The luminescence of CaYBO4 : RE3+ (RE=Eu, Gd, Tb, Ce) in VUV-visible region

Phosphors CaYBO4:RE3+ (RE = Eu, Gd, Tb, Ce) were synthesized with the method of solid-state reaction at high temperature, and their vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)-visible luminescent properties in VUV-visible region were studied at 20 K. In CaYBO4, it is confirmed that there are two types of lattice sites that can be substituted by rare-earth ions. The host excitation and emission peaks of undoped CaYBO4 are very weak, which locate at about 175 and 350-360nm, respectively. The existence of Gd3+ can efficiently enhance the utilization of host absorption energy and result in a strong emission line at 314 nm. In CaYBO4, Eu3+ has typical red emission with the strongest peak at 610 nm; Tb3+ shows characteristic green emission, of which the maximum emission peak is located at 542 nm. The charge transfer band of CaYBO4:Eu3+ was observed at 228 nm; the co-doping of Gd3+ and Eu3+ can obviously sensitize the red emission of Eu3+. The fluorescent spectra of CaYBO4:Ce3+ is very weak due to photoionization; the co-addition of Ce3+-Tb3+ can obviously quench the luminescence of Tb3+.

Improved efficiency by a graded emissive region in organic light-emitting diodes

Electrical and optical properties of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with a stepwise graded bipolar transport emissive layer for a better control of charge transport and recombination are presented. The graded bipolar transport layer was formed by co-evaporating a hole-transporting material N,N-'-diphenyl-N,N-'-bis(1,1(')-biphenyl)-4,4(')-diamine (NPB) and an electron-transporting/emissive material tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq(3)) in steps, where each step has a different concentration ratio of NPB to Alq(3). Compared to a conventional heterojunction OLED, electroluminescence efficiency was enhanced by a factor of more than 1.5, whereas the turn-on voltage remained unchanged in the graded structure.

Stimulated emission in the blue wavelength region from a copolymer containing PPV segment

The lasing properties of a soluble conjugated polymer, Poly[1,8-octanedioxy-2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene-1,2-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene-3,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene] (CNMBC-Ph) in chloroform solution were investigated. The third harmonic radiation of a Nd:YAG laser was used as the pump light. The stimulated emission with a linewidth of 15 nm was observed in the blue wavelength region with the peak at 450 nm. The threshold pulse peak power was about 2.8 MW/cm(2). The energy conversion yield of the laser was estimated to be about 3.4%. The maximum peak power of the laser output pulse reached 40 kW. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Luminescent properties of Gd3PO7 : Eu in UV/VUV region

The luminescent properties of Gd3PO7:Eu were investigated in W and VUV regions. This phosphor has such strong emissions around 618.5 nn under UV excitation, especially around 209nn, that it has a better colour saturation than that of Y2O3:Eu. It could be a new potential red phosphor for lamp and other applications with W-excitation source or even for displaying devices. In the VUV excitation spectrum of Eu3+ emissions, energy absorptions by Gd3+, Gd-O and PO43- have been observed, on which it can be inferred that there are three kinds of energy transferring processes to Eu-3(+) ions. The energy absorptions of Gd3+, Gd-O and PO43- are induced by 4f --> 4f transitions, a bandgap transition of Gd3PO7 and intramolecular (2t(2) --> 2a, 3t(2)) transition, respectively. The energy transfer efficiency of the PO43- intramolecular transition is lower compared with that of the bandgap transition (Gd-O).

Stimulated emission in blue wavelength region from a copolymer

A dye laser based on the soluble conjugated polymer, Poly[1,8-octanedioxy-2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene-1, 4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene-3,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene], has been fabricated. The laser was pumped by light pulses from the third harmonic radiation of an Nd:YAG laser. The lasing was observed in the blue wavelength region with the peak at 450 nm. The threshold energy is about 19 mu J. The energy conversion yield of the laser is about 3.4%. The maximum peak power of the laser output pulse arrives at about 20 kW.

Population genetic structure of crimson snapper Lutjanus erythropterus in East Asia, revealed by analysis of the mitochondrial control region

The population genetic structure of the crimson snapper Lutjanus erythropterus in East Asia was examined with a 427-bp hypervariable portion of the mtDNA control region. A total of 262 samples were collected and 75 haplotypes were obtained. Neutrality tests (Tajima's and Fu's) suggested that Lutjanus erythropterus in East Asia had experienced a bottleneck followed by population expansion since the late Pleistocene. Despite the low phylogeographic structures in mtDNA haplotypes, a hierarchical examination of populations in 11 localities from four geographical regions using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated significant genetic differentiation among regions (Phi(CT) = 0.08564, p < 0.01). Limited gene flow between the eastern region (including a locality in the western Pacific Ocean and two localities in the East Sea) and three geographic regions of the South China Sea largely contributed to the genetic subdivision. However, comparisons among three geographic regions of the South China Sea showed little to no genetic difference. Populations of Lutjanus erythropterus in East Asia are inferred to be divided into two major groups: an eastern group, including populations of the western Pacific Ocean and the East Sea, and a South China Sea group, consisting of populations from northern Malaysia to South China. The results suggest that fishery management should reflect the genetic differentiation and diversity in East Asia. (c) 2006 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea (Perciformes, Sciaenidae): Unusual features of its control region and the phylogenetic position of the Sciaenidae

To understand the systematic status of Larimichthys crocea in the Percoidei, we determined the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence using 454 sequencing-by-synthesis technology. The complete mt genome is 16,466 bp in length including the typical structure of 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes and the noncoding control region (CR). Further sequencing for the complete CR was performed using the primers Cyt b-F and 12S-R on six L crocea individuals and two L polyactis individuals. Interestingly, all seven CR sequences from L crocea were identical while the three sequences from L polyactis were distinct (including one from GenBank). Although the conserved blocks such as TAS and CSB-1, -2, and -3 are readily identifiable in the control regions of the two species, the typical central conserved blocks CSB-D, -E, and -F could not be detected, while they are found in Cynoscion acoupa of Sciaenidae and other Percoidei species. Phylogenetic analysis shows that L crocea is a relatively recently emerged species in Sciaenidae and this family is closely related to family Pomacanthidae within the Percoidei. L crocea, as the first species of Sciaenidae with complete mitochondrial genome available, will provide important information on the molecular evolution of the group. Moreover, the genus-specific pair of primers designed in this study for amplifying the complete mt control region will be very useful in studies on the population genetics and conservation biology of Larimichthys. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sequence analysis of the ITS region and 5.8S rDNA of Porphyra haitanensis

The sequences of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) and 5.8S rDNA of three cultivated strains of Porphyra haitanensis thalli (NB, PT and ST) were amplified, sequenced and analyzed. In addition, the phylogenic relationships of the sequences identified in this study with those of other Porphyra retrieved from GenBank were evaluated. The results are as follows: the sequences of the ITS and 5.8S rDNA were essentially identical among the three strains. The sequences of ITS l were 331 by to 334 bp, while those of the 5.8S rDNA were 158 by and the sequences of ITS2 ranged from 673 by to 681 bp. The sequences of the ITS had a high level of homology (up to 99.5%) with that of P. haitanensis (DQ662228) retrieved from GenBank, but were only approximately 50% homologous with those of other species of Porphyra. The results obtained when a phylogenetic tree was constructed coincided with the results of the homology analysis. These results suggest that the three cultivated strains of P. haitanensis evolved conservatively and that the ITS showed evolutionary consistency. However, the sequences of the ITS and 5.8S rDNA of different Porphyra species showed great variations. Therefore, the relationship of Porphyra interspecies phyletic evolution could be judged, which provides the proof for Porphyra identification study. However, proper classifications of the subspecies and the populations of Porphyra should be determined through the use of other molecular techniques to determine the genetic variability and rational phylogenetic relationships.

Broader pattern of tandem repeats in the mitochondrial control region of Perciformes

Perciformes, the largest order of vertebrates with 20 suborders, is the most diverse fish order that dominates vertebrate ocean life. The complete mitochondrial control region (CR) of Trichiurus japonicus (Trichiuridae, Scombroidei) and Pampus sp. (Stromateidae, Stromateoidei) were amplified and sequenced. Together with data from GenBank, the tandem repeats in the mitochondrial CR from 48 species, which covered nine suborders of Perciformes, are reported in this study. The tandem repeats tend to be long in the suborder Percoidei and Stromateoidei. The identical repeats in 21 species of Cichlidae suggest a common origin and have existed before species divergence. Larimichthys crocea shows tandem repeats instead of the typical structure of the central conserved sequence blocks, which was first reported in Perciformes and vertebrates. This might have resulted from interruption of the polymerase activity during the H-strand synthesis. The four broader patterns presented here for the tandem repeats, including those in both the 5' and 3' ends, only in the either 5' or 3' end, and in the central conserved domain of the control region, will be useful for understanding the evolution of species.

Source of a floating dust episode over the Qingdao region and dust throughput to the ocean

A floating dust weather happened on March 11-12, 1995 over the Qingdao region. Its sources and throughput to the ocean were studied. The result indicated that the floating dust was caused by the dust storm that starred in northwestern China and developed in northern China. 21 x 10(6)t fine soil particles were carried to the ocean during the episode.