955 resultados para Neuronios motores


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A paralisia cerebral, doença não progressiva, compromete movimentos e postura. A fisioterapia atual volta-se para um tratamento holístico. Brincar proporciona desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. O presente estudo tem como objetivos investigar a opinião de fisioterapeutas que atuam em neuropediatria sobre a utilização do brinquedo em sua prática clínica e verificar sua possível utilização em intervenções junto a crianças com paralisia cerebral. Utiliza-se inicialmente de questionário de opinião junto a 50 fisioterapeutas das diversas clínicas da Associação de Apoio a Criança com Deficiência, AACD - SP, verificando a utilização de brinquedos face aos diversos objetivos fisioterapeuticos; a seguir, realiza observação de 60 atendimentos, em fisioterapia aquática e de solo, de crianças com paralisia cerebral, identificando a utilização de cada categoria de brinquedo relativo ao objetivo terapêutico. Os dados obtidos no questionário revelaram em ordem decrescente utilização de: brinquedos sensório-motores 57,4%, para ganho de equilíbrio (E); 22,2% para coordenação motora (CM); 18,5% para aquisições posturais (AP) e 2% para relaxamento muscular (RM). Em relação aos jogos de faz-de-conta: 37% (E); 39% (AP) e 24% (CM).Para os jogos de regras: 54% (E); 35% (CM); 11% (AP). Com os jogos de montagem: 52% (CM); 24% (E); 24% (AP). Os dados da observação revelaram que os principais objetivos terapêuticos visados com utilização de brinquedos foram: alongamento, primeiro 10 ; fortalecimento muscular, equilíbrio e treino de marcha de 10 a 40 . Quanto à modalidade de brinquedo observada houve predomínio do faz de conta no início e no fim da sessão e das demais categorias no meio, de forma intercalada. Os dados da observação coincidiram com os do questionário revelando utilização sistemática de brinquedos com objetivos fisioterapeuticos.(AU)

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Os avanços realizados nas técnicas cirúrgicas têm permitido que o tempo de recuperação outrora contado em dias ou até semanas tenha sido reduzido para horas, com os pacientes a saírem do hospital pelo seu próprio pé pouco tempo após a intervenção. Tal resulta numa redução do tempo de recuperação, menos desconforto para o paciente e consequente redução dos custos associados ao internamento. A redução nos tempos de recuperação é fundamentalmente devida às técnicas cirúrgicas minimamente invasivas que assentam sobretudo na utilização de instrumentos laparoscópicos. A anestesia é agora muitas vezes local ou apenas uma sedação, ficando o paciente sob efeito da anestesia durante um período menor quando comparado com as técnicas tradicionais. O desenvolvimento de dispositivos laparoscópicos que permitam ao cirurgião maior manobrabilidade associada a uma atuação simples, sem os movimentos invertidos inerentes aos instrumentos tradicionais, irão permitir realizar intervenções que outrora seriam realizadas com as técnicas tradicionais, de forma segura e menos intrusiva reduzindo o risco de complicações pós-operatórias. Os dispositivos laparoscópicos mais avançados associados a certas técnicas cirúrgicas, permitem a realização de intervenções complexas e de grande minucia através de apenas um orifício LESS (Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery), ou no caso de ser realizada com robô, R-LESS (Robotic laparoendoscopic single-site surgery); reduzindo de forma ainda mais acentuada o tempo de recuperação e o tamanho da cicatriz. O aumento da manobrabilidade dos dispositivos laparoscópicos é obtida através da inclusão de sistemas eletromecânicos relativamente complexos que tentam transpor o movimento da mão para a pinça dentro do paciente. No entanto, a adição destes sistemas podem tornar a manipulação desses dispositivos pouco intuitiva e pouco ergonómica, sobretudo se forem usados com apenas uma das mãos. Por outro lado, quando a atuação deixa de ser realizada de forma puramente mecânica e direta o cirurgião perde sensibilidade da força que está a ser exercida pelo dispositivo já que esta passa a ser efetuada através de um sistema assistido, como por exemplo motores elétricos, sistemas hidráulicos ou pneumáticos. Estes fatores resultam que a aceitação destes dispositivos pelos cirurgiões não tenha sido fácil. Para contornar este problema, o dispositivo desenvolvido para além de grande capacidade de manobra, oferece atuação natural e portabilidade. Contempla uma componente háptica de atuação hidráulica que ajudará o cirurgião a melhor perceci-onar o que se passa na ponta da pinça. Como o movimento da pinça é controlado por um sistema eletromecânico é possível escalonar a amplitude do movimento de entrada e reduzir o tremor fisiológico das mãos. A pinça e respetiva haste é convencional podendo ser usados os trocarts já existentes. Foi desenvolvido um protótipo virtual com todos os componentes necessários para um funcionamento integral. No então não foram realizados protótipos físicos de todos os componentes, nem se sabe como os diferentes módulos interagem entre si.

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The objective of this research is to describe and analyze in literary corpus, the way we conceptualize emotions, especially anger. Using the assumptions of the call Cognitive Theory of Metaphor, present a general overview of cognition metaphor on the basis of Cognitive Linguistics, and in a deeper way, we analyze the metaphorical conceptualization of anger. The proposal embodied mind, prevalent in current cognitive science, is fundamental for studies involving mental simulation. Recent research shows that the metaphor is the result of cognitive processes that involve our perception sensorimotor combined with socio-cultural experiences. The ability to build via frequency standards for our experiments is crucial to our language, including metaphorical constructions. Such constructions are the result of cognitive processes that involve the relationship between image schemas and frames. Image schemas comes from our sensorimotor experience, which lists the limits of our bodies to the limits of our surroundings, and frames, in turn, comes from our ability to stock sociocultural events. The metaphorical construction is the result of this constant relationship between body, mind and culture, situating us in bodily experiences and cultural. By analyzing five national literary works, we created an analytical framework on how anger is understood, specifically in Portuguese language. The results are important to understand, through language, how culture is part of our cognition, in conjunction with the sensorimotor aspects.

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Para la lingüística Cognitiva, la construcción del sentido darse a través del accionamiento de procesos mentales específicos que están directamente ligados a las experiencias socioculturales, sensorio motores y perceptuales. En portadores de la Síndrome de Asperger, el comprometimiento de estos procesos, debido a características específicas dela propia síndrome, puede estar directamente relacionado a problemas de construcción de sentido por estos individuos. En este sentido, el objetivo de esta investigación es investigar los procesos cognitivos que direccionan la construcción del sentido en estos portadores de trastornos neurales. La investigación es realizada con alumnos de la APPARN (Associação de país e amigos dos autistas do Rio Grande do Norte), teniendo como grupo de control alumnos neurotípicos de otras instituciones, siendo los portadores de la síndrome practicantes de la lengua materna o grupo experimental de la búsqueda. Para elucidar el proceso de construcción del sentido por estos alumno, fueron desarrollados testes contiendo rasgos linguisticos norteadores responsables por el accionamiento de algunos procesos cognitivos como los esquemas (JOHNSON, 1987), frames (MINSKY, 1974), affordances (GIBSON, 1979) y simulación mental (BARSALOU, 1999). Los testes fueron basados en los presupuestos teóricos de la Lingüística Cognitiva, más precisamente, de la Teoria Neural del Linguaje. Los resultados apuntan para una posible justificativa para el comprometimiento de la construcción del sentido en portadores de la Síndrome de Asperger, que comprende directamente la relevancia intersubjetiva de la infersencias recibidas y construidas socialmente por los participantes específicamente de este análisis.

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Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with motor symptoms and dopaminergic cell loss in the nigrostriatal pathway. Alpha-synuclein is the major component of the Lewy bodies, the biological hallmarks of disease, and has been associated with familial cases of PD. Recently, the spinal cord stimulation (SCS) showed to be effective to alleviate the Parkinson symptoms in animal models and human patients. In this project, we characterized the motor and electrophysiological effects of alpha-synuclein overexpression in the substantia nigra of rats. We further investigated the effects of spinal electrical stimulation, AMPT and L-dopa administration in this model. Method: Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with empty viral vector or the vector carrying the gene for alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra, and were tested weekly for 10 weeks in the open field and cylinder tests. A separated group of animals implanted with bilateral electrode arrays in the motor cortex and the striatum were recorded in the open field, during the SCS sessions and the pharmacological experiments. Results: Alpha-synuclein expression resulted in motor asymmetry, observed as the reduction in use of contralateral forepaw in the cylinder test. Animals showed an increase of local field potential activity in beta band three and four weeks after the virus injection, that was not evident after the 5th week. AMPT resulted in a sever parkinsonian state, with reduction in the locomotor activity and significant peak of oscillatory activity in cortex and striatum. SCS was effective to alleviate the motor asymmetry at long term, but did not reduce the corticostriatal low frequency oscillations observed 24 hs after the AMPT administration. These oscillations were attenuated by L-dopa that, even as SCS, was not effective to restore the locomotor activity during the severe dopaminergic depletion period. Discussion: The alpha-synuclein model reproduces the motor impairment and the progressive neurodegenerative process of PD. We demonstrated, by the first time, that this model also presents the increase in low frequency oscillatory activity in the corticostriatal circuit, compatible with parkinsonian condition; and that SCS has a therapeutic effect on motor symptom of this model.

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One of the main problems related to the use of diesel as fuel is the presence of sulfur (S) which causes environmental pollution and corrosion of engines. In order to minimize the consequences of the release of this pollutant, Brazilian law established maximum sulfur content that diesel fuel may have. To meet these requirements, diesel with a maximum sulfur concentration equal to 10 mg/kg (S10) has been widely marketed in the country. However, the reduction of sulfur can lead to changes in the physicochemical properties of the fuel, which are essential for the performance of road vehicles. This work aims to identify the main changes in the physicochemical properties of diesel fuel and how they are related to reduction of sulfur content. Samples of diesel types S10, S500 and S1800 were tested according with the methods of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The fuels were also characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and subjected to physical distillation (ASTM D86) and simulated distillation gas chromatography (ASTM D2887). The results showed that the reduction of sulfur turned the fuel lighter and fluid, allowing a greater applicability to low temperature environments and safer for transportation and storage. Through the simulated distillation data was observed that decreasing sulfur content resulted in higher initial boiling point temperatures and the decreasing of the boiling temperature of the medium and heavy fractions. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a loss event mass attributed to volatilization or distillation of light and medium hydrocarbons. Based on these data, the kinetic behavior of the samples was investigated and it was observed that the activation energies (Ea) did not show significant changes throughout conversion. Considering the average of these energies, the S1800 had the highest Ea during the conversion and the S10 the lowest values

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Anxiety disorders and Parkinson’s disease (PD) affect a large portion of the world population. Indeed, therapeutic alternatives available do not contribute to improve most clinical conditions and/or are linked with undesirable side effects. Thus, there is a great demand for the development of new drugs to treatment of these diseases. Passiflora cincinnata Mast. is a native species present in several Brazilian states, popularly known as “maracujá do mato”, “maracujá tubarão” or “maracujá mochila”. Additionally, species of Passiflora genus are traditionally known for their exotic flowers, edible fruits with pronounced flavor and for their sedative, tranquilizer and anxiolytic properties reported by folk medicine. These plants possess important organic compounds such as phenols, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids and alkaloids, which are responsible for the anxiolytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, among others activities when tested in mammals. Despite this fact, only a few studies have been conducted to investigate the possible in vivo biological effects of Passiflora cincinnata Mast extracts. Thereby, in this study we evaluated the effects of the alcoholic extract of this plant in anxiety and PD animal model. Mice acutely or chronically administered with ethanolic extract of P. cincinnata do not showed any anxiogenic- or anxyolitic-like effect in elevated plus maze (EPM). In order to reproduce PD symptom’s in mice, we administered repeated injections of reserpine which progressively induced motor impairments such as increase in catalepsy, oral movements, and reduction of the average speed of the animals in the open field, as well as depleted dopamine prodution in SNpc cells. Furthermore, this treatment resulted in the loss of aversive memory recall in mice when undergoing PMDAT. Yet, passiflora group also show this amnesic profile. However, animals treated concomitantly with the alcoholic extract of Passiflora cincinnata Mast. showed higher latency for the onset of motor impairment evaluated by catalepsy. Thus, our results shows that the alcoholic extract of the plant P. cincinnata was able to delay the onset of the catalepsy induced by reserpine administration, plus reverted the depletion of dopamine production in SNpc cells.

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Neurodegenerative diseases are frequently studied due to the increasing number of cases associated with the populational ageing and to the impact on the conditions on the quality of life. Parkinson’s disease (DP) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease. Despite the fact that its etiology is not completely understood, it is known that DP is caused by environmental and genetic factors. Thus, the investigation of etiologic factors and mechanisms responsible for the changes that lead to DP may help early diagnostic and prevention. A possible association between DP and the common polymorphism of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) G196A (Val66Met) has been suggested by different studies with contrasting results. For this reason, the aim of this study is to investigate if the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is related to susceptibility to DP in a cohort of Brazilian patients. Additionaly, we verify if the presence of the polymorphism implies in alterations in the BDNF whole blood concentrations, as well as variations in symptomatology. The sample comprised Brazilian patients accompanied by the neurology service of the Onofre Lopes University Hospital (HUOL) and healthy controls (CTRL). The motor aspects of DP were evaluated by Hoehn e Yahr Scale (HY), Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Schwab & England Scale (SE). For the evaluation of non-motor symptoms were used the following instruments: Frontal Assessment Battery (BAF), Mini-Mental State Examination (MEEM), Beck Depression Inventory (IDB) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (IAB). Blood samples were collected for BDNF Val66Met polymorphism genotyping and BDNF whole blood measurement. As expected, DP patients performed worse in motor, cognitive and emotional battery of questionnaires. Alleles distribution between DP and CTRL was not significantly different, but the A/G genotype was significantly associated with a protector factor for DP. In contrast, the G/G genotype was significantly associated with depression and anxiety development in DP patients. However, BDNF concentrations were not different between genotypes or groups. This is the first study of genetic association of this polymorphism with DP in Brazilian subjects and the first one that associate A/G genotype with protection against DP.

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The addition of hydrogen gas as an alternative fuel source has been widely used, as well reported in scientific literature. Today, several experiments are underway for the use of hydrogen generators (electrolysers) demand for motor vehicles. In all these products their ads manufacturers claim that this provides a reduction of fuel consumption, reduces the emission levels of toxic gas by the discharge and improves engine life. This research analyzes the physical structure of engine components using electrolysis on demand. To this end, a stationary system was fitted with a power generator of electricity, drum roller and adapted two electrolyzers: a dry cell and wet cell other. In steps observation were consumption analyzes in four work load ranges and observing the piston engine, which has been cut and analyzed by Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Dispersive Energy (SEM-EDS), X – Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Confocal Microscopy, the stationary system in each step. The results showed a considerable reduction in fuel consumption and a high corrosion in the original factory piston constituted of aluminum-silicon alloy. As corrosion barrier was made a plasma nitriding in the piston head, which proved resistant to attack by hydrogen, although it has presented evidence also, of having been attacked. It is concluded that the automotive electrolysers can be a good choice in terms of consumption and reducing toxic gas emissions, but the material of the combustion chambers of vehicles must be prepared for this purpose.

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Background: stroke causes long-term impairments, limitation of activities and restriction in participation in daily life situations, especially for upper limb impairment (UL). Action Observation (AO) has been used for the rehabilitation of UL in these patients. It's a multisensory therapy which consists in observing a healthy subject performing a motor task, followed by physical practice. Objectives: assess whether the AO improves motor function of UL and dependence for activities of daily living (ADLs) of stroke patients or cause any adverse effects. Search methods: a search strategy was words and terms used for the identification of articles, in the following scientific basis Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE; PsycINFO; CINAHL and LILACS. In addition to manual search of the references of articles and search for theses and dissertations in Portal Capes and LILACS. The identification of the studies was conducted from October to December 2015, being the last search on December 3. Selection criteria: randomised controlled trials (RCT) involving adults with stroke who had deficits in upper limb function and used AO as an intervention. Data collection and analysis: the data extracted from the studies were used to analyze the risk of bias, the effect of the treatment and the quality of the body of evidence. Main results: 6 studies were included, totaling 270 patients. The primary outcome analyzed was the motor function of MS. Were combined in meta-analyzes studies comparing AO versus placebo or an active control, considering the immediate and long-term effect (n=241). Regarding the motor function of the arm (5 trials), the estimated effect for the therapy was not significant. However, when considering the hand function estimating the effect was favorable to the group that conducted the AO, in short (mean difference = 6.93, 95% CI 1.48 to 12.39; P = 0.01) and long-term (mean difference = 7.57; 95% CI 1.34 the 13.80; p = 0.02). Unable to perform the analysis for functional dependency. The studies showed a low or uncertain risk of bias, but the quality of evidence the body was considered low and very low quality. Authors’ conclusions: AO was effective in improving hand function of stroke patients. Despite the low quality evidence that the use of OA in clinical practice should not be discouraged. RCT new studies should be conducted with greater methodological rigor and larger samples, covering important outcomes such as functional dependence for ADLs.

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This work intent to study the motive power provided by the plane linear induction motor, in a lock condition. It uses a method of imposition of the electric current to the stator via a frequency convertor PWM driven by a refed platform. The reading of the motive power was performed by a load cell using an electronic circuit for reading and conditioning of the signal. Aiming a complete analysis of the linear motor, it was performed a computational modeling that employs all relevant parameters to the study of the locked machine. At the end it was held a theoric-experimental confrontation that evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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En la actualidad, los videojuegos han ido adquiriendo cada vez más protagonismo en el sector de la tecnología, considerándose un arte para muchos y más que un entretenimiento para otros. Ha supuesto una de las principales fuentes de ingresos en las últimos años superando incluso al cine. A día de hoy, hay muchas herramientas que permiten y facilitan su implementación. Concretamente encontramos programas software que ejercen de motores de desarrollo de videojuegos, como por ejemplo Unreal Engine o Unity3D, que brindan todo lo necesario para llevar a cabo esos juegos que tanto nos gustan. Existen innumerables géneros, como los de aventura gráfica, que cobran más importancia porque intentan darle al usuario un mayor control intentando, cada vez más, simular la realidad. Por esta razón, surge el concepto de generación de historias en tiempo real, con el fin de diferenciarse de aquellas que están predefinidas y dar al usuario la posibilidad de crear una infinidad de historias que dependerán de los movimientos y decisiones que tome a lo largo del juego. Este proyecto se centra en implementar esta idea, partiendo de un entorno gráfico que es el edificio de nuestra facultad. Sobre él desarrollaremos un sistema que permita al usuario moverse libremente por todo el edificio, generando distintas historias en función de los caminos que tome dentro de él. Existe la figura del narrador que le guiará y le aconsejará para completar los objetivos que vayan apareciendo. El usuario puede optar por hacerle caso y seguir sus indicaciones o ignorarlo.

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Este trabajo tiene como meta el desarrollo de un sistema de neurorrehabilitación mediante realidad virtual para pacientes con problemas motores en las extremidades superiores provocados por un daño cerebral. Para entender y enfrentarse de manera correcta al problema, se han revisado todos los aspectos concernientes al daño cerebral y déficits motores derivados así como las terapias empleadas para su rehabilitación, como las que utilizan tecnologías asistidas como la realidad virtual. Se han expuesto las ventajas que han llevado a utilizar esta terapia en el proyecto y se han mencionado algunos estudios de investigación previos y con resultados favorables. Por último, se ha hecho hincapié en las novedades (embodiment y neuronas espejo) que aporta este proyecto con las que se podría acelerar la rehabilitación de los pacientes incidiendo en la plasticidad cerebral. En lo que se refiere al desarrollo del entorno, se ha utilizado el motor de videojuegos Unity 3D, con el que se ha integrado el dispositivo Myo Armband, para capturar el movimiento, y las gafas de realidad virtual Oculus Rift DK2. Durante la terapia, el paciente tiene que superar una serie de niveles definidos por el terapeuta y, para ello, debe realizar un alcance y tocar un botón un número de veces por cada nivel. En cada nivel, el esfuerzo que tiene que realizar el paciente es distinto, dependiendo de la distancia a la que se encuentre el botón (relativa al calibrado previo del paciente) e igualmente, está definido por el terapeuta. También se lleva a cabo un registro de las aceleraciones y del porcentaje de acierto del paciente en un fichero, para llevar un control de su progreso. Como conclusión, cabe mencionar que el entorno desarrollado es adaptable a las posibilidades de cada paciente, permitiendo una recuperación óptima. Se trata de un sistema de bajo coste, intuitivo y que lleva a cabo un registro de datos de la actividad del paciente, lo que posibilita, como trabajo futuro, el control de forma remota por parte del terapeuta. Todos estos aspectos dejan abierta la posibilidad de que el paciente lo utilice a domicilio, con las ventajas que conlleva. Del mismo modo, el sistema se podría adaptar fácilmente para la rehabilitación de las extremidades inferiores. Tras su análisis, los investigadores expertos en la materia del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas afirman que el sistema satisface con creces su propósito. Con todo esto, se concluye que este entorno tiene un excelente presente y un futuro muy prometedor.

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La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es una enfermedad progresiva, crónica e incapacitante cuyos síntomas principales son el temblor de reposo, la rigidez y la bradicinesia, apareciendo en el transcurso del tiempo la inestabilidad postural. Las alteraciones cognitivas y del estado de ánimo son otra de las características de esta enfermedad, pudiendo constituir una de sus complicaciones más incapacitantes. Ni el deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) ni la demencia (D-EP) son fáciles de definir ni de evaluar. Algunos autores describen el DCL como una fase premórbida de la demencia (Pigott et al, 2015) aunque no todos los pacientes evolucionan a D-EP. La prevalencia de la D-EP es de 20-40% (Aarsland, Anderson et al, 2001), siendo algunos de los factores de riesgo la edad avanzada al diagnóstico, los síntomas motores más graves, sobre todo los relacionados con el trastorno de la marcha y la inestabilidad postural, el deterioro cognitivo leve, la depresión, el déficit temprano en fluidez verbal, la aparición de alucinaciones o la escasa respuesta al tratamiento con levodopa (Emre, 2003). El perfil de demencia en la EP es de tipo frontosubcortical, con déficits en las funciones atencionales y ejecutivas, mnésicas, visoespaciales, la fluidez verbal y las praxias...

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O envelhecimento é um fenómeno normal, gradual, progressivo e global que se traduz em modificações biológicas, psicológicas, sociais e culturais que ocorrem ao longo do tempo (Figueiredo, 2007). Estas modificações podem alterar a funcionalidade do idoso, ou seja, a sua capacidade de gerir a sua vida de forma independente e autónoma, concretizando as atividades do quotidiano (Barbosa, Almeida, Barbosa e Rossi-Barbosa, 2014). A forma de lidar com o envelhecimento irá depender da capacidade de superar as adversidades de forma positiva, isto é, da capacidade de resiliência (Anaut, 2005). A psicomotricidade é uma área que intervém com a pessoa, associando o corpo, o cérebro e os ecossistemas envolventes (Fonseca, 2001), abrangendo os aspetos motores, cognitivos e emocionais. Assim, esta investigação pretende compreender em que medida a participação em sessões de psicomotricidade interfere na resiliência e na funcionalidade, considerando um grupo participante e um não participante, e analisar a relação entre resiliência e funcionalidade mutuamente. Foram aplicados a Escala de Avaliação Global de Resiliência de Jardim (2006), o Índice de Barthel de Mahoney e Barthel, (1965) e um questionário sociodemográfico, utilizando-se o Software IBM SPSS Statistics (versão 22.0) para a análise estatística. Concluiu-se que 50% da amostra apresenta uma capacidade de resiliência elevada e a média de funcionalidade corresponde a dependência moderada. O grupo participante nas sessões apresenta valores superiores de resiliência e de funcionalidade, em relação ao não participante.