

The metallization stack Ti/Pd/Ag on n-type Si has been readily used in solar cells due to its low metal/semiconductor specific contact resistance, very high sheet conductance, bondability, long-term durability, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, the use of Ti/Pd/Ag metallization on n-type GaAs is examined, targeting electronic devices that need to handle high current densities and with grid-like contacts with limited surface coverage (i.e., solar cells, lasers, or light emitting diodes). Ti/Pd/Ag (50 nm/50 nm/1000 nm) metal layers were deposited on n-type GaAs by electron beam evaporation and the contact quality was assessed for different doping levels (from 1.3 × 1018 cm−3 to 1.6 × 1019 cm−3) and annealing temperatures (from 300°C to 750°C). The metal/semiconductor specific contact resistance, metal resistivity, and the morphology of the contacts were studied. The results show that samples doped in the range of 1018 cm−3 had Schottky-like I–V characteristics and only samples doped 1.6 × 1019 cm−3 exhibited ohmic behavior even before annealing. For the ohmic contacts, increasing annealing temperature causes a decrease in the specific contact resistance (ρ c,Ti/Pd/Ag ~ 5 × 10−4 Ω cm2). In regard to the metal resistivity, Ti/Pd/Ag metallization presents a very good metal conductivity for samples treated below 500°C (ρ M,Ti/Pd/Ag ~ 2.3 × 10−6 Ω cm); however, for samples treated at 750°C, metal resistivity is strongly degraded due to morphological degradation and contamination in the silver overlayer. As compared to the classic AuGe/Ni/Au metal system, the Ti/Pd/Ag system shows higher metal/semiconductor specific contact resistance and one order of magnitude lower metal resistivity.

Inorganic Photovoltaics - Planar and Nanostructured Devices

Since its invention in the 1950s, semiconductor solar cell technology has evolved in great leaps and bounds. Solar power is now being considered as a serious leading contender for replacing fossil fuel based power generation. This article reviews the evolution and current state, and potential areas of near future research focus, of leading inorganic materials based solar cells, including bulk crystalline, amorphous thin-films, and nanomaterials based solar cells. Bulk crystalline silicon solar cells continue to dominate the solar power market, and continued efforts at device fabrication improvements, and device topology advancements are discussed. III-V compound semiconductor materials on c-Si for solar power generation are also reviewed. Developments in thin-film based solar cells are reviewed, with a focus on amorphous silicon, copper zinc tin sulfide, cadmium telluride, as well as nanostructured Cadmium telluride. Recent developments in the use of nano-materials for solar power generation, including silicon and gallium arsenide nanowires, are also reviewed.

Optimizing phosphorus diffusion for photovoltaic applications: peak doping, inactive phosphorus,gettering, and contact formation

The phosphosilicate glass (PSG), fabricated by tube furnace diffusion using a POCl3 source, is widely used as a dopant source in the manufacturing of crystalline silicon solar cells. Although it has been a widely addressed research topic for a long time, there is still lack of a comprehensive understanding of aspects such as the growth, the chemical composition, possible phosphorus depletion, the resulting in-diffused phosphorus profiles, the gettering behavior in silicon, and finally the metal-contact formation. This paper addresses these different aspects simultaneously to further optimize process conditions for photovoltaic applications. To do so, a wide range of experimental data is used and combined with device and process simulations, leading to a more comprehensive interpretation. The results show that slight changes in the PSG process conditions can produce high-quality emitters. It is predicted that PSG processes at 860 °C for 60 min in combination with an etch-back and laser doping from PSG layer results in high-quality emitters with a peak dopant density Npeak = 8.0 × 1018 cm−3 and a junction depth dj = 0.4 μm, resulting in a sheet resistivityρsh = 380 Ω/sq and a saturation current-density J0 below 10 fA/cm2. With these properties, the POCl3 process can compete with ion implantation or doped oxide approaches.

Grid-Connected Forward Microinverter With Primary-Parallel Secondary-Series Transformer

This paper presents a primary-parallel secondaryseries multicore forward microinverter for photovoltaic ac-module application. The presented microinverter operates with a constant off-time boundary mode control, providing MPPT capability and unity power factor. The proposed multitransformer solution allows using low-profile unitary turns ratio transformers. Therefore, the transformers are better coupled and the overall performance of the microinverter is improved. Due to the multiphase solution, the number of devices increases but the current stress and losses per device are reduced contributing to an easier thermal management. Furthermore, the decoupling capacitor is split among the phases, contributing to a low-profile solution without electrolytic capacitors suitable to be mounted in the frame of a PV module. The proposed solution is compared to the classical parallel-interleaved approach, showing better efficiency in a wide power range and improving the weighted efficiency.

Barriers to the adoption of photovoltaic systems: The state of the art

Although photovoltaic (PV) systems have become much more competitive, the diffusion of PV systems still remains low in comparison to conventional energy sources. What are the current barriers hindering the diffusion of PV systems? In order to address this, we conducted an extensive and systematic literature review based on the Web of Science database. Our state-of-the-art review shows that, despite the rapid development and maturity of the technology during the past few years, the adoption of PV systems still faces several barriers. The wide adoption of PV systems-either as a substitute for other electricity power generation systems in urban areas or for rural electrification-is a challenging process. Our results show that the barriers are evident for both low- and high-income economies, encompassing four dimensions: sociotechnical, management, economic, and policy. Although the barriers vary across context, the lessons learned from one study can be valuable to others. The involvement of all stakeholders-adopters, local communities, firms, international organizations, financial institutions, and government-is crucial to foster the adoption.

Motivators for adoption of photovoltaic systems at grid parity: A case study from Southern Germany

In some countries, photovoltaic (PV) technology is at a stage of development at which it can compete with conventional electricity sources in terms of electricity generation costs, i.e., grid parity. A case in point is Germany, where the PV market has reached a mature stage, the policy support has scaled down and the diffusion rate of PV systems has declined. This development raises a fundamental question: what are the motives to adopt PV systems at grid parity? The point of departure for the relevant literature has been on the impact of policy support, adopters and, recently, local solar companies. However, less attention has been paid to the motivators for adoption at grid parity. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the diffusion of PV systems, explaining the impact of policy measures, adopters and system suppliers. Anchored in an extensive and exploratory case study in Germany, we provide a context-specific explanation to the motivations to adopt PV systems at grid parity.