Amostragem de poluentes particulados emitidos pela queima de biomassa em correntes confinadas

It is clear today the ever-accelerating search for new fuels that will eventually replace those that will survive in our society, which are fossil fuels. For this reason, a fuel used since the dawn of humanity and much studied since then, considered the generator of clean, renewable energy, can earn more and more space in the power generation sector, which is biomass. We performed two experiments with two different types of biomass, one from the Amazon rainforest and other pine and eucalyptus as waste from the sawmill UNESP Itapeva. In the first experiment, conducted at the Laboratory of Combustion and Propulsion INPE Cachoeira Paulista were conducted three tests in a chimney with a fan creating forced ventilation, where the biomass was burned and deposited on a support beneath the hood. In the second experiment was conducted to analyze the emission of particulate matter using biomass (waste) from the sawmill on the campus of UNESP experimental Itapeva the burning of it in a burner for heating water for a wood oven. In these experiments we used a particle called DATARAM4 sampler that is capable of sampling both outdoors and inside of pipelines, which is the focus of this work. With this equipment it was possible to measure the concentration of particulate matter in all the firings as above, and compare them to levels acceptable in the current law, always trying to analyze the so-called fine particles, which are those with diameters less than 2.5 μm. Using data obtained from the equipment was also possible to evaluate the diametral distribution of particulate matter in question, and verify which phases of the flares in the concentration and the diameters of the particles are the most critical. In this work we concluded that in all firings conducted concentrations of particulate matter were higher than that allowed by the law, and the diameters were found that are more harmful to human health

Efeito da tarefa dupla no andar livre de pacientes com demência de Alzheimer

Nos idosos, o andar tem sido associado com a preservação das funções cognitivas. Entretanto, pacientes com Demência de Alzheimer (DA), apresentam modulações durante o andar, decorrente das disfunções no lobo frontal, principalmente no córtex motor e declínio nas funções executivas. Contudo, a marcha de idosos com DA pode ser mais vulnerável na presença de uma tarefa dupla, pois esses idosos apresentam déficits nas ações que exigem planejamento, atenção e ajustes motores. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar no paradigma da tarefa dupla os valores médios das variáveis espaciais e temporais do andar de pacientes com DA. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 19 idosos com DA, sendo 14 mulheres e 5 homens. Os pacientes com DA realizaram 5 tentativas das seguintes tarefas: andar livre sem tarefa dupla e andar livre com tarefa dupla. A tarefa dupla realizada pelos pacientes foi uma contagem regressiva iniciando do número vinte. As variáveis espaço-temporais foram coletadas através de um sistema optoeletrônico de análise do movimento. As variáveis analisadas foram comprimento da passada, largura do passo, duração da fase de suporte simples e duplo suporte, duração da passada e velocidade da passada. Para verificar as diferenças entre as condições experimentais no andar livre foi utilizado o teste t de Student pareado (p<0,05) com fator para tarefa. O teste t pareado revelou efeito da tarefa no comprimento da passada, largura do passo, suporte simples, duplo suporte, duração da passada e velocidade da passada. Os pacientes reduziram o comprimento e a velocidade da passada e aumentaram a largura do passo e as durações do suporte simples, duplo suporte e da passada na condição marcha livre com contagem em comparação com a marcha livre sem contagem. Concluiu-se que a tarefa dupla interfere nos parâmetros...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Analise mecânica e microestrutural em estruturas tubulares aeronáuticas soldadas de aço ABNT 4130

Airplane Motor Cradles have a complex geometry, since they require different conbinations between different tubes and TIG welded in several angles. In T-25 aircraft and Universal T-27 Tucano (EMBRAER / FAB), besides having to bear the engine balance, these components maintain fixed the nose landing gear in another extremity. They are considered critical to flight safety, and for this reason, the aviation standards are extremely rigid in their production, imposing a zero index” of defects on the final weld metal quality. These structures may be containing an historical of welding repairs, whose effects on their structural integrity are not computed. In this work we analyzed the standardised AISI 4130 steel and the raw steel of tubes to the Airplane Motor Cradles. First of all, microscopy and microanalysis of the base steel, then we analyzed the effects of the TIG weld. Tensile testing was conducted to measure the difference between the mechanical properties of standardised steel and without this treatment

Diagnóstico dos resíduos gerados nas oficinas mecânicas de veículos automotivos do município de São Carlos-SP

The mechanical garages do varied types to activities related to the reparation from vehicles such as change from Motor oil, change and cleaning from car pieces, motor rectification, among others. These activities generate different kinds of waste and wastewater that when disposed in an inappropriate way can pollute the environmentand cause risks to the public health. Despite the environmental issues that involves these enterprises, they aren´t object of environmental licensing and there are any rules that regularizes their activities with the goal of these possible environmental impacts mitigation. The environmental diagnosis proposed by the present work has as goal the knowledge of the possible environmental aspects and their effects in the environment, for establishing control measures and from that to generate subsidy for environmental normatization of the sector in the municipal level. Furthermore, it should also define practices as waste production reduction, separation of them at the generator source and convenient final disposal, as well as wastewater production reduction and treatment of them before its launching in the wastewater network. The environmental diagnosis was based on a survey realized in garages from the city of São Carlos – SP, in order to define the more important characteristics of this activity that are related to the environment and public health. From the obtained information from the survey and the interpretation of the data, subsidy for the municipal environment management of the mechanical garages were generated.

Capacidade funcional em idosos com 80 ou mais anos de idade

Introdução: O envelhecimento e/ou fatores a ele associados pode levar à diminuição dos componentes de capacidade funcional (CF). Tal redução pode comprometer a realização das atividades da vida diária (AVDs), a independência e a qualidade de vida do idoso. A avaliação de tais componentes reveste-se de importância para conhecer o estado funcional bem como prescrever programas de atividades físicas para a população idosa. Objetivo: Analisar os níveis dos componentes de CF em idosos com 80 anos ou mais de idade, assim como verificar e comparar os resultados entre gêneros desse mesmo estudo e também com outras faixas de idade através de resultados já existentes na literatura. Método: Sessenta idosos (30 homens e 30 mulheres) com idade de 80 anos ou mais realizaram a bateria de testes motores da American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD), que avaliou os seis componentes de CF (flexibilidade, coordenação, agilidade, equilíbrio, força e capacidade aeróbia). Os dados foram analisados pela estatística descritiva e pela comparação de médias entre os dois gêneros e com os resultados, já previamente existentes, de outras faixas etárias, por meio do teste t de Student e teste t (resumo amostral) para p <0,05. Resultados: A comparação entre gêneros apresentou resultados com diferença estatisticamente significativa no componente capacidade aeróbia, com melhores valores para os homens, e nos componentes força e flexibilidade com melhores resultados para as mulheres. A comparação com faixas etárias mais jovens revelou diferença estatisticamente significativa para todos os componentes, sendo que apenas a flexibilidade apresentou melhores resultados para as idosas com 80 anos ou mais. Conclusão: Conclui-se, dessa forma, que homens com 80 anos ou mais de idade possuem menores valores de flexibilidade e resistência de força... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Proposta de um dispositivo para ajuste automático da altura de uma cama hospitalar

This paper proposes a mechanical device to adapt a simple model of hospital bed used in the Emergency Department at Santa Casa of Guaratinguetá, allowing the bed’s height adjustment with electromechanical drive. This adaptation aims to introduce improvements in the routine work of nurses and reduce ergonomic problems stemming from repetitive strain during the transfer of patients to stretchers and wheelchairs, as well as providing more comfort to the bedridden patient. The device is mainly composed of: an electric induction motor used to drive the engine, a steel spindle with square thread, which allows axial displacement of the bed, a transmission system with pulleys and belt, which transmits power supplied by the motor to the spindle. The mechanism allows the height of the bed is regulated between 400 and 800 mm. The estimated implementation cost of this proposal is lower than the acquisition cost of a commercial hospital bed with the same features, which confirms the feasibility of the proposed solution

Estudo sobre fornos de tratamento térmico e propostas de cogeração de energia em usina siderurgica não integrada

Steel industry is a sector heavily dependent on energy, both electrical and thermal. Since the receipt of raw materials to the shipment of finished products to customers, through mergers, casting, rolling, heat treatment, inspection, among others, high amounts of energy are demanded, generating very significant costs to the productive chain in its entirety . Therefore, any alternative that favors the reduction in energy consumption or barateie the cost of this is very welcome. Within this context, this paper aims to make a technical and economic analysis of installing a cogeneration plant in the field rolling in a non-integrated steel mill. Two configurations are proposed plants, with one being the use of heat from waste gases from furnaces existing in the area mentioned and another with the use of heat from waste gases from an internal combustion engine. Both proposals are evaluated technically and later is done the economic analysis, calculating the financial return (pay back) in relation to the investment required, operation and maintenance of the plant

Análise da viabilidade econômica na implantação de inversores frequência em sistemas de bombeamento

The present work aims to conduct a study of the economic feasibility of the implementation of variable frequency inverters in pump systems with variable flow rates. The concern with the reduction of energy expenditure in industries raised in 2001 due to the energy crisis that hit Brazil at that time, forcing industries to reduce their electric costs under penalty of fines if this were not done (MOREIRA, 2008). Frequency inverter is an electronic device that allow greater control in the operation of pumping systems and also a reduction in electrical consumption, being a viable solution to achieve a reduction in energy consumption. For the development of this work, approaching important topics in pumping systems was necessary in order to make a correct choice of hydraulic pumping and also other components responsible for the operation of the system , such as electric motors and frequency inverters. In the case study, a theoretical analysis of the behavior of electrical consumption in systems with variable flow rates was performed, comparing when the system is operated via frequency inverters and when the system is operated without such a device. As expected, the result of the implantation of the device was quite satisfactory, and the primary goal of reducing energy expenditure was achieved. Also important to highlight the environmental issue of this work, as all forms of energy production affects nature in some way, achieving a reduction in consumption also contributes indirectly in environmental conservation

Modelagem e simulação do mecanismo biela manivela e análise estrutural de biela automotiva

Nowadays, the automotive industry is working to optimize the design of engines, in order to reduce the fuel consumption with acceptable efficiency ratio. This undergraduate thesis is aimed at perform a kinematic/dynamic analysis of a slider-crank mechanism that is part of a four stroke internal combustion engine, the same engine that was used in the analysis described by Montazersadhd and Fatemi (2007). Two algorithms were developed based on Kane’s method to calculate velocities and accelerations of the mechanism bodies, and provide the acting forces at connecting rod joints. A SimMechanics model was developed to simulate the engine, and monitoring the same parameters that were calculated with the algorithms. The results obtained with both approaches were satisfactory and showed good agreement with the values provided by Montazersadhd and Fatemi (2007). The obtained results showed that the axial component of the rod joint efforts was caused by the pressure exerted on the piston head,whereas the radial component was related with the action of inertia loads. Besides, this thesis presents a connecting rod assembly mesh that is going to be used for static and fatigue finite element analysis in the future

Controle de velocidade e tração de rodas independentes para veículos elétricos

This work presents a proposal to replace thetraditional system of traction electric car that usesone electric motor and a mechanical differential, by two electric motors of lower power, controlled byelectronic control low cost. The proposed control isopen loop and uses the technique of Pulse WidthModulation (PWM), discrete and synchronizedaiming to reduce the generation of harmonics. The implementation of two smaller motor one on each wheel-drive distributes the weight of the vehicle, improving the heat exchange of the windings,beyond enable the power components supporting a current of 50% predicted for only one motor . The solution adopted for being open-loop, has a similar behavior to the mechanical differential, where theeffort imposed by the trajectory makes the velocity distribution between the wheels be appropriate tovehicle trajectory

Avaliação dos efeitos do Imidaclopride, sobre o sistema nervoso de Apis mellifera africanizada, através da expressão da proteína FOS

As abelhas Apis mellifera africanizadas são consideradas importantes agentes polinizadores que estão freqüentemente expostos à ação tóxica de inseticidas aplicados em cultivos. O imidaclopride é um inseticida sistêmico do grupo dos neonicotinóides e atua como agonista da acetilcolina nas sinapses do sistema nervoso central. Em abelhas foi verificado, através do método de resposta de extensão da probóscide (REP), que doses subletais de imidaclopride provocam deficiência no aprendizado olfatório e prejudicam a memória. A proteína Fos, expressa em neurônios, tem sua transcrição alterada por diversos estímulos como estresse, lesões, exposição a toxinas ou a predadores. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos neurotóxicos do inseticida imidaclopride, em operárias de Apis mellifera africanizadas, através da análise da expressão de Fos. Abelhas recém-emergidas e campeiras foram tratadas com 10, 20, 40 e 80 ng/abelha de imidaclopride e seus cérebros dissecados 15 minutos, 30 minutos, 1 hora e 4 horas após a ingestão do composto. Houve uma marcação positiva para Fos nos ocelos e na região dos olhos, principalmente na lâmina e na retina. Tal resultado era esperado, uma vez que o as abelhas foram expostas a luminosidade, durante a realização dos ensaios. Os lobos antenais são constituídos por prolongamentos de células sensoriais das antenas e pelos neurônios motores e os corpos pedunculados são tidos como os centros de processamento dos estímulos sensoriais recebidos pelos olhos e pelas antenas, assim, esperava-se que houvesse marcação positiva nestas regiões. Porém isto não foi observado no presente trabalho. Analisando-se os valores quantitativos da expressão da proteína Fos percebeu-se que não houve um padrão de ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Efeitos da atividade física sobre equilíbrio, risco de quedas e função cognitiva de idosos com demência de Alzheimer: Salma Stéphany Soleman Hernandez. -

The Alzheimer’s dementia represents a clinical condition inherent to many chronic and neurodegenerative diseases that are usually related to a decline in the cognitive and physical functions. The objective of this experimental design research was to analyze the effects of a regular and systemized physical activity program over the cognitive functions, balance and risk of falls of elderly with Alzheimer’s Dementia (DA). The sample was made of 16 elderly with DA, distributed in two groups: a) intervention group – GI (9 subjects that had participated in a program of physical activity, that consisted of 3 weekly sessions of 60 minutes each, in alternated days and with a duration of 6 months); b) control group – GC (7 subjects that did not participate in the program of physical activity). Both groups maintained the doctoral and pharmacological assistance routine. The subjects passed through two different evaluations (pre and post-intervention) the questionnaire (Mini-exam of Mental State for cognitive functions) and motor tests (Berg Functional Balance Scale – EEFB, Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) time (TUGs) and steps (TUGp) and the test of agility and dynamic balance (AGILEQ) of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education Recreation and Dance for elderly). The obtained results were, respectively in the pre and post-intervention moments: a) AGILEQ (GI = 39,1 ± 10,2 and 38,4 ± 8,9 and GC = 45,6 ± 16,7 and 59,9 ± 22,0 seconds) with the statistically interaction significant (ANOVA two-way; F1,14 = 32,07; p=0,01) between groups and moments; b) TUGs (GI = 9,8 ± 2,5 and 9,5 ± 3,3 and GC = 10,6 ± 4,5 and 12,7 ± 7,3 seconds) the test UMann Whitney did not appoint any significant differences between the groups in the post-intervention moment, however the analyzes of Wilcoxon evidenced a ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Análise do consumo de energia elétrica e da eficiência energética em uma indústria de processamento de madeira

In the industries of wood processing (sawmills), where timber is sawn in equipment such as band saws, circular saws, trowel, thicknessers, among others, that mechanically transform this resource and use of electric motors, which are not unusually poorly scaled working or overloaded, often a factor that is not found in these industries and has fundamental importance in the production process is energy efficiency that is achieved by both technological innovation and through all the practices and policies that aim to lower energy consumption, lowering energy costs and increasing the amount of energy offered no change in generation. For both during the design of an electrical installation, both overall and in various sectors of the installation, investigations are necessary, considerations and uses of variables and factors that put into practice the theme of energy efficiency. Therefore, in this paper, these factors were calculated and analyzed for a wood processing industry (sawmill) in the municipality of Taquarivaí - SP, namely: active power, power factor, demand factor and load factor. Where they were small in relation to the literature, these events that occur when devices are connected at the same time and due to the conditions of processing the wood, where the engines have large variations in electricity consumption during the unfolding of the same, due to efforts with the load and idle moments between each machining operation in the equipment

Otimização do processo de usinagem da superliga nimonic 80A utilizando o Método de Taguchi

Atualmente, atender as necessidades dos consumidores é uma das metas mais importantes, os consumidores estão em busca de produtos com qualidade e preços mais acessíveis, para isso, é indispensável que as empresas se atualizem para melhorar seus produtos e serviços. Com este cenário, as superligas estão cada vez mais ganhando mercado, pois possuem ótimas propriedades, principalmente em relação a operar em temperaturas elevadas, podendo proporcionar maior eficiência para motores que necessitam trabalhar em altas temperaturas. Em contra partida a essa vantagem, as superligas possuem uma baixa usinabilidade, sendo importante a análise do processo de usinagem para se tornarem mais aplicáveis. Este trabalho visa à otimização do processo de torneamento cilíndrico da superliga Nimonic 80A, com o intuito de melhorar a qualidade do produto, utilizando o Método de Taguchi, com o arranjo ortogonal L16, sendo o comprimento de corte definido como variável resposta e analisados seis fatores que poderiam influenciar na sua variação, tais fatores são: velocidade de corte, avanço, profundidade de corte, tipo de pastilha, lubrificação e dureza do material. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os fatores avanço, tipo de pastilha e lubrificação são significativos e exercem influencia no processo, sendo que o avanço deve ser ajustado no nível de 0,12 mm/rev, a pastilha a ser utilizada deve ser CP250 e a lubrificação deve ser feita de maneira abundante, para a otimização do processo. Com a análise dos resultados, também podemos observar a eficiência e confiabilidade do método utilizado, mostrando resultados coerentes

Exercício físico, marcadores inflamatórios e genótipo da APOE em idosos com comprometimento cognitivo leve e idosos cognitivamente preservados

Pós-graduação em Ciências da Motricidade - IBRC