La professione docente tra rappresentazioni e progetto formativo. Un'analisi pedagogica della competenza degli insegnanti secondari

This thesis deals with the professional characteristics of secondary school teachers, with particular regard to their competence and their education. The topic will be approached starting from the characteristics and trasnformations social research has identified concerning Italian teachers, focusing on secondary teacher training. After a brief look at Europe, the attention will be directed to Italy, with particular regard to the Postgraduate Schools of Specialisation for Secondary School Teachers (SSIS); hence the need for an analysis that focuses on teaching per se and its concrete pratice. For its nature to be fully grasped, teaching must be reconsidered as an independent object of study, a performance in which competence manifests itself and a form of action involving a set of tacit and personal knowledge. A further perspective opens up for analysis, according to which the professional characteristics of teachers are the result of an education in which the whole history of the subject is involved, in its educative, formative, professional and personal aspects. The teaching profession is imbued with implicit meanings which are inaccessible to conscience but orient action and affect the interpretation of experience. Through the analysis of three different empirical data sets, collected among teachers-in-training and teachers qualified at SSIS, I will try to investigate the actual existence, the nature and the features of such implicit knowledge. It appears necessary to put the claims of process-product approaches back in their right perspective, to the benefit of a holistic conception of teaching competence. The teacher is, at the same time, “he who is teaching” and offers a concrete receiver the fruit of an endless work of study, reflection, practice and self-update. To understand this process will mean to penetrate more and more deeply into the core of teaching and teaching competence , a competence that in some respects “is” always “that” teacher, with his or her own story, implicit knowledge and representations.

Valutazione dell'impatto della farmacogenetica in ambito di Sanità Pubblica. Analisi del polimorfismo genetico dell'enzima CYP2D6 metabolizzante xenobiotici.

Pharmacogenetic testing provides an outstanding opportunity to improve prescribing safety and efficacy. In Public health policy pharmacogenetics is relevant for personalized therapy and to maximize therapeutic benefit minimizing adverse events. CYP2D6 is known to be a key enzyme responsible for the biotransformation of about 25-30% of extensively used drugs and genetic variations in genes coding for drug-metabolizing enzymes might lead to adverse drug reactions, toxicity or therapeutic failure of pharmacotherapy. Significant interethnic differences in CYP2D6 allele distribution are well established, but immigration is reshaping the genetic background due to interethnic admixture which introduces variations in individual ancestry resulting in distinct level of population structure. The present thesis deals with the genetic determination of the CYP2D6 alleles actually present in the Emilia-Romagna resident population providing insights into the admixture process. A random sample of 122 natives and 175 immigrants from Africa, Asia and South America where characterized considering the present scenario of migration and back migration events. The results are consistent with the known interethnic genetic variation, but introduction of ethnic specific variants by immigrants predicts a heterogeneous admixed population scenario requiring, for drugs prescription and pharmacogenetics studies, an interdisciplinary approach applied in a properly biogeographical and anthropological frame. To translate pharmacogenetics knowledge into clinical practice requires appropriated public health policies, possibly guiding clinicians to evaluate prospectively which patients have the greatest probability of expressing a variant genotype.

Analisi spazio-temporale degli effetti di stress di origine antropica sull’ecosistema intertidale di spiagge sabbiose nell’alto Adriatico

Il presente lavoro di tesi si inserisce all’interno del progetto Europeo Theseus (Innovative technologies for European coasts in a changing climate), volto a fornire una metodologia integrata per la pianificazione sostenibile di strategie di difesa per la gestione dell’erosione costiera e delle inondazioni che tengano in conto non solo gli aspetti tecnici ma anche quelli sociali, economici e ambientali/ecologici. L'area oggetto di studio di questo elaborato di tesi è la zona costiera della Regione Emilia Romagna, costituita unicamente da spiagge sabbiose. In particolare si è focalizzata l’attenzione sulla zona intertidale, in quanto, essendo l’ambiente di transizione tra l’ambiente marino e quello terrestre può fornire indicazioni su fenomeni erosivi di una spiaggia e cambiamenti del livello del mare, unitamente alla risposta agli interventi antropici. Gli obiettivi della tesi sono sostanzialmente tre: un primo obiettivo è confrontare ecosistemi di spiagge dove sono presenti strutture di difesa costiera rispetto a spiagge che ne erano invece prive. Il secondo obiettivo è valutare l’impatto provocato sugli ecosistemi di spiaggia dall’attività stagionale del “bulldozing” e in ultimo proporre un sistema esperto di nuova concezione in grado di prevedere statisticamente la risposta delle comunità bentoniche a diversi tipi di interventi antropici. A tal fine è stato pianificato un disegno di campionamento dove sono stati indagati tre siti differenti per morfologia e impatto antropico: Cesenatico (barriere e pratica bulldozing), Cervia, dissipativa e non soggetta a erosione (assenza di barriere e ma con pratica del bulldozing) e Lido di Dante, tendenzialmente soggetta a erosione (senza barriere e senza pratica del bulldozing). Il campionamento è stato effettuato in 4 tempi (due prima del “bulldozing” e due dopo) nell’arco di 2 anni. In ciascun sito e tempo sono stati campionati 3 transetti perpendicolari alla linea di costa, e per ogni transetto sono stati individuati tre punti relativi ad alta, media e bassa marea. Per ogni variabile considerata sono stati prelevati totale di 216 campioni. Io personalmente ho analizzato i campioni dell’ultima campagna di campionamento, ma ho analizzato l’insieme dei dati. Sono state considerate variabili relative ai popolamenti macrobentonici quali dati di abbondanza, numero di taxa e indice di diversità di Shannon e alcune variabili abiotiche descrittive delle caratteristiche morfologiche dell’area intertidale quali granulometria (mediana, classazione e asimmetria), detrito conchigliare, contenuto di materia organica (TOM), pendenza e lunghezza della zona intertidale, esposizione delle spiagge e indici morfodinamici. L'elaborazione dei dati è stata effettuata mediante tecniche di analisi univariate e multivariate sia sui dati biotici che sulle variabili ambientali, “descrittori dell’habitat”, allo scopo di mettere in luce le interazioni tra le variabili ambientali e le dinamiche dei popolamenti macrobentonici. L’insieme dei risultati delle analisi univariate e multivariate sia dei descrittori ambientali che di quelli biotici, hanno evidenziato, come la risposta delle variabili considerate sia complessa e non lineare. Nonostante non sia stato possibile evidenziare chiari pattern di interazione fra “protezione” e “bulldozing”, sono comunque emerse delle chiare differenze fra i tre siti indagati sia per quanto riguarda le variabili “descrittori dell’habitat” che quelle relative alla struttura dei popolamenti. In risposta a quanto richiesto in contesto water framework directive e in maniera funzionale all’elevate complessità del sistema intertidale è stato proposto un sistema esperto basato su approccio congiunto fuzzy bayesiano (già utilizzato con altre modalità all’interno del progetto Theseus). Con il sistema esperto prodotto, si è deciso di simulare nel sito di Cesenatico due ripascimenti virtuali uno caratterizzato da una gralometria fine e da uno con una granulometria più grossolana rispetto a quella osservata a Cesenatico. Il sistema fuzzy naïve Bayes, nonostante al momento sia ancora in fase di messa a punto, si è dimostrato in grado di gestire l'elevato numero di interazioni ambientali che caratterizzano la risposta della componente biologica macrobentonica nell'habitat intertidale delle spiagge sabbiose.

Performance evaluation of low environmental impact asphalt concretes using the mechanistic empirical design method based on laboratory fatigue and permanent deformation models

The "sustainability" concept relates to the prolonging of human economic systems with as little detrimental impact on ecological systems as possible. Construction that exhibits good environmental stewardship and practices that conserve resources in a manner that allow growth and development to be sustained for the long-term without degrading the environment are indispensable in a developed society. Past, current and future advancements in asphalt as an environmentally sustainable paving material are especially important because the quantities of asphalt used annually in Europe as well as in the U.S. are large. The asphalt industry is still developing technological improvements that will reduce the environmental impact without affecting the final mechanical performance. Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is a type of asphalt mix requiring lower production temperatures compared to hot mix asphalt (HMA), while aiming to maintain the desired post construction properties of traditional HMA. Lowering the production temperature reduce the fuel usage and the production of emissions therefore and that improve conditions for workers and supports the sustainable development. Even the crumb-rubber modifier (CRM), with shredded automobile tires and used in the United States since the mid 1980s, has proven to be an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional asphalt pavement. Furthermore, the use of waste tires is not only relevant in an environmental aspect but also for the engineering properties of asphalt [Pennisi E., 1992]. This research project is aimed to demonstrate the dual value of these Asphalt Mixes in regards to the environmental and mechanical performance and to suggest a low environmental impact design procedure. In fact, the use of eco-friendly materials is the first phase towards an eco-compatible design but it cannot be the only step. The eco-compatible approach should be extended also to the design method and material characterization because only with these phases is it possible to exploit the maximum potential properties of the used materials. Appropriate asphalt concrete characterization is essential and vital for realistic performance prediction of asphalt concrete pavements. Volumetric (Mix design) and mechanical (Permanent deformation and Fatigue performance) properties are important factors to consider. Moreover, an advanced and efficient design method is necessary in order to correctly use the material. A design method such as a Mechanistic-Empirical approach, consisting of a structural model capable of predicting the state of stresses and strains within the pavement structure under the different traffic and environmental conditions, was the application of choice. In particular this study focus on the CalME and its Incremental-Recursive (I-R) procedure, based on damage models for fatigue and permanent shear strain related to the surface cracking and to the rutting respectively. It works in increments of time and, using the output from one increment, recursively, as input to the next increment, predicts the pavement conditions in terms of layer moduli, fatigue cracking, rutting and roughness. This software procedure was adopted in order to verify the mechanical properties of the study mixes and the reciprocal relationship between surface layer and pavement structure in terms of fatigue and permanent deformation with defined traffic and environmental conditions. The asphalt mixes studied were used in a pavement structure as surface layer of 60 mm thickness. The performance of the pavement was compared to the performance of the same pavement structure where different kinds of asphalt concrete were used as surface layer. In comparison to a conventional asphalt concrete, three eco-friendly materials, two warm mix asphalt and a rubberized asphalt concrete, were analyzed. The First Two Chapters summarize the necessary steps aimed to satisfy the sustainable pavement design procedure. In Chapter I the problem of asphalt pavement eco-compatible design was introduced. The low environmental impact materials such as the Warm Mix Asphalt and the Rubberized Asphalt Concrete were described in detail. In addition the value of a rational asphalt pavement design method was discussed. Chapter II underlines the importance of a deep laboratory characterization based on appropriate materials selection and performance evaluation. In Chapter III, CalME is introduced trough a specific explanation of the different equipped design approaches and specifically explaining the I-R procedure. In Chapter IV, the experimental program is presented with a explanation of test laboratory devices adopted. The Fatigue and Rutting performances of the study mixes are shown respectively in Chapter V and VI. Through these laboratory test data the CalME I-R models parameters for Master Curve, fatigue damage and permanent shear strain were evaluated. Lastly, in Chapter VII, the results of the asphalt pavement structures simulations with different surface layers were reported. For each pavement structure, the total surface cracking, the total rutting, the fatigue damage and the rutting depth in each bound layer were analyzed.

Le strategie di internazionalizzazione delle imprese distrettuali: un'analisi comparata di tre diversi sistemi locali di produzione in Emilia Romagna

Since the Nineties, the process of globalization has caused a sharp increase in the real and financial integration of the worldwide economy, reducing the obstacles to international trade and minimizing the cost of transaction. The entrance of foreign firms in the domestic market has deeply modified the competitive situation of Italian enterprises, which have been forced to change their strategies in order to cope with those of the new competitors. In this scenario, internationalization is no longer one of the different strategic options available for the firm, but it becomes a forced choice to maintain or acquire a competitive advantage sustainable over time. Internationalization strategies of SMEs, however, are hindered by the shortage of financial resources and entrepreneurial skills, therefore this kind of firms tends toward light forms of foreign expansion, like export and subcontracting. Despite this, many studies have demonstrated that the district localisation increases the firms’ productivity and innovative capacity, so their competiveness both at a domestic and international level. The majority of these empirical contributions has focused mainly on the analysis of commercial flows, confirming that district enterprises reach a superior international performance compared to their external competitors. On the contrary, only few works have tried to evaluate the existence of a district effect on the firms’ ability to invest abroad, but the obtained results are not straightforward. One of the reason of these conclusions is that the phenomena has been analysed without taking into account the differences existing between districts in terms of enterprises’ dimension, diffusion of industrial groups and, above all, the sector of productive specialization, because the technological content of production could improve the innovativeness of district firms, allowing them to adopt advanced forms of internationalisation as foreign direct investments (FDI). The aim of the thesis is to further investigate the district effect on internationalisation, trough an econometric analysis of the international strategies carried out by firms localised in three different local system of production characterised by different technological specialization.