940 resultados para Neuro-2a


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大气中CO2、CH4和其它温室气体浓度升高导致的全球气候变化引起了人们对全球碳循环和碳收支的关注,植被与大气间CO2通量的长期测定能够加深对陆地生态系统在全球碳循环作用的科学理解。本文以我国北方典型的温带植被类型长白山阔叶红松林为研究对象,利用观测塔上的涡动相关系统对长白山阔仆卜红松林进行长期的CO2通量监测,并分析CO2通量的周年动态,估算森林净生态系统生产力;同时基于测树学方法,进行群落调查,根据已有的经验公式,估算森林净生态系统生产力,综合评价长白山阔汗卜红松林碳收支,为森林碳收支的研究提供基础。主要结论有:(1)FSAM模型的分析结果表明,观测塔上40m高度的涡动相关仪器测量的信息中,76%来自于西北至西南方相对均质的阔叶红松原始林,其中footprint最大的源区在塔西南方100m-400m范围内。因此,森林群落调查选择在此区内进行,使得涡动相关法和测树学方法估算的生产力具有可比性。(2)2003-2004年碳通量季节变化趋势基本一致,从年初到4月上旬该森林生态系统保持较弱的正的碳通量(释放CO2),5月开始表现为净的碳吸收,且吸收量迅速增加,到6月达到最大值,然后又逐渐减小;9月末到10月末随着生长季的结束,净生态系统COZ交换(NEE)开始由负转为正,11-12月NEE为正,生态系统以呼吸为主。净生态系统COZ交换的年累计量表明长白山阔叶红松林为明显的碳汇,2003年和2004年净生态系统生产力NEP分别为-217±75gcm-2a-1和-190±85gcm-2a-1,相当于-2.17±0.75tCha-1a-1和-1.90±0.85tCha-1a-1。(3)根据经验公式和材积法得到阔汗卜红松林的生物量在343.9-362.3tha-l之间,应用两种方法得到2003一2004年群落的净初级生产力在10.22-10.40tCha-1a-1之间,净生态系统生产力在2.50±1.12tCha-1a-1-2.68±1.20tCha-1a-1之间。(4)测树学方法与涡动相关法测得的净生态系统生产力略有差异,但在误差有效范围内基本一致。

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本学位论文由两部分共3章组成。第一部分分别报道2种藏药唐古特瑞香和大果大戟化学成分的研究成果,从2种药用植物共分离鉴定了60个不同的化合物,其中12个为新结构,特别有意义的是发现了2个具有同一新骨架的二萜化合物。第二部分概述了大戟科植物多环二萜的研究进展。 第一部分包括第1和2章。在这2章中分别报道了唐古特瑞香(Daphne tangutica Maxim)和大果大戟(Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f. Fl)化学成分的分离纯化与结构鉴定。实验采用正、反相硅胶柱层析、薄层制备及HPLC等分离方法,从唐古特瑞香的根皮中共分离出32个化合物,通过红外、质谱及核磁共振等波谱方法鉴定了其中的31个,结构类型分别属于瑞香二萜类、木脂素类、香豆素类、苯丙素类及甾体类,其中有三个新的瑞香二萜型化合物,经波谱分析将它们的结构分别鉴定为1,2a-二氢-20-棕榈酰瑞香毒素、1,2a-二氢-5b-羟基-6a,7a-环氧-树脂大戟醇-14-苯甲酸酯及1,2b-二氢-5b-羟基-6a,7a-环氧-树脂大戟醇-14-苯甲酸酯,另外还有13个已知化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。从大果大戟的根部共分离出33个化合物,鉴定了其中的30个,其主要成分为种类丰富的二萜,包括巨大戟烷型、续随子烷型、对映-阿替生烷型、对映-贝壳杉烷型、对映-松香烷型、ent-trachylobane型、对映-异海松烷型及一新骨架五环二萜ent-wallichane型,另外还有香豆素、甾体、三萜和一些简单的小分子化合物。其中新化合物有9个,经波谱分析将它们的结构分别鉴定为5-O-(2E,4E,6E)-癸三烯酰基-3,20-O-二乙酰基巨大戟醇、5-O-(2E,4Z)-癸二烯酰基-3-O-乙酰基-20-去氧巨大戟醇、3-O-(2E,4Z)-癸二烯酰基-5b,6b-氧-交京大戟醇、7-苯甲酰氧基-3,5,15-三乙酰基-续随子醇、ent-trachylobane-3-one-17-oic-acid、3α-羟基-对映-阿替斯-16-烯-14-酮、3α,6-二羟基-对映-异海松-7-烯-2,15-二酮、wallichanol A 和 wallichanol B,其中,wallichanol A 和 wallichanol B属于一新骨架类型的五环二萜。除此以外,另有13个已知化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。 第2部分即第3章,首次概述了大戟属植物中多环二萜的化学和药理研究进展。 This dissertation is composed by two parts. The first part reports the phytochemical investigation of two Tibetan medicine plants, Daphne tangutica Maxim and Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f. Fl. Sixty different compounds including ten new compounds and two novel diterpenoids possessing a new carbon skeleton were isolated and identified. The second part is a review about the progress of studies on the polycyclic diterpeniods of the plant family of Euphorbia. The first part consists two chapters, which expatiate on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from D. tangutica and E. wallichii. Thirty-one compounds were isolated from the root barks of D. tangutica by methods of column chromatography (silica gel, including reversed phase), preparative TLC and HPLC, and their structure were identified as nine daphnane diterpenes, six lignans, nine cumarin derivatives, five phenylpropanoid derivatives, a steroids and a benzoate on the basis of spectroscopic methods including IR, MS and NMR. Among them, three are new diterpenes with skeleton of daphnane and the structure were determined as 1,a-dihydro-20-palimoyl-daphnetoxin, 1,2a-dihydro-5b- hydroxy-6a,7a-epoxy-resiniferonol-14-benzoate and 1,2b-dihydro-5b-hydroxy- 6a,7a-epoxy-resiniferonol-14-benzoate. In addition, thirteen known ones were isolated from this plant for the first time. Isolation of the roots of E. wallichii yielded thirty compounds, twenty-four of them were elucidated as diterpenoids, which belong to different skeleton types of ingenol, lathyrane, ent-atisane, ent-kaurane, ent-abietane, ent-trachylobane, ent-isopimarane and a new pentacyclic skeleton ent-wallichane respectively. The remains including a cumarine, a triterpenoid, a steroid and three compounds with small molecule. Nine new compounds were characterized as 5-O-deca-2E,4E,6E- trienoyl-3,20-O-diacetylingenol, 5-O-deca-2E,4Z-dienoyl-3-O-acetyl-20- deoxyingenol, 3-O-deca-2E,4Z-dienoyl-jolkinol-5b,6b-oxide, 7-benzoyl-3,5,15- triacetyl-7-hydroxylathyrol, ent-trachylobane-3-one-17-oic-acid, 3α-hydroxy-ent- atis-16-en-14-one, 3α,6-dihydroxy-ent-isopimarane-7-en-2,15-dione, wallichanol A and wallichanol B, respectively, by means of comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. Among them, wallichanol A and wallichanol B were two notable novel pentacyclic diterpenoids processing a new rearranged carbon skeleton. And more, thirteen ones were firstly reported from this plant. The third chapter summarizes the research development on chemistry and pharmacology of polycyclic diterpenes from the plant family of Euphorbia for the first time.

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岷江上游地区高山/亚高山植被分布的坡向性分异显著,阴阳坡高山林线不仅物种组成差异明显,并且分布海拔呈现出阴坡高阳坡低的格局.阳坡林线树种主要是圆柏属乔木,林线类型多为渐变型,海拔高度大约在3 400m~3 800m;阴坡林线树种主要是冷杉,林线类型多为骤变型,海拔高度约在3 800m~4 400m.本研究采用土壤种子库物理筛选、室内萌发实验及野外群落调查等方法,对岷江上游地区阴坡岷江冷杉和阳坡祁连圆柏两类林线树种不同海拔梯度上土壤种子库以及幼苗库特征进行了调查,从土壤种子库和幼苗更新特征的角度对林线乔木树种种群更新特征进行了分析,进而对该地区高山林线在阴阳坡分布差异的原因进行了探讨,结果显示: 1.土壤种子库 阴坡:阴坡高山林线附近岷江冷杉土壤种子的平均密度大约为50.96粒/m2,其中树线以上10m处土壤种子密度为1.00粒/m2,树线处大约19.33粒/m2,林线交错带内土壤种子密度最高为136.83粒/m2,郁闭林内种子密度小于林线交错带,只有30.50粒/m2,种子平均空壳率为52%,霉变率达34%,完好种子只有6%.土壤种子库垂直分布特征为地被物层含种子比重最大,大约在67.50%左右;其次为0~2cm层,约18.84%左右;2~5cm层所占种子比例最小,约13.66%左右.霉变种子数量与土壤深度呈负相关. 阳坡:阳坡祁连圆柏土壤种子的平均密度为60.16粒/m2.树线以上10m处密度为1.92粒/m2,树线位置大约108.16粒/m2,林线交错带内平均为75.80粒/m2,郁闭林内种子密度小于林线交错带,只有20.00粒/m2.种子平均空壳率为36%,完好种子占49%,霉变率较低,大约为10%.阴阳坡林线树种土壤种子库垂直分布特征为:地被物层含种子最多,其次为0~4cm层,4~10cm层所占种子比例最小,霉变种子数量与土壤深度也呈负相关. 2. 幼苗库调查 阳坡:在树线以上区域没有发现幼苗,林线交错带内幼苗密度平均达3 250株/hm2,郁闭林内仅2 750株/ hm2.整个样地内1~2a幼苗很少甚至没有出现,3~10a的幼苗相对较多.空间分布上,祁连圆柏幼苗在林线交错带内接近随机分布,郁闭林内则介于随机分布和均匀分布之间. 阴坡:在树线以上幼苗密度为1 250株/ hm2,全部为1~2a幼苗,林线交错带内幼苗密度平均达7 000株/ hm2,郁闭林内达6 250株/ hm2.林线附近岷江冷杉幼苗丰富度以及幼苗的出现频率明显高于祁连圆柏,年龄结构也较祁连圆柏完整.岷江冷杉幼苗空间分布除了树线处幼苗的分布为随机分布,其他海拔则为集群分布. 3.从不同土壤深度的种子总量和幼苗数量的相关性检验发现,当年生幼苗数量跟表层种子总量相关性极显著, 但是两年生幼苗的数量与底层种子数量相关性显著.土壤种子在土壤中的垂直分布格局从一定程度上可以反映种子库的年际特征.岷江冷杉土壤种子库较丰富,种子散布后的存活力随着时间的变化逐渐下降,属于季节性瞬时种子库;祁连圆柏土壤种子散布格局为集群型分布,成熟种子大部分散布在母株冠幅内,属于永久性土壤种子库. 4.在阴坡林线交错带及以上区域还存在较为丰富的乔木土壤种子,并且在树线以上区域还发现了少量的岷江冷杉幼苗.从样地乔木的年龄结构发现,在林线交错带内上部到树线位置主要以幼龄林为主,且年龄结构完整,基本符合入侵性林线特征;阳坡林线交错带内幼苗出现频率很低,树线以上区域虽然存在种子库,但是没有幼苗出现,在林线交错带内乔木径级差距很大,年龄结构异常不完整,这种特征的林线将会面临两个可能结果:一种是维持现有状态,保持平衡;另外一种就是退化,但阳坡林线的实际动态趋势还有待长期定点研究. Treelines on the upper region of Minjiang River differ between the north aspect and the south aspect in their appearances, altitudes and tree species. On the north aspect, trees of Abies form a sharp and abrupt treeline ranging from 3800m to 4400m, while on the south the treeline is generally lower(3 400~3 800m), more open and gradual and mostly composed of Sabina. In this study, we examined the altitudinal gradients of soil seed banks and seedling recruitments at the treeline ecotones of a N-aspect and a S-aspect by using soil sieving, germination experiment and field investigations, analyzed the characteristics of population regeneration of tree species at the transitional zone and presented a analysis of the causes to the aspect-related difference in treeline patterns in the study area. Major results of our study include: 1. Soil seed bank N-aspect: Of the 50 plots investigated, the average density of soil seeds is 50.96/m2, in which well-formed seeds account for 6%, empty seeds 52%, parasitized seeds34%, and seeds damaged by animals 8%. The size of soil seed bank varies along altitude, being 1.00 seeds /m2 at the 10m above the treeline and ca.19.33 seeds/m2 at the upper limit of treeline. The highest density (136.83 seeds/m2) occurs at the treeline ecotone. By contrast, the density of soil seed for the closed forest is only 30.50 seeds/m2. In terms of vertical strata, 67.50% of the total seeds are at the surface layer, 18.84% at the middle layer (0~2cm) and 13.66% at deeper layer (2~5cm). The number of parasitized seeds is negatively correlated to soil depth. S-aspect: Of the 50 plots investigated, the average density of soil seeds is 60.16 seeds/m2, and the well-formed seeds account for 49%, empty seeds 36%, parasitized seeds10%, and seeds damaged by animals 1%. The size of soil seed bank varies along altitude, with 1.92 seeds/m2 recorded at the10m above the treeline,108.16 seeds/m2 at the upper limit of treeline, and 75.80 seeds/m2 at the treeline ecotone, while that for the closed forest is 20.00 seeds/m2. The number of seeds decreases with the depth of soil. As is on the N-aspect, the size of soil bank, from large to small, follows the order of the surface layer, the middle layer (0~4cm) and the bottom layer (4~10cm). The number of parasitized seeds is also negatively correlated to the depth of the soil. 2. Seedling bank N-aspect: A mean maximum seedling abundance of 31 000 seedlings/hm2 was recorded near alpine treeline at growing season. The density of seedlings is 1 250 seedlings/ha (all being 1 or 2 years old) at the alpine meadow 10m away above treeline, 7 000 seedlings/ha at treeline ecotone and 6 250 seedlings/ha for closed forest.The spatial distribution of Abies faxoniana seedlings is random at the upper limit of the treeline but clumped at other altitudes. S-aspect: No seedlings were found at the alpine meadow 10m away from the treeline. The density of seedlings was 3 250 seedlings/ha at treeline ecotone and 2 750 seedlings/ha for the closed forest.Hardly any 1 year current and 2 year-old seedlings appeared at the plots. The spatial distribution of Sabina przewalskii seedlings is random at treeline ecotone and between “random” and “even” forest closed forest. 3.Correlation tests of seedling population and seed bank at different soil layers indicated that the emergents were strongly correlated to seed bank at surface layer while the number of two-year seedlings was significantly correlated to the seed bank at the bottom of soil layer, indicating that germination mainly occurs at the soil surface while the middle or bottom layer was the reserve for non-germination or dead seeds. It can thus be postulated that Abies faxoniana soil seed bank is of seasonal transient type. By contrast, the soil seed bank of Sabina przewalskii is of persistent type and the soil seeds and seedlings of this species occurred more frequently near the islands of adult trees. 4.A good many soil seeds of both tree species were found near the treeline ecotone and above at N- and S-aspects. A few young seedlings were found above the Abies treeline. Investigation of five altitudinal transects respectively on N- and S-aspects indicated that Abies faxoniana has a more complete age structure than the stands of Sabina przewalskii. The age of firs decreased from closed forest to the upper limit of treeline, which suggests that the Abies treeline is advancing to higher altitude. While on the south aspect, only few Sabina przewalskii soil seeds and nearly no seedlings were found above the treeline ecotone. The stands exhibit extremely great difference in diameter classes with significantly incomplete age structure. This would lead to two possible results for the treelines: maintaining an equilibrium state at the current position or degenerating. But more studies should be carried out at longer time scales or larger spatial scales to understand whether the Sabina treeline is degenerating.

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用反冲离子动量谱仪研究了低能He2+与Ar碰撞的多电子交换过程。该技术的独特优势是对反冲离子末态动量的完全测量。实验上鉴别了单电子俘获SC,双电子俘获DC和转移电离TI各子过程,并得到了末态量子态布居信息,首次测量了该体系各反应道的角微分截面及直接与碰撞参数相关的信息。实验发现电子主要俘获到入射离子基态或单激发态,反冲离子处于单激发态或多激发态,并有较大几率形成空心离子。研究表明电荷交换过程中存在较强的电子-电子关联作用。角分布随反冲离子电荷态增加而变宽,并向大角度方向移动,表明碰撞参数减小,相互作用加剧。SC和DC与MCBM理论角微分截面符合很好,说明在大碰撞参数时经典近似有一定合理性。不同碰撞参数范围内反冲纵向动量分布表明,SC在碰撞参数7.2a.u.≥b≥3.6a.u.时发生机率最大,随碰撞参数减小,靶离子有不断向更高激发态过渡的趋势

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利用LI-6400CO2分析系统测定了长白山红松针阔叶混交林生态系统土壤呼吸、乔木和灌木树干和枝条的呼吸、植物叶片光合与呼吸.同步监测森林小气候气象因子,建立土壤、树干、叶片与气象因子间的模型.根据红松针阔叶混交林植被群落特性,估算红松针阔叶混交林森林生态系统不同组分CO2通量.利用涡度相关技术监测红松针阔叶混交林净生态系统交换量.探讨温度、光合有效辐射对森林生态系统CO2通量的影响.通过分析发现,在当年的气候条件下,该森林净生态系统交换量主要受土壤呼吸和叶片光合的影响.红松针阔叶混交林净生态系统交换量全年变化范围在-4.67~13.80μmol·m-2·s-1.该森林生态系统CO2通量在冬季和夏季里平均分别为-2.0和3.9μmol·m-2·s-1(24 h平均值).乔木、灌木和草本的初级生产力分别占阔叶红松林总初级生产力的89.7%,3.5%,6.8%.土壤呼吸是森林生态系统中最主要的CO2排放源,约占红松针阔叶混交林生态系统CO2排放的69.7%,植物叶片和枝干分别占15.2%和15.1%.在生长季和非生长季中红松针阔叶混交林净生态系统交换量分别占全年CO2通量的56.8%和43.2%.自养呼吸占总初级生产力的比值(Ra:GPP)为0.52(NPP:GPP=0.48).森林生态系统地下当年碳积累量占总初级生产力的52%.土壤呼吸占总初级生产力的60%.红松针阔叶混交林NPP为769.3 gC·m-2·a-1.该森林净生态系统交换量(NEE)为229.51 gC·m-2·a-1.涡度相关技术获得的该森林生态系统NEE低于箱式法获得的19.8%.

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应用基于干物质生产理论的过程模型(Sim-CYCLE)估算了1982—2003年间长白山阔叶红松林生态系统总第一生产力(GPP)、净第一生产力(NPP)、净生态系统生产力(NEP)及其季节动态变化以及碳储量(WE)、植物碳储量(WP)和土壤碳储量(WS),并分析了这些指标在当前气候情景和碳平衡情况时的差异及其对未来气候变化情景的响应.结果表明:在当前气候情景下,长白山阔叶红松林GPP、NPP和NEP分别为14.9、8.7和2.7Mg C·hm-2·a-1,三者分别比实测值减少2.8Mg C·hm-2·a-1、增加1.4Mg C·hm-2·a-1和增加0.2Mg C·hm-2·a-1;长白山阔叶红松林6—8月的NEP占全年总量的90%以上,其中,7月最高(1.23MgC·hm-2·month-1);研究区WE、WP和WS分别为550.8、183.8和367.0Mg C·hm-2,其与实测值均具有较高的一致性.从当前气候情景下到达碳平衡前,长白山阔叶红松林碳储量均有不同程度的增加,GPP和NPP分别为17.7和7.3Mg C·hm-2·a-1,表明研究区碳"汇"的作用随着碳储量的增加逐渐减弱;温度增加2℃时,不利于长白山阔叶红松林GPP、NPP和NEP的增长,CO2浓度倍增则可有利地促进三者的增长,CO2浓度倍增、温度增加2℃对GPP、NPP和NEP增幅的影响与单纯CO2浓度倍增的影响相似,气候变化情景对长白山阔叶红松林碳储量的影响规律与对生产力幅度的影响相同,这可能是生态系统生产力影响碳积累所致.

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作为ChinaFLUX的重要组成部分,从2002年年底开始利用涡度协方差技术在长白山温带混交林林冠上层和下层进行连续通量观测,这为量化林冠下层CO2通量对整个森林生态系统碳收支的贡献提供了一条有效途径。利用2003年林冠上层和林冠下层的观测数据,研究表明林冠下层夜间的CO2通量与5 cm深度的土壤温度存在明显的指数正相关关系。林冠下层的呼吸通量与箱式法观测的土壤呼吸通量之间具有很好的一致性(R2=0.77),二者在全年都与整个森林的光合产物量相耦合,且都在7~8月份达到最大值。林冠下层的呼吸量和土壤呼吸量分别为770 g Cm-2a-1和703 g Cm-2a-1,占整个森林生态系统呼吸年总量的比重高达59.88%和54.69%。林冠下层的光合作用呈双峰型季节变化,两个峰值分别出现在5月中旬和8月下旬。尽管全年林冠下层光合产物量为87 g Cm-2a-1,对整个森林光合产物量的贡献率仅为5.69%,但林冠郁闭度低的4、5月和10月份,林冠下层的光合产物贡献率也分别达到19.99%、21.06%和14.53%。林冠下层净初级生产力的季节动态受该层呼吸作用的季节变异控制,林冠下层在全年都表现为碳源,其净碳排放速率在8月份达到最大。

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以科尔沁沙地典型固沙植物小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.5年生)和樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litrin,7年生)为研究对象,栽植于可渗漏式生长箱,应用TDR水分仪测定生长季节土壤水分变化,依据土壤水分平衡理论推算单位面积植被区的蒸散量。经2a研究,在相同栽植密度下(1m×1m),樟子松植被区土壤贮水量高于小叶锦鸡儿植被区;在不同栽植密度下,小叶锦鸡儿土壤贮水量以1m×2m密度区高于1m×1m密度区。生长季节单位面积土壤蒸散量以小叶锦鸡儿(1m×1m)最高,小叶锦鸡儿(1m×2m)其次,樟子松(1m×1m)最低。单丛/株蒸散量以小叶锦鸡儿(1m×2m)最高,小叶锦鸡儿(1m×1m)其次,樟子松(1m×1m)最低。在试验所涉及的特定年龄阶段,小叶锦鸡儿植被区蒸散耗水量高于樟子松区,土壤水分含量低于樟子松区。生产实践中应根据植物耗水特点选择适宜的固沙物种和栽植方式,以保证人工固沙植被区土壤水分的收支平衡。

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研究比较了湖南会同林区毛竹、杉木人工林生态系统碳含量和碳贮量分配特征,结果表明,15年生杉木各器官碳含量在47.15%~50.43%之间,不同器官碳含量高低依次为树干、树叶、树皮、树枝、树根;毛竹不同器官碳含量波动在44.51%~49.91%,各器官碳含量高低依次为竹鞭、竹枝、竹叶、竹干、竹蔸、竹根,但是毛竹不同器官碳含量与年龄之间没有明显变化规律。林地土壤3个层次(60cm深)碳素含量为0.746%~2.390%,各层次碳素含量分布不均,表层(0~20cm)土壤碳素含量和碳贮量最高。毛竹、杉木人工林生态系统碳贮量分别为166.34tC·hm-2和150.19tC·hm-2,并且其碳贮量空间分布格局基本一致,土壤层是主要部分,其次为乔木层,林下植被层和凋落物层所占比例最小。其中,毛竹林土壤层有机碳贮量占83.92%,乔木层占15.38%,林下植被和凋落物层分别占0.38%和0.32%;杉木人工林土壤层碳贮量占62.03%,乔木层占34.99%,林下植被和凋落物层分别占0.70%和2.28%。另外,碳贮量在两个树种各器官中的分配,基本与各自的生物量成正比例关系。从植被年固定碳量来看,毛竹林为9.94tC·hm-2·a-1,相当于年固定CO2量为36.44tCO2·hm-2·a-1,是杉木林的1.39倍。

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以 2a生中国沙棘为试验材料 ,研究了土壤干旱胁迫下沙棘苗木水分生理状况 ,内源GA1 3 及ABA水平与萌芽率的关系 ,结果表明 :土壤干旱胁迫导致苗体含水量、水势、自由水含量下降 ,显著提高冬季休眠与春季萌动期的内源ABA水平而降低内源GA1 3 含量 ,GA1 3 ABA降低 ,较晚达到萌动所需的调控阈值 ,萌芽延迟。重度胁迫下苗木延迟达 2 5d且萌芽后生长缓慢。长期土壤中度干旱条件下沙棘苗萌芽期亦略有延迟 ,萌芽后生长略有抑制

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细根周转与土壤养分密切相关,但由于根系研究方法的差异以及研究对象的不同,土壤养分对细根周转影响的研究存在不一致的结论。本文以水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)人工林为对象,应用3种方法研究施氮肥对细根生产和周转的影响。结果表明:施肥降低了活细根现存生物量,但施氮肥样地细根年生产量平均值(93.105g·m-2·a-1)与对照样地(93.505g·m-2·a-1)没有差异,不同方法得出施氮肥样地细根平均周转率(0.917次·a-1)大于对照样地(0.710次·a-1);不同土层内细根的生产量显著不同,表层生产量最大,土层越深细根生产量越低,但细根周转率一般随土壤加深而加快;不同的研究方法得出细根的年生产量和周转率差异较大,分室模型法最高,其次是内生长土芯法,极差法和积分法最低。

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目的研究文冠果壳苷对侧脑室注射β肽淀粉样蛋白1-4(2Aβ1-42)小鼠学习记忆障碍的改善作用,并初步探讨了其作用机制。方法通过避暗和水迷宫实验检测了小鼠的学习记忆能力;使用分光光度计检测小鼠大脑组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)和胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)活性的变化。结果小鼠侧脑室注射凝聚态Aβ1-42显著降低了小鼠被动回避学习记忆能力及空间学习记忆能力(P<0.01),并且小鼠大脑AchE和ChAT活性显著降低(P均<0.05);而文冠果壳苷能够显著减少避暗错误次数,延长潜伏期(分别P<0.05、P<0.01);剂量依赖性地缩短水迷宫实验中小鼠到达安全台的游泳时间(分别P<0.05、P<0.01),不同程度地抑制Aβ1-42模型小鼠的AchE和ChAT活性的降低(P<0.05和<0.01)。结论文冠果壳苷对侧脑室注射Aβ1-42小鼠学习记忆障碍具有显著的改善作用,其作用机制可能与保护中枢胆碱能神经细胞,改善中枢胆碱能神经系统功能等有关。

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研究地下水动态和土壤积盐过程有助于了解地下水抬升对土壤积盐的作用规律,合理利用水资源,防止土壤盐渍化。根据1985年、2000年和2005年的地下水等值线图资料,结合研究区1983~2005年水资源利用和0~20cm土壤层总盐数据以及土地利用数据,利用GIS技术和地统计学方法,分析了近23a来地下水动态,以及地下水抬升与地表积盐的关系。结果表明:区域输水灌溉是地下水水位抬升的直接动因。年均地下水水位抬升0.09m,地下水位每抬升1m,造成区域地表积盐区增加144.45hm2,地下水位的抬升对区域灌溉景观的积盐面积的扩张作用要强于非灌溉景观,在灌溉景观中耕地积盐速率最快,达0.43t.hm-.2a-1,23a间,单位面积的积盐量增加了40.04%,在非灌溉景观中,盐碱地的积盐作用较强,积盐速率达0.68.thm-.2a-1。

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利用涡度相关技术对中国东部森林样带(NSTEC)上的长白山温带针阔混交林(CBS)、千烟洲亚热带常绿人工针叶林(QYZ)、鼎湖山亚热带常绿针阔混交林(DHS)与西双版纳热带雨林季雨林(XSBN)等4种典型生态系统类型的碳收支特征开展了长期、连续的观测研究.本研究利用ChinaFLUX的连续观测资料,初步分析和评价了4种生态系统2003年碳收支的季节变化及其环境响应特征.在2003年,各生态系统的碳收支对环境因子的变化产生了不同的响应.CBS生态系统的碳收支主要受到了辐射与温度的控制,0℃和10℃是两个重要的临界温度,前者控制了生态系统碳交换的起止时间,后者影响了生态系统碳交换的强度.由于生态系统光合作用(GPP)出现峰值的时间早于呼吸(Re)作用,因此,CBS生态系统的净交换(NEE)在早夏达到最大值.由于夏季降水与温度的不同步性,QYZ生态系统的碳收支受到了干旱的制约,其降低主要来自于生态系统GPP的降低.DHS与XSBN生态系统均表现出在旱季碳吸收强、而雨季吸收弱的特征,特别是XSBN从旱季到雨季的转变过程中出现了由碳汇向碳源的转变.这主要是由于这两个生态系统在雨季的降水量较大,光合有效辐射不足,导致生态系统GPP受到抑制,而尺。随温度升高而增大所致.XSBN的生态系统呼吸温度敏感性参数(Q10)与年呼吸总量最大,CBS与QYZ次之,DHS最小,但CBS生态系统每天的呼吸释放量最高.在2003年,CBS,QYZ,DHS和XSBN的NEE分别为181.5,360.9,536.2和-320.8g·C·m-2·a-1.在CBS,QYZ和DHS三种生态系统之间,随着纬度的降低,温度与降水表现出明显的纬度梯度,生态系统Re占GPP比例逐渐降低,NEE与Re的比例随纬度的降低而逐渐增大.每天的光合吸收量、光能利用率和降水利用效率均表现出了随纬度降低而减少的趋势.但XSBN生态系统往往脱离这一纬度趋势.由于森林生态系统结构和功能具有的高度复杂性,需要更长时间的观测数据和开展更深入的分析,以科学解释不同生态系统对气候环境变化的响应和准确评价生态系统的碳收支能力.

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土壤风蚀是蒙古高原北部典型草原区土地退化的主导因素之一.运用137Cs核素示踪技术对蒙古国巴彦淖尔、哈拉和林的不同牧场和弃耕地土壤风蚀速率进行了研究.巴彦淖尔草原牧场、割草场采样点土壤风蚀速率在64.58~169.07t·km-2·a-1之间,均为微度侵蚀水平.哈拉和林弃耕地年均土壤风蚀厚度4.05mm·a-1,风蚀速率为6723.06t·km-2·a-1,达强度侵蚀水平,自20世纪60年代开垦以来,表层土壤累计风蚀损失17.4cm.牧场和弃耕地风蚀速率的差异表明,在蒙古高原北部典型草原区,人为翻动表土,发展种植业,会导致严重的土壤风蚀发生,而传统牧业生产方式对土壤表层扰动较少,未导致破坏性的土壤风蚀发生,对维持生态系统稳定性有重要作用.