Influence of Major Operational Parameters on Aerobic Granulation for the Treatment of Wastewater

Effective solids-liquid separation is the basic concept of any wastewater treatment system. Biological treatment methods involve microorganisms for the treatment of wastewater. Conventional activated sludge process (ASP) poses the problem of poor settleability and hence require a large footprint. Biogranulation is an effective biotechnological process which can overcome the drawbacks of conventional ASP to a great extent. Aerobic granulation represents an innovative cell immobilization strategy in biological wastewater treatment. Aerobic granules are selfimmobilized microbial aggregates that are cultivated in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). Aerobic granules have several advantages over conventional activated sludge flocs such as a dense and compact microbial structure, good settleability and high biomass retention. For cells in a culture to aggregate, a number of conditions have to be satisfied. Hence aerobic granulation is affected by many operating parameters. The organic loading rate (OLR) helps to enrich different bacterial species and to influence the size and settling ability of granules. Hence, OLR was argued as an influencing parameter by helping to enrich different bacterial species and to influence the size and settling ability of granules. Hydrodynamic shear force, caused by aeration and measured as superficial upflow air velocity (SUAV), has a strong influence and hence it is used to control the granulation process. Settling time (ST) and volume exchange ratio (VER) are also two key influencing factors, which can be considered as selection pressures responsible for aerobic granulation based on the concept of minimal settling velocity. Hence, these four parameters - OLR, SUAV, ST and VER- were selected as major influencing parametersfor the present study. Influence of these four parameters on aerobic granulation was investigated in this work

The Major Digestive Enzymes in Etroplus suratensis and Oreochromis mossambicus: Distribution and Characteristics

The major digestive enzyme activities and digestive indices were compared between Etroplus suratensis and Oreochromis mossambicus. Pepsin - like acid proteases that acts on low pH has been identified all along the digestive tract of both the fishes. Comparatively low alpha amylase activity is shown by the E. suratensis and the enzyme is distributed almost equally throughout the intestinal segments in both the species. Very low alkaline protease activity is found in the stomach of both the fishes and in O. mossambicus, the enzyme activity diminishes extensively towards the posterior portion of the intestine whereas in E. suratensis the activity increases towards the posterior part. The present study showed that lipase is one of the prominent digestive enzymes in O. mossambicus with a remarkable specific activity throughout the digestive tract than that of E. suratensis .It has been noted that O. mossambicus has a higher values for digestive somatic index, hepato somatic index, intestinal coefficient and gut Vs standard length ratio than that of E. suratensis indicating its higher digestive and metabolic capabilities. The early maturity and fast growth of O. mossambicus can be explained by their enhanced digestive indices. The compa ratively low activities of acid protease, amylase, lipase and total alkaline protease of E. suratensis revealed poor digestive capacity than that of O. mossambicus

Is export orientation a major motivator for the adoption of food safety systems in the Turkish dried fig firms?

Food safety management systems (FSMSs) and the scrutinisation of the food safety practices that are intended for adoption on the firm level both offer strategic value to the dried fig sector. This study aims to prove the hypothesis that export orientation is a major motivating force for the adoption of food safety systems in the Turkish dried fig firms. Data were obtained from 91 dried fig firms located in Aydin, Turkey. Interviews were carried out with firms’ managers/owners using a face-to-face questionnaire designed from May to August of 2010. While 36.3 percent of the interviewed firms had adopted one or more systems, the rest had no certification. A binomial logistic econometric model was employed. The parameters that influenced this decision included contractual agreements with other firms, implementation of good practices by the dried fig farmers, export orientation and cost-benefit ratio. Interestingly, the rest of the indicators employed had no statistically significant effect on adoption behaviour. This paper focusses on the export orientation parameter directly in order to test the validity of the main research hypothesis. The estimated marginal effect suggests that when dried fig firms are export-oriented, the probability that these firms will adopt food safety systems goes up by 39.5 percent. This rate was the first range observed among all the marginal probability values obtained and thus verified the hypothesis that export orientation is a major motivator for the adoption of food safety systems in the Turkish dried fig firms.

Evaluation of major feed resources in crop-livestock mixed farming systems, southern Ethiopia: Indigenous knowledge versus laboratory analysis results

Evaluation of major feed resources was conducted in four crop-livestock mixed farming systems of central southern Ethiopia, with 90 farmers, selected using multi-stage purposive and random sampling methods. Discussions were held with focused groups and key informants for vernacular name identification of feed, followed by feed sampling to analyse chemical composition (CP, ADF and NDF), in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and correlate with indigenous technical knowledge (ITK). Native pastures, crop residues (CR) and multi-purpose trees (MPT) are the major feed resources, demonstrated great variations in seasonality, chemical composition and IVDMD. The average CP, NDF and IVDMD values for grasses were 83.8 (ranged: 62.9–190), 619 (ranged: 357–877) and 572 (ranged: 317–743) g kg^(−1) DM, respectively. Likewise, the average CP, NDF and IVDMD for CR were 58 (ranged: 20–90), 760 (ranged: 340–931) and 461 (ranged: 285–637)g kg^(−1) DM, respectively. Generally, the MPT and non-conventional feeds (NCF, Ensete ventricosum and Ipomoea batatas) possessed higher CP (ranged: 155–164 g kg^(−1) DM) and IVDMD values (611–657 g kg^(−1) DM) while lower NDF (331–387 g kg^(−1) DM) and ADF (321–344 g kg^(−1) DM) values. The MPT and NCF were ranked as the best nutritious feeds by ITK while crop residues were the least. This study indicates that there are remarkable variations within and among forage resources in terms of chemical composition. There were also complementarities between ITK and feed laboratory results, and thus the ITK need to be taken into consideration in evaluation of local feed resources.

Una Festa major consolidada

Crònica de la Festa major de la UdG celebrada els dies 25, 26 i 27 d'abril

Major-elements trends in cenozoic volcanites of Hungary

Hungary lies entirely within the Carpatho-Pannonian Region (CPR), a dominant tectonic unit of eastern Central Europe. The CPR consists of the Pannonian Basin system, and the arc of the Carpathian Mountains surrounding the lowlands in the north, east, and southeast. In the west, the CPR is bounded by the Eastern Alps, whereas in the south, by the Dinaridic belt. (...)

Pràctiques en empreses i institucions: experiència i propostes per a una major implicació dels estudiants

L’experiència adquirida amb el programa de pràctiques externes de la Facultat de Ciències Econòmiques i Empresarials de la Universitat de Girona, ens permet fer una reflexió sobre el seu format, determinar-ne els punts forts i febles i fer propostes per tal que l’estudiant adopti una postura activa en tot el procés i finalment, garantir l’èxit de cadascuna de les pràctiques. Es tracta d’una assignatura optativa que pot tenir diferent format en funció del tipus d’estudi i de les preferències de l’estudiant. Les pràctiques funcionen a l’empara d’una normativa que s’ha dotat la pròpia facultat, que marca tot el procés i serveix de guia a les parts que hi intervenen: estudiant, empresa i professorat. L’anàlisi de les dades quantitatives detecta algunes preferències clares quant a sector d’activitat, zona geogràfica i convocatòria. Aquestes dades, juntament amb la part qualitativa que aporta el tècnic de pràctiques de la Facultat, porten a definir-ne punts forts i punts febles. Amb tota aquesta anàlisi a la vista, acabem fent una sèrie de propostes tant per la banda de l’estudiant, com per la de l’empresa com per la del professorat, per tal d’aconseguir garantir al màxim el bon funcionament de les pràctiques

Dialoga amb els i les adolescents per a una major qualitat de la comunicació en el si de la família. 'Dialoga con los y las adolescentes para una mayor calidad de la comunicación en el seno de la familia'.

El presente material se dirige a padres, tutores y educadores. Resumen tomado del propio recurso

Dialoga amb els i les adolescentes : per a una major qualitat de la comunicació en el si de la família. 'Dialoga con los y las adolescentes : para una mayor calidad de la comunicación en el seno de la familia'.

Este material pretende ser una herramienta práctica para facilitar la comunicación entre padres e hijos y potenciar que el diálogo intergeneracional sea lo más fluido posible, evitando entender la adolescencia como un problema. Una buena comunicación aumentará la educación de los hijos y evitará situaciones que, con el tiempo, pueden ser irreversibles.

Viure la festa major a l'escola. 'Vivir la fiesta mayor en la escuela'.

Resumen del autor

Col.lecció de cornamentes de caça major. 'Colección de cornamentas de caza mayor'.

Este cuaderno dedicado al estudio de las cornamentas de caza mayor permite conocer la colección de cornamentas, datos morfológicos de las diferentes especies animales, información referente a los datos ecológicos y geográficos del hábitat donde fueron cazados.

Processos cognitivos em adultos com depressão major

Com vista à análise dos enviesamentos no processamento de informação e da relação entre estes processos com os esquemas maladaptativos e os pensamentos automáticos negativos em adultos com Depressão Major, foi estudada uma amostra de 60 adultos que constituíram dois grupos: um grupo clínico, de 30 indivíduos com diagnóstico de Depressão Major, 27 mulheres e 3 homens, com uma média de idades de 40,3 anos (DP = 12,13), e um grupo não clínico, de 30 indivíduos da população geral, sem qualquer diagnóstico clínico, 27 mulheres e 3 homens, com uma média de idades de 26,17 anos (DP = 4,60). Através da administração de um protocolo de auto-avaliação e do desempenho dos participantes num conjunto de tarefas, os resultados obtidos confirmaram as hipóteses colocadas, tendo demonstrado que os indivíduos com Depressão Major apresentaram enviesamentos da atenção, memória e interpretação relacionados com informação emocional relevante. As associações entre as variáveis em estudo foram, também, no sentido esperado e demonstraram, especificamente, o papel mediador dos pensamentos automáticos negativos na relação entre os esquemas maladaptativos e a sintomatologia depressiva. Estes resultados foram discutidos de acordo com a literatura e as suas implicações para a avaliação e modificação da depressão e factores relacionados.