Från problemföretag till kapitalförvaltning : Sveriges statliga företag 1980-2007

The Swedish State is a large owner of enterprises. The Swedish Government Office administers 54 companies/groups, of which 40 are wholly-owned and 14 partly-owned by the State. A total of approximately 180,000 people are employed in these enterprises. The State is moreover one of the largest owners of the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The total value of the enterprises is assessed at around SEK 750 billion. This study focuses on the key reasons why the Swedish State has had ownership in a wide range of companies. The study provides, with the help of earlier research, an historical review of government involvement in business. A deeper analysis of the Swedish situation is presented for the period 1980-2007. Concrete reasons are identified, along with explanations of the development of the state–owned sector, with respect to turnover, employment, industrial structure, results and investment. The development of the rules for Corporate Governance in the State sector is explained. This study also includes a look at the creation of State-owned subsidiaries as the means to develop and expand business. In addition, this examination presents a systematization of important reasons why new State-owned companies will be created. A creation which must be considered as a dynamic process over time.

Social capital and health : variations, associations and challenges

Although social capital and health have been extensively studied during the last decade, there are still open issues in current empirical research. These concern for instance the measurement of the concept in different contexts, as well as the association between different types of social capital and different dimensions of health. The present thesis addressed these questions. The general aim was to promote the understanding of social capital and health by investigating the oldest old and the two major language groups in Finland, Swedish- and Finnish-speakers. Another aim was to contribute to the discussion on methodological issues in social capital and health research. The present thesis investigated two empirical data sets, Umeå 85+ and Health 2000. The Umeå 85+ study was a cross-sectional study of 163 individuals aged 85, 90, and 95 or older, living in the municipality of Umeå, Sweden, in the year of 2000. The Health 2000 survey was a national study of 8,028 persons aged 30 or above carried out in Finland in 2000-2001. Different indicators of structural (e.g. social contacts) and cognitive (e.g. trust) social capital, as well as health indicators were used as variables in the analyses. The Umeå 85+ data set was analyzed with factor analysis, as well as univariate and multivariate analysis of variance. The Health 2000 data was analyzed with logistic regression techniques. The results showed that the Swedish-speakers in the Finnish data set Health 2000 had consistently higher prevalence of social capital compared to the Finnish-speakers even after controlling for central sociodemographic variables. The results further showed that even if the language group differences in health were small, the Swedishspeakers experienced in general better self-reported health compared with the Finnish-speakers. Common sociodemographic variables could not explain these observed differences in health. The results imply that social capital is often, but not always, associated with health. This was clearly seen in the Umeå 85+ data set where only one health indicator (depressive symptoms) was associated with structural social capital among the oldest old. The results based on the analysis of the Health 2000 survey demonstrated that the cognitive component of social capital was associated with self-rated health and psychological health rather than with participation in social activities and social contacts. In addition, social capital statistically reduced the health advantage especially for Swedish-speaking men, indicating that high prevalence of social capital may promote health. Finally, the present thesis also discussed the issue of methodological challenges faced with when analyzing social capital and health. It was suggested that certain components of social capital such as bonding and bridging social capital may be more relevant than structural and cognitive components when investigating social capital among the two language groups in Finland. The results concerning the oldest old indicated that the structural aspects of social capital probably reflect current living conditions, whereas cognitive social capital reflects attitudes and traits often acquired decades earlier. This is interpreted as an indication of the fact that structural and cognitive social capital are closely related yet empirically two distinctive concepts. Taken together, some components of social capital may be more relevant to study than others depending on which population group and age group is under study. The results also implied that the choice of cut-off point of dichotomization of selfrated health has an impact on the estimated effects of the explanatory variables. When the whole age interval, 35-64 years, was analyzed with logistic regression techniques the choice of cut-off point did not matter for the estimated effects of marital status and educational level. The results changed, however, when the age interval was divided into three shorter intervals. If self-rated health is explored using wide age intervals that do not account for age-dependent covariates there is a risk of drawing misleading conclusions. In conclusion, the results presented in the thesis suggest that the uneven distribution of social capital observed between the two language groups in Finland are of importance when trying to further understand health inequalities that exist between Swedish- and Finnish-speakers in Finland. Although social capital seemed to be relevant to the understanding of health among the oldest old, the meaning of social capital is probably different compared to a less vulnerable age group. This should be noticed in future empirical research. In the present thesis, it was shown that the relationship between social capital and health is complex and multidimensional. Different aspects of social capital seem to be important for different aspects of health. This reduces the possibility to generalize the results and to recommend general policy implementations in this area. An increased methodological awareness regarding social capital as well as health are called for in order to further understand the cfomplex association between them. However, based on the present data and findings social capital is associated with health. To understand individual health one must also consider social aspects of the individuals’ environment such as social capital.

Hemmet som ethos : en idéhistorisk studie av hur hemmet som ethos blev evident i hälsosysterns vårdande under 1900-talets första hälft

The home as ethos, an ethical dimension of human beings, is this study’s focus of interest. Can the home as ethos comprise motive and driving force for a human being? This dissertation has a mainly hermeneutic approach with a Caring Science interpretive horizon. Firstly, the purpose of this study is to develop the concept “home” through etymological and semantic analysis. The concept’s Caring Science content is also investigated. Secondly, the purpose of this study is to investigate, through the use of a history of ideas method, how the home as ethos is made visible and evident in public health nurses’ caring during the first half of the 20th century. Which motives compromise the driving force behind public health nurses’ caring? Which idea patterns are stressed? Material for the study’s concept determination consists of tymological dictionaries as well as Swedish language dictionaries published from 1850 – 2001. The results of the concept determination provide a preliminary idea-model, where dimensions such as ethos as a human being’s innermost room, human beings’ manner of being, and the metaphor “my home is my castle” are stressed. These results comprise the background of the history of ideas portion of the study. The study’s history of ideas investigation occurs through the evaluation and interpretation of historical sources focusing on the caring provided by public health nurses. Public health nurses comprise both the context and prevalent traditions during the time-period studied. The historical sources consist of three different types of sources, namely textbooks, archived material, and the professional nursing journals Epione and Sairaanhoitajatarlehti. The purpose is to rediscover fundamental idea-patterns through the thematic structuring of the patterns appearing in the historical sources. Three main idea-patterns and underlying themes are rediscovered: love- a fire which burns inside human beings; reverence for human beings and home; and the honor of responsibility. The emerging patterns are tightly interwoven and form a pattern. A new interpretation occurs, widening the study’s horizon and leading to the emergence of the theory-model’s contours. The study’s theory-model is formed from three different levels. Ethos as a human being’s innermost room- the spirit, encompasses a human being’s value base and the spirit that he/she is permeated with. Fundamental values are converted into an internal ethic, becoming visible in human beings’ manner of being- the manner of conduct. The metaphor “my home is my castle”- the tone, symbolizes the room where a human being’s abstract or concrete being lives. The spirit, the ethos, is expressed in a home’s culture and atmosphere, that is to say the tone of a home or how one lives in a room. Communion is a significant component in the creation of a culture and atmosphere. This study’s theory-model gives rise to a new perspective that can generate new patterns of action. The study’s theory-model results in a new historically-based view that create new patterns of action in care and Caring Science today.

Kotimaisten pankkien vuosikertomukset

Suomen Pankin kirjastossa on kattava kokoelma kotimaisten pankkien ja rahoituslaitosten vuosikertomuksia. Kokoelmaan kuuluu liikepankkien, osuus- ja säästöpankkien ja investointipankkien vuosikertomuksia. Lisäksi kokoelmassa säilytetään Helsingin pörssin vuosikertomuksia vuodesta 1912 lähtien. Vanhimmat kokoelmaan kuuluvat vuosikertomukset ovat 1800-luvulta, ja kokoelmaa kartutetaan jatkuvasti. Julkaisujen kielinä ovat suomi, ruotsi ja englanti.

Suomen Pankin julkaisut

Kokoelmaan kuuluu Suomen Pankin julkaisemaa aineistoa 1870-luvulta lähtien. Kokoelma sisältää vuosikertomuksia, vuosikirjoja, tieteellisiä julkaisuja kuten keskustelualoitteita, työpapereita ja muita tutkimusjulkaisuja, Suomen Pankin ennusteita, selvityksiä, raportteja ja lehtiä. Kokoelmaan kuuluu lisäksi taloudellista kehitystä kuvaavia pitkiä tilastosarjoja, joista osa on erillisiä julkaisuja ja osa on ilmestynyt Suomen Pankin muissa julkaisuissa, kuten vuosikirjoissa tai lehdissä. Tilastoihin kuuluvat mm. maksutase-, valuuttakurssi-, rahoitusmarkkina-, arvopaperi- ja korkotilastot sekä hintatasoa kuvaavat ja rahan määrän kehitystä seuraavat tilastot. Kokoelmaan kuuluu myös Suomen Pankista tehdyt historiikit, joista vanhin on vuodelta 1914. Suomen Pankin julkaisuja löytyy sekä painettuna että elektronisena. Lähes kaikki 1990-luvun puolivälin jälkeen ilmestyneet julkaisut on saatavilla elektronisena Suomen Pankin verkkosivujen kautta. Vanhemmat julkaisut on osittain digitoitu, ja tällä hetkellä elektronisena on saatavilla uudempien julkaisujen lisäksi mm. Suomen Pankin keskustelualoitteet, Bank of Finland (Montly) Bulletin ja Suomen Pankin vuosikirjat. Kokoelmassa on yhteensä n. 4000 nimekettä, ja kokoelma karttuu jatkuvasti. Kokoelman muodostavista julkaisuista n. 13 % on ilmestynyt ennen 1950 lukua ja n. 36 % vuosina 1950–1989. Yli 50 % julkaisuista on 1990- ja 2000-luvuilta. Aineisto on valtaosin suomen- ja englanninkielistä, mutta kokoelmaan kuuluu myös ruotsinkielisiä julkaisuja. Kokoelman painettua osaa säilytetään Suomen Pankin kirjaston tiloissa avokokoelmassa. Kirjasto on avoinna ulkoisille asiakkaille, ja Suomen Pankin julkaisut ovat lainattavissa joitakin poikkeuksia, kuten käsikirjoja, lukuun ottamatta. Julkaisuista voi ottaa kopioita maksutta.

Konserniavustus - vero-oikeudellinen tutkimus vertailukohteina EU:n ja Ruotsin oikeus

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää, tulisiko Suomen konserniavustuslakia muuttaa vastaamaan paremmin EU-säädöksiä ja kansainvälistyvää yritystoimintaympäristöä. Näkökulmana uudistustarpeelle käytettiin Ruotsissa vuonna 2010 tehtyä lakiuudistusta, joka sallii rajat ylittävän niin sanotun konsernivähennyksen tietyissä erityistilanteissa. Tutkimus nojautuu lisäksi kahteen merkittävään EU-tuomioistuimen ratkaisuun koskien rajat ylittäviä tuloksentasauksia sekä primäärisen EU-oikeuden määräyksiin. Tarkastelusta on rajattu kokonaan pois konserniavustuksen yhtiöoikeudellinen ulottuvuus. Tutkimus toteutettiin käyttämällä lainopillista sekä de lege ferenda – menetelmää. Tutkimuksessa päädyttiin ehdottamaan Suomeen Ruotsin mallin mukaista rajat ylittävää niin sanottua konsernivähennystä, joka sallittaisiin tietyissä erityistilanteissa. Tutkimuksessa selvisi lisäksi, että EU:ssa on vireillä useita yritysverotuksen harmonisointiin liittyviä hankkeita mm. yhtenäisen veropohjan osalta, mutta varsinaisiin toimenpiteisiin esimerkiksi direktiivien muodossa ei ole vielä ryhdytty.

Reise durch Schweden, Schwedisch-Lapland, Finland und Dänemark : von Matthaus Consett, esq. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt. Mit Kupfern.

Bound with: Reise durch Russland wie auch durch unterschiedliche europäische und assiatische Provinzen von 1770-1780 / Jacob Fries. [Leipzig], 1790.

En swensk officers samlingar under desz wistande i Ryszland åren 1784, 1786 och 1787

Author: Lorentz Nordenadler.

Kansakoulun maantiede : kuvilla varustettu : ruotsalaisen alkuteoksen mukaan sovitellut Ferd. Ahlman.

Based on the Swedish textbook: "Folkskolans geografi", 4th ed., Stockholm 1874.

Suomen maatiede : [Alexander Gustaf Julius Hallstén] ; suomentanut G. C.

Second revised edition.

Finland i bilder = : Suomi kuvissa = La Finlande pittoresque : fotografier och text = kuvat ja teksti = photographies et texte I. K. Inha.

Text in Swedish, Finnish, French, German, Russian and English languages.

Försök til en historisk, geometrisk och physico-oeconomisk beskrifning öfwer Pedersöre sokn i Österbotn : Första delen : Öfwer sjö-staden Jacobsstad : ... under ... Pehr Kalms inseende ... förswarad af Hans Henric Aspegren, österbotninge. Den 1 Julii 1763, för midd. i Åbo Acad. öfre lärosal.

Dedicated to: Pontus de la Gardie, Ephraim Otto Runeberg, Johan Billmark, Carl Joh. Bäckman, Lars Blom, Nathanael Häggström, Matths Nyman, Anders Biring, Anders Winstefn, Petter Teliin, Carl Malm.

Försök til en historisk, geometrisk och physico-oeconomisk beskrifning öfwer Pedersöre sokn i Österbotn : Andra eller Historiska delen ... : Til allmän granskning utgifwen af Hans Henric Aspegren ... förswarad af Gabriel G. Aspegren, österbotninge. Den 19 Martii 1766. på wanlig tid förmidd.

Dedicated to: Pedersöre sokns innebyggare.