Taking Transgenic Plants with a Pinch of Salt

Making plants resistant to salty environments would be a boon for developing countries where poor land management has rendered large areas of arable land unfit for crop production. In a Perspective, Frommer and colleagues discuss how genetic engineering can be used to confer salt tolerance on plants ( see Apse et al.) and explore the implications of this feat for improving crop production in developing countries.

Chemistry of pore water and solids, formation factors and salt-corrected porosities of DSDP Site 68-503

Recent discoveries relating to the circulation of fluids within the oceanic crust include the finding of both important fluxes of elements and isotopes into the oceans by ridge-crest hydrothermal convection and important fluxes of heat out of the oceanic crust by convection at ridge crests and at some distance from ridge crests. In the present chapter, I present isotopic, chemical, and physical data from sediments and pore waters of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Holes 503A and 503B. These results are modeled in terms of pore-water diffusion, advection, and production to ascertain the relative contribution of these processes at this location, 7.5 m.y. removed from ridge-crest hydrothermal activity. The observations made here contribute to the understanding of chemical and heat transport in oceanic crust of moderate age.

¿Literatura comparada? Una propuesta metodológica comparativa aplicada a dos cronistas urbanos en Chile y Catalunya

La presente ponencia trabaja en torno a un género moderno de carácter híbrido, en el cual convergen elementos propios de los géneros literarios, pero que se publica originalmente en un medio periodístico, los diarios y revistas: la crónica urbana. Específicamente, pretende aplicar la teoría de los polisistemas, de Itamar Even-Zohar, al estudio comparado de dos cronistas de la primera mitad del siglo XX, que pertenecen a dos contextos de producción distintos: el primero es Joaquín Edwards Bello, escritor chileno, y el segundo es Josep Pla, escritor catalán. Se consideran, siguiendo a Even Zohar, en este estudio, los múltiples factores que influyen en la escritura de sus crónicas, su relación con la institución periodística y la institución literaria de su época y cómo influyen estas relaciones en determinadas características del género que cultivan. Se pretende, finalmente, ofrecer una herramienta teórico-metodológica que permita abordar un estudio comparado que valore este género más allá de su relación con la producción propiamente literaria de los autores, otorgándole una dignidad discursiva que los propios autores, a través de diversas técnicas empleadas en su escritura, reivindican

¿Literatura comparada? Una propuesta metodológica comparativa aplicada a dos cronistas urbanos en Chile y Catalunya

La presente ponencia trabaja en torno a un género moderno de carácter híbrido, en el cual convergen elementos propios de los géneros literarios, pero que se publica originalmente en un medio periodístico, los diarios y revistas: la crónica urbana. Específicamente, pretende aplicar la teoría de los polisistemas, de Itamar Even-Zohar, al estudio comparado de dos cronistas de la primera mitad del siglo XX, que pertenecen a dos contextos de producción distintos: el primero es Joaquín Edwards Bello, escritor chileno, y el segundo es Josep Pla, escritor catalán. Se consideran, siguiendo a Even Zohar, en este estudio, los múltiples factores que influyen en la escritura de sus crónicas, su relación con la institución periodística y la institución literaria de su época y cómo influyen estas relaciones en determinadas características del género que cultivan. Se pretende, finalmente, ofrecer una herramienta teórico-metodológica que permita abordar un estudio comparado que valore este género más allá de su relación con la producción propiamente literaria de los autores, otorgándole una dignidad discursiva que los propios autores, a través de diversas técnicas empleadas en su escritura, reivindican

¿Literatura comparada? Una propuesta metodológica comparativa aplicada a dos cronistas urbanos en Chile y Catalunya

La presente ponencia trabaja en torno a un género moderno de carácter híbrido, en el cual convergen elementos propios de los géneros literarios, pero que se publica originalmente en un medio periodístico, los diarios y revistas: la crónica urbana. Específicamente, pretende aplicar la teoría de los polisistemas, de Itamar Even-Zohar, al estudio comparado de dos cronistas de la primera mitad del siglo XX, que pertenecen a dos contextos de producción distintos: el primero es Joaquín Edwards Bello, escritor chileno, y el segundo es Josep Pla, escritor catalán. Se consideran, siguiendo a Even Zohar, en este estudio, los múltiples factores que influyen en la escritura de sus crónicas, su relación con la institución periodística y la institución literaria de su época y cómo influyen estas relaciones en determinadas características del género que cultivan. Se pretende, finalmente, ofrecer una herramienta teórico-metodológica que permita abordar un estudio comparado que valore este género más allá de su relación con la producción propiamente literaria de los autores, otorgándole una dignidad discursiva que los propios autores, a través de diversas técnicas empleadas en su escritura, reivindican

Oxygen isotope values from biogenic apatie (conodont elements and fish teeth) from the Lower Triassic Mianwali Formation (Salt Range, Pakistan)

Recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction is frequently described as delayed, with complex ecological communities typically not found in the fossil record until the Middle Triassic epoch. However, the taxonomic diversity of a number of marine groups, ranging from ammonoids to benthic foraminifera, peaked rapidly in the Early Triassic. These variations in biodiversity occur amidst pronounced excursions in the carbon isotope record, which are compatible with episodes of massive CO2 outgassing from the Siberian Large Igneous Province. Here we present a high-resolution Early Triassic temperature record based on the oxygen isotope composition of pristine apatite from fossil conodonts. Our reconstruction shows that the beginning of the Smithian substage of the Early Triassic was marked by a cooler climate, followed by an interval of warmth lasting until the Spathian substage boundary. Cooler conditions resumed in the Spathian. We find the greatest increases in taxonomic diversity during the cooler phases of the early Smithian and early Spathian. In contrast, a period of extreme warmth in the middle and late Smithian was associated with floral ecological change and high faunal taxonomic turnover in the ocean. We suggest that climate upheaval and carbon-cycle perturbations due to volcanic outgassing were important drivers of Early Triassic biotic recovery.

AMS and EBSD maps of rock salt - lamprophyre dyke contact zone, Loule diapir, Algarve basin, Portugal

A rock salt-lamprophyre dyke contact zone (sub-vertical, NE-SW strike) was investigated for its petrographic, mechanic and physical properties by means of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and rock magnetic properties, coupled with quantitative microstructural analysis and thermal mathematical modelling. The quantitative microstructural analysis of halite texture and solid inclusions revealed good spatial correlation with AMS and halite fabrics. The fabrics of both lamprophyre and rock salt record the magmatic intrusion, "plastic" flow and regional deformation (characterized by a NW-SE trending steep foliation). AMS and microstructural analysis revealed two deformation fabrics in the rock salt: (1) the deformation fabrics in rock salt on the NW side of the dyke are associated with high temperature and high fluid activity attributed to the dyke emplacement; (2) On the opposite side of the dyke, the emplacement-related fabric is reworked by localized tectonic deformation. The paleomagnetic results suggest significant rotation of the whole dyke, probably during the diapir ascent and/or the regional Tertiary to Quaternary deformation.

Vertical variations in basic salt composition of interstitial waters from Pacific sediments

Basic chemical composition of interstitial water in sediments of the Northwestern Pacific along a profile from the continental shelf of the Japan Trench to the ocean bed is discussed. Transformation of interstitial water in sediments rich in organic matter on the continental shelf and at the bottom of the Japan Trench is indicated. Variation in the vertical direction of elementary constituents of interstitial salt solution and variations in certain biogenic elements permit to make conclusions concerning processes taking place in sediments during sedimentation and diagenesis. These processes cause both metamorphism of water and transformation of organic and mineral content of sediments.

Wave height (regular and irregular waves) reduction in 2m water depth over a 40-m-long salt marsh test section in a large scale laboratory flume

Coastal communities around the world face increasing risk from flooding as a result of rising sea level, increasing storminess, and land subsidence. Salt marshes can act as natural buffer zones, providing protection from waves during storms. However, the effectiveness of marshes in protecting the coastline during extreme events when water levels and waves are highest is poorly understood. Here, we experimentally assess wave dissipation under storm surge conditions in a 300-m-long wave flume that contains a transplanted section of natural salt marsh. We find that the presence of marsh vegetation causes considerable wave attenuation, even when water levels and waves are high. From a comparison with experiments without vegetation, we estimate that up to 60% of observed wave reduction is attributed to vegetation. We also find that although waves progressively flatten and break vegetation stems and thereby reduce dissipation, the marsh substrate remained remarkably stable and resistant to surface erosion under all conditions.The effectiveness of storm wave dissipation and the resilience of tidal marshes even at extreme conditions suggest that salt marsh ecosystems can be a valuable component of coastal protection schemes.