Comparison between young males and females with acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE: To assess the differences between young males and females after acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 236 patients (54 females and 182 males) after acute myocardial infarction and during hospital stay assessed the following parameters: risk factors; the treatment used; the pattern of coronary artery obstruction; left ventricular ejection fraction; complications; and, using a logistic regression model, the factors related to the occurrence of reinfarction and death. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed between the sexes in risk factors, pattern of coronary artery obstruction, and left ventricular function. The time interval between symptom onset and treatment was longer in females (p=0.03), who underwent thrombolysis (p=0.01) and angioplasty (p=0.03) less frequently than males did, but not myocardial revascularization. Female sex (OR = 5.98) and diabetes (OR = 14.52) were independent factors related to the occurrence of reinfarction and death. CONCLUSION: Young males and females after acute myocardial infarction did not differ in coronary risk factors, and clinical and hemodynamic characteristics. Females had their treatment started later, and they underwent chemical thrombolysis and angioplasty less frequently than males did. Female sex and diabetes were related to the occurrence of reinfarction and death.

Endomyocardial fibrosis in infancy

The patient was a 4-month-old infant, who underwent persistent ductus arteriosus interruption with titanium clips at the age of 13 days and, since the age of 2 months, had crises of hypoxia and hypertonicity. After clinical investigation, the presence of pulmonary hypertension was confirmed and left ventricular inflow tract obstruction was suspected. The patient underwent surgical treatment at the age of 4 months, during which right and left ventricular endocardial fibrosis was identified. The fibrosis was resected, but the infant had an unfavorable clinical evolution with significant diastolic restriction and died on the sixth postoperative day. Anatomicopathological and surgical findings suggested endomyocardial fibrosis, although that pathology is very rare at the patient's age.

Comparative study of the use of diltiazem as an antispasmodic drug in coronary angiography via the transradial approach

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the use, prior to the procedure, of injectable diltiazem to prevent complications. METHODS: Between September 2000 and July 2001, 50 patients underwent transradial coronary angiography and were randomized to receive placebo (GI) or diltiazem (GII) through a catheter inserted into the radial artery. All patients received isosorbide mononitrate. Ultrasound analyses of the radial artery were performed before examination, 30 minutes afterwards, and 7 days afterwards to evaluate the flow, the diameter, and the artery output. RESULTS: The radial artery diameter of GI was 2.4± 0.5 mm before the procedure and 2.3±0.5 mm after 30 minutes (NS), whereas in GII the diameter was 2.2±0.3 mm before the examination and 2.5±0.4 mm 30 minutes after it (P<0.001). Radial artery output in group 1 was 7.3±5.l2 mL/min before the examination and 6.1±3.5 mL/min 30 minutes after the examination (NS), and GII had an increase of 5.9±2.5 mL/min before examination to 9.05± 7.78 mL/min after the examination (P=0.04). Complications (spasm, occlusion, and partial obstruction) occurred in 4 patients (17.4%) in GI and did not occur in GII (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: The study suggests a decrease in vascular complications through the transradial access for coronary angiography with the use of diltiazem as an antispasmodic drug, resulting in the significant increase in the diameter of the radial artery and radial artery output.

Demographic characteristics of the population undergoing cine coronary angiography at the Instituto do Coração of the Medical School of USP from 1986 to 1995

OBJECTIVE: To obtain information about the profile and behavior of a population with ischemic heart disease undergoing cine coronary angiography and to determine disease severity. METHODS: Retrospective study assessing patients hospitalized at InCor from 1986 to 1995, in which the variables age, sex, and number of major coronary arteries with obstruction degree > 40% were analyzed. RESULTS: We studied 18,221 patients and observed a significant increase in the number of females (22.8% to 25.2%, P=0.001) and an increase in age (57.1±29.3 to 60.4±10.7 years, P=0.0001). A significant increase in the incidence of multivessel disease was observed, which was more frequent among males (69.2% and 64.5%) and among the older patients (59.8±9.8 and 56.8±10.7 years, P=0.0001). A reduction in the incidence of single-vessel disease was also observed (66.2% vs 69.2% and 33.8% vs 30.5%, respectively, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: A change in the profile of the population studied was observed as follows: patients undergoing cine coronary angiography at InCor were older, had a greater number of impaired major coronary arteries, and the number of females affected increased, leading to indices suggestive of a poorer prognosis.

Prevalencia relativa de Microdeleción 22q11.2 en pacientes pediátricos y adultos asistidos en la Ciudad de Córdoba

La microdeleción intersticial 22q11.2, es la más frecuentes en humanos; se estima una prevalencia de 1/ 4000 recién nacidos, presentando una marcada variabilidad Clínica que abarca Síndrome de Di George, Velocardiofacial, Cayler, cardiopatías conotruncales aisladas, formas autosómicas dominantes de Opitz BBB y un subtipo de esquizofrenia caracterizada por dismorfias y disfunción cognitiva. Hipótesis: en nuestro medio existe un subdiagnóstico de esta patología especialmente adultos con problemas de comportamiento tardíos, probablemente atribuible al desconocimiento de la gran variabilidad fenotípica. Objetivos: estimar la prevalencia relativa de microdeleción 22q11.2 en nuestro medio. Correlacionar los hallazgos clínicos con la citogenética de alta resolución y molecular. Diagnosticar las formas heredables. Material y Método: se evaluaran prospectivamente los pacientes derivados por los servicios de cardiología, cardiocirugía, inmunología, psiquiatría que reúnan criterios clínicos de sospecha de microdeleción 22q11.2 desde octubre de 2009 hasta septiembre de 2011. Se excluirán pacientes con cardiopatías conotruncales, insuficiencias velopalatinas, inmunodeficiencias y esquizofrenia encuadradas en otros diagnósticos. Se solicitará consentimiento informado. Se realizará evaluación clínica en el consultorio de Genética Médica. Se efectuará citogenética con técnicas de alta resolución e hibridación in situ fluorescente (FISH). A los progenitores de los pacientes positivos se les realizará igual evaluación clínica y de laboratorio. Resultados: se espera realizar diagnóstico de certeza de microdeleción 22q11.2 en el 90% de los Síndromes de Di George/Velocardiofacial, 20% de las anomalías conotruncales aisladas, 7 al 10% de las formas heredables, 2% de pacientes con esquizofrenia; en este último grupo; el porcentaje puede ascender a un 6%, según datos publicados, si se eligen subpoblaciones de pacientes con retraso del desarrollo, dismorfias, antecedentes de trastornos en el aprendizaje y el lenguaje, voz nasal, historia de hipocalcemia y de aplasia o hipoplasia tímica. Importancia del proyecto: realizar diagnóstico precoz de esta entidad en pacientes pediátricos, adultos con esquizofrenia y formas heredables, lo que permitirá realizar un abordaje interdisciplinario integral de estos individuos y su familia, contribuyendo a un uso racional de los recursos disponibles para optimizar la calidad del servicio de salud. Pertinencia: en relación al tema “innovación y desarrollo tecnológico en medicamentos y tecnología médica” se realizarán técnicas de citogenética molecular (hibridación in situ fluorescente-FISH), indicadas para realizar diagnóstico de certeza de la enfermedad, tanto en las formas esporádicas como en las heredables

Prevalencia relativa de microdeleción 22Q11.2 en pacientes pediátricos y adultos asistidos en la ciudad de Córdoba.

La microdeleción intersticial 22q11.2, es la más frecuentes en humanos; se estima una prevalencia de 1/ 4000 recién nacidos, presentando una marcada variabilidad Clínica que abarca Síndrome de Di George, Velocardiofacial, Cayler, cardiopatías conotruncales aisladas, formas autosómicas dominantes de Opitz BBB y un subtipo de esquizofrenia caracterizada por dismorfias y disfunción cognitiva. Hipótesis: en nuestro medio existe un subdiagnóstico de esta patología especialmente adultos con problemas de comportamiento tardíos, probablemente atribuible al desconocimiento de la gran variabilidad fenotípica. Objetivos: estimar la prevalencia relativa de microdeleción 22q11.2 en nuestro medio. Correlacionar los hallazgos clínicos con la citogenética de alta resolución y molecular. Diagnosticar las formas heredables. Material y Método: se evaluarán prospectivamente los pacientes derivados por los servicios de cardiología, cardiocirugía, inmunología, psiquiatría que reúnan criterios clínicos de sospecha de microdeleción 22q11.2 desde octubre de 2009 hasta septiembre de 2011. Se excluirán pacientes con cardiopatías conotruncales, insuficiencias velopalatinas, inmunodeficiencias y esquizofrenia encuadradas en otros diagnósticos. Se solicitará consentimiento informado. Se realizará evaluación clínica en el consultorio de Genética Médica. Se efectuará citogenética con técnicas de alta resolución e hibridación in situ fluorescente (FISH). A los progenitores de los pacientes positivos se les realizará igual evaluación clínica y de laboratorio. Resultados: se espera realizar diagnóstico de certeza de microdeleción 22q11.2 en el 90% de los Síndromes de Di George/Velocardiofacial, 20% de las anomalías conotruncales aisladas, 7 al 10% de las formas heredables, 2% de pacientes con esquizofrenia; en este último grupo; el porcentaje puede ascender a un 6%, según datos publicados, si se eligen subpoblaciones de pacientes con retraso del desarrollo, dismorfias, antecedentes de trastornos en el aprendizaje y el lenguaje, voz nasal, historia de hipocalcemia y de aplasia o hipoplasia tímica. Importancia del proyecto: realizar diagnóstico precoz de esta entidad en pacientes pediátricos, adultos con esquizofrenia y formas heredables, lo que permitirá realizar un abordaje interdisciplinario integral de estos individuos y su familia, contribuyendo a un uso racional de los recursos disponibles para optimizar la calidad del servicio de salud.Pertinencia: en relación al tema "innovación y desarrollo tecnológico en medicamentos y tecnología médica" se realizarán técnicas de citogenética molecular (hibridación in situ fluorescente-FISH), indicadas para realizar diagnóstico de certeza de la enfermedad, tanto en las formas esporádicas como en las heredables.

Determinación química del aceite esencial de Schinus areira L. (Aguaribay) y su actividad antioxidante.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Durante su evolución, las plantas han desarrollado un sistema químico de defensa con el fin de combatir el estrés del medio ambiente utilizando sus metabolitos secundarios. De todos los productos químicos secundarios sintetizados por las plantas, los terpenos han contribuido significativamente al desarrollo de nuevos compuestos y son producidos por una gran variedad de plantas, algunos animales (insectos y organismos marinos) y microorganismos. Son abundantes en frutas, cereales, verduras y flores, en musgos, algas y líquenes y son un componente importante de las resinas de las plantas, constituyendo uno de los grupos más amplios de fitonutrientes. Los terpenos son los principales componentes de los aceites esenciales de las plantas aromáticas y tienen gran actividad biológica y actúan como antioxidantes protegiendo los lípidos del ataque de radicales libres de especies del oxígeno, como oxígeno singlete, y radicales hidroxilo, peróxido y superóxido. OBJETIVO GENERAL. Determinar la composición química del aceite esencial de S. areira y la actividad anti-oxidante de la fracción rica en terpenos hidrocarburos y sus componentes mayoritarios, en un modelo experimental de pulmón de ratón. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS: a) Obtener el aceite esencial a partir de hojas de S. areira; b) Identificar y cuantificar los terpenos presentes en el aceite esencial de S. areira; c) Separar la fracción mayoritaria del aceite esencial (AE) (terpenos hidrocarburos); d)Detectar a nivel pulmonar los posibles efectos anti-oxidante de la administración intraperitoneal (i.p.) de la fracción de hidrocarburos obtenidas del aceite esencial de S. areira y de sus componentes mayoritarios, en un modelo inflamatorio. MATERIALES Y METODOS: 1) Obtención de las muestras de S. areira: Serán recolectada en la localidad de Mendiolaza, Córdoba. Un ejemplar de la misma será depositado en el Museo Botánico de la Fac. Cs. Ex. Fís. y Nat., UNC.2) Obtención del AE: El material vegetal será obtenido por destilación por arrastre por vapor de agua en un equipo tipo Clevenger modificado. 3) Fraccionamiento AE: Se separará la fracción mayoritaria del aceite que corresponde a la de los terpenos hidrocarburos con el fin de determinar su actividad biológica. Dicha separación se llevará a cabo por cromatografía en placa delgada (CCD) utilizando n-hexano o cloroformo como sistema de solvente para la fase móvil. También se determinará la actividad de los compuestos mayoritarios, los cuales serán obtenidos de muestras comerciales (ICN Pharmaceuticals) y para el caso de los que no estén disponibles en el comercio, serán aislados por técnicas cromatográficas. 4) Identificación y cuantificación de los terpenos del AE:Para la cuantificación de los terpenos, se realizará un análisis por cromatografía gas-liquido-espectrometría de masas (GC-MS) empleando un equipo Perkin Elmer Q600 equipado con detector de ionización de llama, con una columna capilar Elite-wax (Crossband-PEG) (60m x 0. 25 mm ID x 0. 25 µm df). La interpretación de los espectros de masas se realizará utilizando una biblioteca Adamns, NIST y por comparación con espectros similares tomados de bibliografía. 5) Inducción de inflamación con LPS y tratamiento con una fracción del AE de S. areira: Se procederá a la instilación nasal de LPS (1,67µg/Kg de peso corporal) y a las 2hs, la administración intraperitoneal de la fracción hidrocarbonada de AE (300 mg/Kg) y se determinará a las 3hs: TNF-α; infiltrado celular y dienos conjugados en muestras obtenidas en lavado bronqueo-alveolar en pulmón de ratón. 6) Genotoxidad: Se utilizará Allium cepa L. para evaluar aberraciones cromosómicas. Estadística : Se analizarán los datos con ANAVA: no paramétrico con Kruskal Wallis y Dunn a posterior (InfoStat, 2010). De los resultados se espera obtener un perfil químico de los terpenos hidrocarbonados de S. areira y evaluar su posible acción antioxidante.

Síndrome brânquio-óculo-facial (BOFS) e cardiopatias congênitas

Relatamos aqui o caso de um menino com 43 dias de vida, apresentando síndrome brânquio-óculo-facial (BOFS) e cardiopatia congênita. Na avaliação clínica, ele possuía retardo de crescimento, pregas epicânticas, fendas palpebrais pequenas, telecanto, base nasal alargada, fenda labial falsa (pseudocleft), micrognatia, orelhas displásicas e rotadas posteriormente, fendas branquiais, pescoço curto e alado, mamilo extranumerário, hipotonia e reflexos tendinosos profundos diminuídos. A ecocardiografia verificou presença de um defeito do septo atrioventricular completo do tipo A e persistência do canal arterial. Essa descrição fortalece a possibilidade de que defeitos cardíacos congênitos possam fazer parte do espectro de anormalidades observado na BOFS.

Evaluación de la enfermedad alérgica respiratoria: el concepto de unidad de la vía aérea.

Introducción: Existen evidencias epidemiológicas, funcionales y patológicas que vinculan las vías aéreas superior e inferior, reconocidas clínicamente como una vía aérea única. Objetivos: 1.Estudiar la enfermedad alérgica en la vía aérea. 2. Investigar el impacto pulmonar de la enfermedad de la vía aérea superior. 3. Comparar el efecto bronquial de la enfermedad de la vía aérea superior de etiología alérgica y no alérgica. Población y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, descriptivo y analítico. Se incluirán niños y adolescentes entre 6 y 18 años con síntomas de rinitis alérgica y no alérgica de diferentes grados de gravedad clínica, sin asma. Se establecerá por historia clínica, edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal y duración de la rinitis. Se realizarán pruebas cutáneas con aeroalergenos, espirometría por curva flujo-volumen y estudio de citología nasal, dosaje de inmunoglobulinas. Se calculará un tamaño muestral mínimo con un poder de 80%, una confianza de 95% y una precisión de 10%, para una prevalencia estimada de rinitis pura de 30% en 150 sujetos, aplicando la fórmula n=Zα2 p(1-p)/i2. Se realizará un muestreo no aleatorio sucesivo. Resultados esperados: La rinitis produciría alteraciones subclínicas en los parámetros de funcionalidad pulmonar. Dicho impacto podría variar de acuerdo al grado clínico de rinitis y su etiología. Utilidad potencial de los resultados: Profundizar el conocimiento de la fisiología de la vía aérea como una unidad y detectar el posible impacto funcional de la rinitis sobre la vía aérea inferior y sus potenciales implicancias terapéuticas.

Obstrucao Coronaria apos Implante por Cateter de Protese Valvar Aortica

Fundamentos: O implante por cateter de bioprótese valvar aórtica (TAVI) consolidou-se como alternativa para o tratamento de pacientes com estenose aórtica importante de alto risco cirúrgico. Contudo, há poucos dados na literatura com respeito à obstrução coronária que, apesar de rara, trata-se de grave complicação do TAVI. Objetivo: Avaliar, no contexto brasileiro, a presença dessa importante complicação. Métodos: Foram avaliados todos os casos de obstrução coronária incluídos no Registro Brasileiro de TAVI. Foram coletados dados clínicos, do procedimento, do manejo e de evolução intra-hospitalar. Resultados: Entre 418 pacientes consecutivos do registro, ocorreram três casos de obstrução coronária (incidência de 0,72%). Em sua totalidade, os pacientes eram do sexo feminino, sem cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) prévia, com idade média de 85 ± 3 anos, EuroSCORE logístico de 15 ± 6% e STS de 9 ± 4%. Todos os casos foram realizados com a válvula balão-expansível Sapien XT. Em um dos pacientes, com dados de tomografia computadorizada pré-procedimento, verificaram-se origem das artérias coronárias baixa e seio de Valsalva estreito. Todos os pacientes apresentaram-se clinicamente com hipotensão importante e mantida, imediatamente após o implante da válvula, e, apesar de angioplastia com implante de stent, todos os pacientes foram a óbito, sendo dois periprocedimento e um durante hospitalização. Conclusão: A obstrução coronária como complicação do TAVI, apesar de rara, é potencialmente fatal, podendo ocorrer mais frequentemente em mulheres e com as próteses expansíveis por balão. Fatores anatômicos podem estar relacionados com sua ocorrência, ressaltando-se a importância de boa avaliação pré-procedimento no sentido de evitar essa grave complicação.

Efeito Agudo da Pressao Positiva Continua sobre a Pressao de Pulso na Insuficiencia Cardiaca Cronica

Fundamento: Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) apresentam disfunção ventricular esquerda e redução da pressão arterial média (PAM). O aumento do estímulo adrenérgico causa vasoconstrição e resistência dos vasos, mantendo a PAM, enquanto aumenta a resistência vascular periférica e a rigidez dos vasos condutores. O aumento da pressão de pulso (PP) reflete a complexa interação do coração com os sistemas arteriais e venosos. O aumento da PP é um importante marcador de risco em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca crônica (ICC). A ventilação não invasiva (VNI) tem sido utilizada para IC aguda descompensada para melhorar a congestão e a ventilação pelos efeitos respiratórios e hemodinâmicos. No entanto, nenhum desses estudos relatou o efeito da VNI na PP. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os efeitos agudos da VNI com CPAP (pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas) sobre a PP em pacientes ambulatoriais com ICC. Métodos: Seguindo um protocolo randomizado, duplo-cego, cruzado e controlado com placebo, 23 pacientes com ICC (17 homens, 60 ± 11 anos, IMC 29 ± 5 kg/cm2, classes II e III da NYHA) foram submetidos à CPAP via máscara nasal durante 30 minutos na posição reclinada. A pressão da máscara foi de 6 cmH2O, enquanto o placebo foi fixado em 0-1 cmH2O. PP e outras variáveis hemodinâmicas não invasivas foram avaliadas antes, durante e depois do placebo e do modo CPAP. Resultados: A CPAP diminuiu a frequência cardíaca de repouso (pré: 72 ± 9; pós 5 min: 67 ± 10 bpm , p < 0,01) e PAM (CPAP: 87 ± 11; controle 96 ± 11 mmHg , p < 0,05 pós 5 min). A CPAP diminuiu a PP (CPAP: 47 ± 20 pré para 38 ± 19 mmHg pós; controle: 42 ± 12 mmHg, pré para 41 ± 18 pós p < 0,05 pós 5 min). Conclusão: A VNI com CPAP diminuiu a pressão de pulso em pacientes com ICC estável. Ensaios clínicos futuros devem investigar se esse efeito está associado com melhora no desfecho clínico.

Risk Prediction of Cardiovascular Complications in Pregnant Women With Heart Disease

Abstract Background: Heart disease in pregnancy is the leading cause of non- obstetric maternal death. Few Brazilian studies have assessed the impact of heart disease during pregnancy. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with cardiovascular and neonatal complications. Methods: We evaluated 132 pregnant women with heart disease at a High-Risk Pregnancy outpatient clinic, from January 2005 to July 2010. Variables that could influence the maternal-fetal outcome were selected: age, parity, smoking, etiology and severity of the disease, previous cardiac complications, cyanosis, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class > II, left ventricular dysfunction/obstruction, arrhythmia, drug treatment change, time of prenatal care beginning and number of prenatal visits. The maternal-fetal risk index, Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy (CARPREG), was retrospectively calculated at the beginning of prenatal care, and patients were stratified in its three risk categories. Results: Rheumatic heart disease was the most prevalent (62.12%). The most frequent complications were heart failure (11.36%) and arrhythmias (6.82%). Factors associated with cardiovascular complications on multivariate analysis were: drug treatment change (p = 0.009), previous cardiac complications (p = 0.013) and NYHA class III on the first prenatal visit (p = 0.041). The cardiovascular complication rates were 15.22% in CARPREG 0, 16.42% in CARPREG 1, and 42.11% in CARPREG > 1, differing from those estimated by the original index: 5%, 27% and 75%, respectively. This sample had 26.36% of prematurity. Conclusion: The cardiovascular complication risk factors in this population were drug treatment change, previous cardiac complications and NYHA class III at the beginning of prenatal care. The CARPREG index used in this sample composed mainly of patients with rheumatic heart disease overestimated the number of events in pregnant women classified as CARPREG 1 and > 1, and underestimated it in low-risk patients (CARPREG 0).

Spectrum of cardiac lesions associated with Isolated Cleft Mitral Valve and their impact on therapeutic choices

Abstract Background: Isolated cleft mitral valve (ICMV) may occur alone or in association with other congenital heart lesions. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of cardiac lesions associated with ICMV and their potential impact on therapeutic management. Methods: We conducted a descriptive study with data retrieved from the Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) single-center registry of our institution, including patients with ICMV registered between December 2008 and November 2014. Results: Among 2177 patients retrieved from the CHD registry, 22 (1%) had ICMV. Median age at diagnosis was 5 years (6 days to 36 years). Nine patients (40.9%) had Down syndrome. Seventeen patients (77.3%) had associated lesions, including 11 (64.7%) with accessory chordae in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) with no obstruction, 15 (88.2%) had ventricular septal defect (VSD), three had secundum atrial septal defect, and four had patent ductus arteriosus. Thirteen patients (59.1%) required surgical repair. The decision to proceed with surgery was mainly based on the severity of the associated lesion in eight patients (61.5%) and on the severity of the mitral regurgitation in four patients (30.8%). In one patient, surgery was decided based on the severity of both the associated lesion and mitral regurgitation. Conclusion: Our study shows that ICMV is rare and strongly associated with Down syndrome. The most common associated cardiac abnormalities were VSD and accessory chordae in the LVOT. We conclude that cardiac lesions associated with ICMV are of major interest, since in this study patients with cardiac lesions were diagnosed earlier. The decision to operate on these patients must take into account the severity of both mitral regurgitation and associated cardiac lesions.

Variação morfométrica em Bothropoides jararaca (Serpentes, Viperidae) no Rio Grande do Sul

Apesar de machos e fêmeas de serpentes nascerem com o mesmo tamanho, as taxas de crescimento e a idade da maturação sexual podem ser diferentes, determinando dimorfismo sexual em estágios posteriores da vida. Avaliamos a ocorrência de variação morfométrica sexual e ontogenética em Bothropoides jararaca (Wied, 1824), explorando as relações entre tamanho corporal e amadurecimento sexual através de 14 variáveis morfométricas. Foram analisados 142 espécimes provenientes do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. Os dados morfométricos - comprimento da cabeça, rostro-cloacal, da cauda, comprimento total; largura da cabeça, ocular, nasal, loreal, da cauda; distância ocular-nasal, ocular-loreal, loreal-nasal, ventral-sinfisal e rostral-labial - e comprimento/diâmetro dos folículos ovarianos, foram tomados em milímetros, através de régua simples e paquímetro analógico de precisão 0,05 mm. A determinação sexual foi realizada por inspeção das gônadas. A classificação etária foi associada à maturidade sexual. Para as análises estatísticas foram utilizadas análises de variância (ANOVA) com teste de Tukey post hoc, regressão linear e análise discriminante canônica (ADC). A maioria das medidas indicou dimorfismo sexual (ANOVA, P<0,05) apenas em adultos (Tukey, P<0,05). As análises de regressão mostram que o comprimento rostro-cloacal explica o comportamento das demais variáveis (P<0,001) e que em todas as medidas as fêmeas crescem mais que os machos. A ADC foi exitosa em separar as classes sexuais e etárias, apresentando significado biológico, considerando 79,2% dos casos como corretamente classificados.

Investigações sobre doenças de Psittacideos

The present paper colligates the notions acquired in previous investigations, already published, and new observations upon diseases of the psittacidae, liable to be confused with psittacosis of parrots. The author calls attention to the indifference with regard to this question shown by investigators, even by those who dealt with the study of this disease on the occasion of the latest outbreak of psittacosis, in flagrant contrast with the researches upon the alterations induced by pathogenic agents of other diseases transmissible to man, when these agents pass through animals or when the latter are depositaries of the virus. This remark considerably enhances the importance of the presence paper from a hygienic and epidemiologic point of view, representing moreover a contribution to general knowledge and to veterinary medicine. The researches carried out since the appearance of the latest outbreak of psittacosis,-which occurred simultaneously with an epizooty in parrots lodged in aviary of the park of Agua Branca (Directory of Animal Industry of the State São Paulo)-led to the verification of the frequent existence in these animals of various diseases liable to be confused with psittacosis. These diseases are due to two kinds of pathogenic agents: virus and bacteria. In the first group there are to be found the diseases occasioned by the virus of human psittacosis, discovered by Western, Bedson and Simpson, and the disease me with in parrots coming from traders in S. Paulo. The infections by bacteria of the genus Salmonella and by those of other genera belong to the second group. As differential characters of the two infections due to virus, delineated on the strength of notions drawn from a detailed experimental study and from the literature on this subject, the following are given: ¹ Samples of our virus were sent, for comparison, to various investigators of psittacosis. Amongst them, Prof. M. Rivers acceded to our request; he found its nature to be different from that of the virus of psittacosis studiedby him. We are very much obliged to him for the attention he paid to this verification. Virus of psittacosis - Infectiousness: man, monkey, rabbit, mouse, hen, canary. Neurotropic affinity. Inclusions: small, protoplasmic. Exsiccation: the virus has good power of preservation. Symptoms: inactivity, drowsiness, frequent diarrhoea, oculo-nasal discharge and cough, coma. Duration: 4 to 5 days. Bodily lesions: congestion of intestines, splenomegaly. Virus of S. Paulo - Infects only psittacidae, particularly those of the genus Amazona. No localization in the nervous system. Large, nuclear. Is rapidly destroyed. Inactivity, inappetency, adynamia (drooping of the wings, indifference, leaning its beak against the bars of the cage in order not to fall down); profuse diarrhoea, of whitish stools, at times enterorrhagia; prolonged coma. 2 to 8 days. Foci of yellowish necrosis in liver, spleen and lung. At times, congestion of intestines. Characteristic features common to the two viruses.-They act in great dilutions, filter through tight candles though being partly retained, are preserved under glycerine or Bedson's solution, are stable at 55°C. heat and are destroyed by physical and chemical agents. Both virus diseases are very seldom met with in psittacidae: only once, amongst numberless sick parrots, the author met with a disease of the virus differring from that of psittacosis. This disease, greatly transmissible to man, ought to be more frequent, if it were common in parrots. On the contrary, bacteria cause diseases in these animals with great frequency, presenting variable characters, from a severe epizootic form, rapidly mortal, to ambulatory or silent forms, for the most part developing towards a cure or assuming a chronic character. Amongst the bacteria which cause the infection of this group the salmonellae predominate and amongst them the bacterium discovered by Nocard, as well as a species which in the course of this study is characterized under the name of Salmonella nocardi. The author believes that in the epizooty from which Nocard isolated his bacterium there was association of the virus-disease inducing the epizooty of that epoch in Paris with the bacterial disease, as must have happened in Argentina, where the disease was transmitted to man, and Santillan, according to Barros, isolated from the sick parrots bacteria of the genus Salmonella. The diseases of the two groups, that due to virus and that due to bacteria, are differentiated: Virus-diseases - Evolution: rapid, nearly always followed by death. Symptoms: sadness, profuse diarrhoea, of whitish stools, at times enterorrhagia, complete inappetency, adynamia, indifference, prolonged coma. Clinical forms: acute and subacute. Lesions: Foci of necrosis in liver and spleen without cellular reaction around the focus, yellow liver, multiple serositis. Presence of protoplasmic or nuclear granulations. Bacteriology: Complete lack or inconstant presence of bacteria in the organs and blood. Infectiousness of the organs and blood after filtration: positive. Bacterial diseases - Varies from one week to a month or more, not always fatal. Sadness, partial inappetency, tremblings, intensive thirst, mucous or mucosanguineous diarrhoea, lack of adynamia (reacts to stimulations and moves well at any time of the disease, though showing little disposition to locomotion), soiling of feathers. Frustrate, acute, subacute and chronic. Hepatic and intestinal cogestion, foci of necrosis in liver, spleen and lung with cellular reaction around the focus. Lack of granulations. Constant presence of bacteria in the organs and blood. Negative. The analysis of the litterature shows that the characteristic features of the diseases in parrots referred to parrot psittacosis, more frequently approach the bacterial diseases here described of these animals, a hypothesis which is reinforced by the observation of the greater frequency of infections...