XUV Emission from Autoionizing Hole States Induced by Intense XUV-FEL at Intensities up to 10(17) W/cm(2)

Aluminium targets were irradiated with 92 eV radiation from FLASH Free Electron Laser at DESY at intensities up to 10(17)W/cm(2) by focussing the beam on target down to a spot size of similar to 1 mu m by means of a parabolic mirror. High resolution XUV spectroscopy was used to identify aluminium emission from complex hole-states. Simulations carried out with the MARIA code show that the emission characterizes the electron heating in the transition phase solid-atomic. The analysis allows constructing a simple model of electron heating via Auger electrons.

AN ADSORBATE-STABILIZED VACANCY STRUCTURE FOR CU ON W(100) - A SURFACE ALLOY

Deposition of 0.5 ML of Cu on W(100) leads to the formation of a sharp c(2 x 2) structure when the surface is annealed at 800 K. A LEED intensity analysis reveals that the Cu atoms are adsorbed displacively into W sites, forming an ordered 2D surface alloy. Due to the lattice mismatch between copper and tungsten, a substantial buckling of the first layer of the alloy is also observed. The clean, bulk terminated W(100) surface is only just stable relative to the c(2 x 2) vacancy covered W(100) surface. This relative stability of the vacancy structure explains the driving force behind the formation of this alloy.

Thermodynamically stable amorphous drug dispersions in amorphous hydrophilic polymers engineered by hot melt extrusion.

In this study thermodynamically stable dispersions of amorphous quinine, a model BCS class 2 therapeutic agent, within an amorphous polymeric platform (HPC), termed a solid-in-solid dispersion, were produced using hot melt extrusion. Characterisation of the pre-extrudates and extrudates was performed using hyper-differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Water uptake by the raw materials was determined using dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) analysis. Furthermore, the presence or absence of crystalline drug following storage at 25 °C/60% relative humidity and 40 °C/75% relative humidity in a sealed glass jar, and at 40 °C/75% relative humidity in an open glass jar for 3 months was determined using PXRD. Amorphous quinine was generated in situ during extrusion from both quinine base (5%, 10%, 20% w/w drug loading) and from quinine hydrochloride (5%, 10% w/w drug loading) and remained thermodynamically stable as a solid-in-solid dispersion within the HPC extrudates. When processed with HPC, quinine hydrochloride (20% w/w) was converted to amorphous quinine hydrochloride. Whilst stable for up to 3 months when stored under sealed conditions, this amorphous form was unstable, resulting in recrystallisation of the hydrochloride salt following storage for 1 month at 40 °C/75% relative humidity in an open glass jar. The behaviour of the amorphous quinine hydrochloride (20% w/w) HPC extrudate was related, at least in part, to the lower stability and the hygroscopic properties of this amorphous form.

Sensitivity to Cd or Zn of host and symbiont of ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) seedlings

Pinus sylvestris seedlings infected with either the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus Paxillus involutus or Suillus variegatus were exposed to a range of Cd or Zn concentrations. This was done to investigate the relationship between the sensitivity of ECM fungi and their host plants over a wide range of concentrations. P involutus ameliorated the toxicity of Cd and Zn to P. sylvestris with respect to root length, despite significant inhibition of ECM infection levels by Cd (Cd EC₅₀ [effective concentration which inhibits ECM infection by 50%] values were: P. involutus 3.7 μg g^-1 Cd; S. variegatus 2.3 μg g^-1 Cd). ECM infection by P. involutus also decreased Cd and Zn transport to the plant shoots at potentially toxic concentrations and also influenced the proportion of Zn transported to the roots and shoots, with a higher proportion retained in the roots of the seedlings. ECM infection did increase host biomass production, but this was not affected by the presence of Cd or Zn. Root and shoot biomass production by P. sylvestris, in both the presence and absence of ECM fungi, was unaffected by Cd and Zn at all concentrations tested.

Toxic effects of cadmium and zinc on ectomycorrhizal colonization of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from soil inoculum

Scots pine seedlings colonized by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi from natural soil inoculum were exposed to a range of Cd or Zn concentrations to investigate the effects of metals on ECM fungi-Scots pine associations in a realistic soil environment. Experiments focused on the relationship between the sensitivity of ECM fungi and their host plants, the influence of metals on ECM community dynamics on Scots pine roots, and the effects of metal exposure on ECM colonization from soil-borne propagules. Ectomycorrhizal colonization was inhibited by Cd and Zn, with a decrease in the proportion of ECM-colonized root tips. Shoot and root biomass, total root length, and total root-tip density, however, were unaffected by Cd or Zn. A decrease in the diversity of ECM morphotypes also occurred, which could have a negative effect on tree vigor. Overall, colonization by ECM fungi was more sensitive than seedling growth to Cd and Zn, and this could have serious implications for successful tree establishment on metal-contaminated soils.

Glycine betaine-mediated protection of peas (Pisum sativum L.) during blanching and frozen storage

We used glycine betaine (5–20% w/v) for blanching green peas (100°C, 60 s), and their subsequent freezing and storage (–20°C, 90 days). Blanching after the addition of glycine betaine at ≥10% (w/v) followed by a 90 day storage period which resulted in the most desirable outcome: higher vitamin C levels, a superior green color, enhanced organoleptic quality and texture, and improved retention of peroxidase and lipoxygenase activity relative to control peas (no glycine betaine added). Microscopic characterizations of control and treated peas revealed that glycine betaine acts as a cryoprotectant which maintains cellular integrity. Glycine betaine (10% w/v) could be used commercially for production of frozen peas with better quality attributes.

M-L band x-rays (3-3.5 KeV) from palladium coated targets for isochoric radiative heating of thin foil samples

We describe experiments designed to produce a bright M-L band x-ray source in the 3-3.5 keV region. Palladium targets irradiated with a 10(15) W cm(-2) laser pulse have previously been shown to convert up to similar to 2% of the laser energy into M-L band x-rays with similar pulse duration to that of the incident laser. This x-ray emission is further characterized here, including pulse duration and source size measurements, and a higher conversion efficiency than previously achieved is demonstrated (similar to 4%) using more energetic and longer duration laser pulses (200 ps). The emission near the aluminium K-edge (1.465-1.550 keV) is also reported for similar conditions, along with the successful suppression of such lower band x-rays using a CH coating on the rear side of the target. The possibility of using the source to radiatively heat a thin aluminium foil sample to uniform warm dense matter conditions is discussed.

Evaluation of an improved atomic data basis for carbon in UEDGE emission modeling for L-mode plasmas in DIII-D

New scaled carbon atomic electron-impact excitation data is utilized to evaluate comparisons between experimental measurements and fluid emission modeling of detached plasmas at DIII-D. The C I and C II modeled emission lines for 909.8 and 514.7 nm were overestimated by a factor of 10-20 than observed experimentally for the inner leg, while the outer leg was within a factor of 2. Due to higher modeled emissions, a previous study using the UEDGE code predicted that a higher amount of carbon was required to achieve a detached outboard divertor plasma in L-mode at DIII-D. The line emission predicted by using the new scaled carbon data yields closer results when compared against experiment. We also compare modeling and measurements of Dα emission from neutral deuterium against predictions from newly calculated R-Matrix with pseudostates data available at the ADAS database. © 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Single-photon single ionization of W+ ions: experiment and theory

Experimental and theoretical results are reported for photoionization of Ta-like (W+) tungsten ions. Absolute cross sections were measured in the energy range 16–245 eV employing the photon–ion merged-beam setup at the advanced light source in Berkeley. Detailed photon-energy scans at 100 meV bandwidth were performed in the 16–108 eV range. In addition, the cross section was scanned at 50 meV resolution in regions where fine resonance structures could be observed. Theoretical results were obtained from a Dirac–Coulomb R-matrix approach. Photoionization cross section calculations were performed for singly ionized atomic tungsten ions in their 5s²5p⁶5d⁴(⁵D)6s ⁶Dj.  J = 1/2, ground level and the associated excited metastable levels with J = 3/2, 5/2, 7/2 and 9/2. Since the ion beams used in the experiments must be expected to contain long-lived excited states also from excited configurations, additional cross-section calculations were performed for the second-lowest term, 5d⁵⁶Sj, J = 5/2, and for the 4F term, 5d³6s^{2 4}Fj, with J = 3/2, 5/2, 7/2 and 9/2. Given the complexity of the electronic structure of W+ the calculations reproduce the main features of the experimental cross section quite well.

Biologia pesqueira e dinâmica populacional de Diplodus vulgaris (geoffr.) e Spondyliosoma cantharus (L.) (pisces, sparidae) na costa sudoeste de Portugal

As espécies da família Sparidae ocupam um lugar de destaque na actividade pesqueira da Costa Sudoeste de Portugal, sendo das principais subsidiárias da pesca artesanal nesta região. Com o presente trabalho pretendeu-se clarificar aspectos básicos da biologia de dois esparídeos, Diplodus vulgaris (safia) e Spondyliosoma cantharus (choupa), nas áreas da ecologia alimentar, reprodução, idade, crescimento e mortalidade; estimar os parâmetros de selectividade das artes de pesca mais importantes sobre estas espécies e avaliar preliminarmente o estado da pescaria destes dois esparídeos. Para atingir estes objectivos cumpriu-se um plano de amostragem de frequências de comprimento nas lotas de Sagres e Sines, de Julho de 1992 a Março de 1994; estudos laboratoriais com amostras recolhidas em Sagres de Dezembro de 1992 a Março de 1994 e um estudo de selectividade de aparelho de anzol e redes de emalhar realizado em 1997/98. Os hábitos alimentares foram estudados a partir da análise de conteúdos estomacais, utilizando-se 3 métodos de avaliação da composição da dieta, 5 índices combinados da bibliografia e 3 propostos. Da análise comparativa entre os vários índices concluiu-se que o índice de importância relativa (IRI) e o índice de alimentação ponderado (IPO2) serão os mais adequados para descrever as dietas destas espécies. Registaram-se elevados coeficientes de vacuidade, motivados em grande parte pela natureza da arte de pesca. A dieta de D. vulgaris é composta essencialmente por ofiurídeos, poliquetas, anfípodes e equinóides, enquanto que S. cantharus consome principalmente poliquetas, anfípodes e hidrozoários. As duas dietas são significativamente diferentes, principalmente pelo maior consumo de equinodermes no caso de D. vulgaris. A estrutura e dimensões da boca nestes esparídeos são distintas, podendo influenciar o seu comportamento trófico. À semelhança de grande parte dos esparídeos, D. vulgaris e S. cantharus são espécies bentívoras, que adoptam uma estratégia alimentar generalista, com fortes afinidades com o alimento disponível no meio. Da análise do ciclo reprodutivo verificou-se que as épocas de postura são extensas: D. vulgaris: Dezembro a Março com maior intensidade em Janeiro/Fevereiro; S. cantharus: Fevereiro a Abril, com máxima intensidade em Março. Não existiram diferenças significativas na proporção entre os sexos (M:F = 1.01) ao longo do ano e por tamanho em D. vulgaris, enquanto que em S. cantharus as fêmeas foram mais abundantes ao longo do ano (M:F=0.57) e nas classes de comprimento inferiores. Os tamanhos de 1ª maturação (L50%) para o conjunto dos sexos e indivíduos indeterminados foram de: D. vulgaris, 18.33 cm, não existindo diferenças significativas entre machos e fêmeas; S. cantharus, 20.10 cm, existindo diferenças significativas entre machos (22.41 cm, TL) e fêmeas (19.98 cm, TL). Os tamanhos de 1ª maturação estimados foram consideravelmente superiores aos tamanhos mínimo legais de desembarque (TML) em Portugal, para D. vulgaris (TML=15.0 cm) e ligeiramente inferiores no caso de S. cantharus (TML=23 cm). A fecundidade média absoluta (Fa) e a fecundidade relativa (Fr) foram de: D. vulgaris - Fa = 131127 ovos; Fr = 526 ovos/g; S. cantharus - Fa = 61396 ovos; Fr = 346 ovos/g. As relações entre a fecundidade absoluta e o comprimento total (TL) e o peso somático (SW) foram as seguintes: D. vulgaris: Fa = 0.1853TL4.1903; Fa = 57.715SW1.4067; S. cantharus: Fa = 436.27TL1.5747; Fa = 2979.7SW0.585. A estratégia reprodutiva destas espécies é caracterizada por hermafroditismo, rudimentar com eventual protândria parcial em D. vulgaris e protogínia em S. cantharus. A determinação da idade foi efectuada pela análise de estruturas duras, otólitos para D. vulgaris e otólitos e escamas para S. cantharus. As estimações do comprimento à idade ajustaram-se bem ao modelo de Von Bertalanffy. De entre os métodos de estimação dos parâmetros de crescimento, escolheu-se o ajuste não linear aplicado a todos os pares de comprimentos à idade, sendo esta corrigida pela data de captura. Para além do maior rigor desta análise, os resultados produzidos foram considerados os mais aproximados da realidade: D. vulgaris (otólitos): L=28.1 cm K=0.30 ano-1 e t0= -1.618 anos (validade: 12.5-30.5 cm; 1-10 anos); S. cantharus (escamas): L=35 cm, K=0.32 ano-1 e t0=-0.481 anos (validade: 14.3-33.5 cm; 1-9 anos). A análise de distribuição de frequências de comprimento, apresentou um L mais próximo da realidade: L=39.6 cm, K=0.32 ano-1 e t0=-0.481 anos (D. vulgaris); L=40.0 cm, K=0.24 ano-1 e t0=-0.646 anos (S. cantharus). As relações peso-comprimento de D. vulgaris e S. cantharus para a Costa Sudoeste foram do tipo potencial W=a Lb, sendo definidas pelos seguintes parâmetros: a=0.0223 e b= 2.895, r2=0.89 (D. vulgaris); a=0.0106 e b= 3.085, r2= 0.89 (S. cantharus). Os valores de mortalidade natural (M), estimados por métodos indirectos, para D. vulgaris e S. cantharus foram de 0.39 e 0.30 ano-1, respectivamente. O valor de M de esparídeos pode ser estimado preliminarmente mediante a utilização de uma regressão multilinear que integra as três variáveis (M, K e L): M = -0.162 + 1.714K + 0.00273L (r2=0.77). A análise das curvas de captura permitiu obter os seguintes valores de mortalidade total (Z): D. vulgaris: Z=0.642 (otólitos) e 0.727 ano-1 (frequências de comprimento); S. cantharus: Z=0.676 (escamas) e 0.576 ano-1 (frequências de comprimento). As artes de pesca mais importantes para D vulgaris e S. cantharus e para a região considerada são, por ordem de grandeza, o aparelho de anzol e redes de emalhar, e em menor escala a arte do cerco. Os esparídeos diversos e dentro destes a choupa, que deveria ser discriminada nas estatísticas oficiais, constituíram os únicos esparídeos que apresentaram uma evolução com tendência negativa de 1987 a 1998. A estrutura demográfica de desembarques de safia é caracterizada por cerca de 86.9 % indivíduos entre 20.5 a 27.5 cm (2 a 6 anos), enquanto que para a choupa, 85.0% dos indivíduos desembarcados estão compreendidos entre 21.5 e 27.5 cm (2 a 6 anos). No estudo de selectividade foram realizadas 40 pescas experimentais em que se testaram 4 tamanhos de anzol (nº11, 12, 13 e 15) e de malha (80, 70, 60 e 50mm). D. vulgaris e S. cantharus são das espécies mais abundantes na pescaria com aparelho de anzol, tendo uma representação inferior quer em termos relativos, quer absolutos nas capturas das redes de emalhar. Existiu um decréscimo geral das taxas de captura com o tamanho do anzol e uma maior eficiência para os tamanhos intermédios da malha nas redes de emalhar. Paralelamente, existiu para ambas as espécies uma sobreposição de comprimentos médios com o tamanho dos anzóis e uma separação clara de comprimentos médios de ambas as espécies com a malhagem. Adoptaram-se, com bom ajuste, uma curva de selectividade do tipo logística para o aparelho de anzol e normal para as redes de emalhar, para ambas as espécies. Atendendo a uma eventual revisão dos tamanhos mínimos legais de desembarque, em função dos tamanhos de primeira maturação e à estrutura das capturas, as malhas de 70 e 80mm são as mais adequadas na pescaria de D. vulgaris e S. cantharus, respectivamente. O anzol número 13 será o mais apropriado a D. vulgaris, dada a pouca praticabilidade do anzol 15. Em relação a S. cantharus o anzol nº 11 apresenta a menor proporção de indivíduos com tamanho ilegal, sendo então o mais indicado à pescaria desta espécie. Para o aparelho de anzol e de acordo com os modelos de rendimento por recruta a pescaria de safia processa-se de forma moderada, a níveis inferiores a uma taxa de exploração máxima (Emax) suportável pelo "stock". A pescaria de choupa apresenta indícios de uma exploração intensa, próxima dos valores máximos comportados pelo "stock". Uma alteração nos valores actuais da taxa de exploração e/ou de comprimento de 1ª captura terá de ter em consideração o carácter multiespecifico desta pescaria. Visando a gestão destes recursos pesqueiros, dever-se-á controlar principalmente o nível do esforço de pesca praticado e rever os tamanhos mínimos de desembarque, de modo a evitar que esta pescaria entre numa fase de sobreexploração. O estabelecimento de reservas marinhas e de recifes artificiais poderá ser um contributo para uma exploração pesqueira sustentada e para a conservação da biodiversidade.

The effect of alginate-based edible coatings enriched with essential oils constituents on Arbutus unedo L. fresh fruit storage

The effect of coating Arbutus unedo fresh fruit with alginate-based edible coatings enriched with the essential oils compounds (EOC) eugenol (Eug) and citral (Cit) was studied. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against the main postharvest pathogens were determined for Eug and Cit giving values of 0.10 and 0.15 (w/v), respectively. Twelve formulations of edible coatings were used: sodium alginate (AL) was tested at 1 and 2% (w/v) with incorporation of Eug and Cit at MIC and double MIC or their combination at MIC. Arbutus berries were dipped in those solutions for 2 min, and then stored at 0.5 degrees C. Control consisted of uncoated fruit. On days 0, 14 and 28, samples were taken to perform physicochemical and biochemical analysis [color CIE (L*, h degrees), firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), weight Loss, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), microbial growth and taste panels]. Results showed that edible coatings of 1% AL were the best to maintain most quality attributes of the commodity through storage at 0.5 degrees C. The incorporation of Cit and Eug into the alginate edible coatings improved the coatings in most cases, AL 1% + Eug 0.20% and AL 1% + Cit 0.15% + Eug 0.10% being those that better preserved sensory and nutritional attributes and reduced microbial spoilage. Thus, these coatings may be useful for improving postharvest quality and storage life of fresh arbutus fruit. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The sectionalism of the tariff bill. Speech of Hon. John L. McLaurin, of South Carolina, in the Senate of the United States

This document contains a speech by John L. McLaurin, representative of South Carolina. Sections of the speech include: sectionalism exposed, the bill might have been defeated, the south plundered of its rights, not a protectionist, fraudulent demands of New England, Hon. Randolph Tucker, Hon. W.R. Morrison, and Hon. R.Q. Mills strangers to the doctrine in 1882, a tariff for revenue against the doctrine of free raw material, don’t want Cleveland’s interpretation, contest of schedules, and my remedy.

Psychiatric comorbidity and additional abuse of drugs in maintenance treatment with l- and d,l-methadone.

Sixty d,l- or l-methadone treated patients in maintenance therapy were interviewed for additional drug abuse and psychiatric comorbidity; 51.7% of the entire population had a comorbid Axis-I disorder, with a higher prevalence in females (P=0.05). Comorbid patients tended to have higher abuse of benzodiazepines, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine, but not of heroin. They had received a significantly lower d,l- (P<0.05) and l-methadone dose than non-comorbid subjects. The duration of maintenance treatment showed an inverse relationship to frequency of additional heroin intake (P<0.01). Patients with additional heroin intake over the past 30 days had been treated with a significantly lower l-methadone dosage (P<0.05) than patients without. Axis-I comorbidity appears to be decreased when relatively higher dosages of d,l- (and l-methadone) are administered; comorbid individuals, however, were on significantly lower dosages. Finally, l-, but not d,l-methadone seems to be more effective in reducing additional heroin abuse.