Are Deep Learning Approaches Suitable for Natural Language Processing?

In recent years, Deep Learning (DL) techniques have gained much at-tention from Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) research communities because these approaches can often learn features from data without the need for human design or engineering interventions. In addition, DL approaches have achieved some remarkable results. In this paper, we have surveyed major recent contributions that use DL techniques for NLP tasks. All these reviewed topics have been limited to show contributions to text understand-ing, such as sentence modelling, sentiment classification, semantic role labelling, question answering, etc. We provide an overview of deep learning architectures based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Recursive Neural Networks (RNNs).

The Impact of the Lisbon Football Derby on the Profile of Emergency Department Admissions

BACKGROUND: Variations in emergency department admissions have been reported to happen as a result of major sports events. The work presented assessed changes in volume and urgency level of visits to a major Emergency Department in Lisbon during and after the city's football derby. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Volume of attendances and patient urgency level, according to the Manchester Triage System, were retrospectively analyzed for the 2008-2011 period. Data regarding 24-hour periods starting 45 minutes before kick-off was collected, along with data from similar periods on the corresponding weekdays in the previous years, to be used as controls. Data samples were organized according to time frame (during and after the match), urgency level, and paired accordingly. RESULTS: A total of 14 relevant periods (7 match and 7 non-match) were analyzed, corresponding to a total of 5861 admissions. During the match time frame, a 20.6% reduction (p = 0.06) in the total number of attendances was found when compared to non-match days. MTS urgency level sub-analysis only showed a statistically significant reduction (26.5%; p = 0.05) in less urgent admissions (triage levels green-blue). Compared to controls, post-match time frames showed a global increase in admissions (5.6%; p = 0.45), significant only when considering less urgent ones (18.9%; p = 0.05). DISCUSSION: A decrease in the total number of emergency department attendances occurred during the matches, followed by a subsequent increase in the following hours. These variations only reached significance among visits triaged green-blue. CONCLUSION: During major sports events an overall decrease in emergency department admissions seems to take place, especially due to a drop in visits associated with less severe conditions.

Apport de Mustio à la représentation de la femme antique

This essay analyses the complex interactions of medical, social and cultural discourse in Mustio's Gynaecia. In the light of recent work on the history of classical medicine informed by gender studies, notably by H. King, L. Dean-Jones and R. Flemming, it highlights the original contribution of Mustio's Sorani Gynaeciorum uetus translatio Latina to a history of medicine that takes its social and cultural dimensions into consideration. Mustio's way of representing women in this treatise, notably his understanding of the female body through various physical states and specific illnesses, indeed reveals significant changes and developments that took place in the medical art as well as in ancient society at large.

Compte de la croisade prêchée dans le diocèse de Toulouse contre les « Infidelles » durant les années 1517 et 1518, et pièces y relatives.

Contient : 1 « Copie d'unes lectres patentes du roy nostre sire, données à Amboise le XVIme jour de decembre 1516, par lesquelles appert led. Sr avoir commis et deputé maistre Josse de La Garde, docteur en theologie, vicaire general de l'eglise cathedral de Thouloze, commissaire touchant le faict de la croisade aud. diocèse de Thouloze ». Acte de FRANÇOIS Ier, en latin ; 2 « Autre copie des instructions envoiées par le roy à messire Josse de La Garde... commis et depputé par led. Sr et par Reverend père en Dieu, monsieur l'evesque de Tricary, ambassadeur devers icelluy Sr pour nostre saint père le pape, touchant le fait et execution de la bulle octroiée et decernée par lui du jubillé et croisade en ce royaume, durant deux années finies 1517 et 1518, desquelles instructions cy rendues la teneur s'ensuit... » ; 3 « Autre copie des memoires signéez (sic) de la main du roy, envoyez aud. commissaire pour le fait de lad. croisade, dont la teneur s'ensuit... » ; 4 « Autre copie des lectres de très reverend père ANTHOINE BOHIER, cardinal de Bourges, et de reverend père en Dieu LOYS DE CANOSSA, evesque de Bayeulx et de Tricary, commissaire en ceste partie, depputez par nostre sainct pere le pappe, par lesquelles usant du pouvoir à eulx sur ce donné, ilz ont permys et octroyé aux prescheurs de la croisade et jubillé le quinton de deniers et oblations qui y seront donnez par ceulx qui devotement y donneront de leurs biens, desquelles lectres la teneur s'ensuit... ». Rouen 16 decembre et Bayeux 20 décembre 1517. En latin ; 5-7 « Autre copie de troys lectres missives du roy » FRANÇOIS Ier, « adressées à Jehan Cluchern (sic) receveur de lad. croisade, à messire Raymond Raffin, contrerolleur, et à messire Josse de La Garde, vicaire general, commissaire subdelegué, par lesquelles le roy nostre dict seigneur leur mande vacquer et entendre chascun en son regard au fait et execution » de « sa commission, desquelles lectres missives subsecutives les teneurs s'ensuivent... ». Amboise, 17 décembre 1516 ; 8 « Compte de maistre Jehan Clucher, notaire royal, bourgeoys de Thouloze, commis par le roy nostre sire et ses lectres missives données à Amboise, le XVIIe jour de decembre, l'an 1516, à faire la recepte ou diocèse de Thouloze, des deniers provenans et yssans du jubillé et pardon general de plainière remission donné et concedé par nostre sainct père le pape » Leon X, « durant deux ans à tous vrays chrestiens de ce royaume, pays, terres et seigneuries, de l'obeissance et subjection du roy nostredict seigneur, lesquelz donneroient et eslargiroient de leurs biens pour employer à faire la guerre aux infidelles et conquerir la terre saincte et empire de Grèce, detenuz et usurpez par lesdicts infidelles... de la recepte et despense faictes par ledict maistre Jehan Clucher, receveur, à cause des deniers yssuz et provenuz aud. diocèse de Thouloze, tant pour les confessionnaulx que pour les deniers du jubillé prins et trouvez ès troncqs estans tant en lad. ville de Thouloze que dehors, speciffiez et declairez en ung cayer de papier signé et arresté de la main dudict messire Josse de La Garde, commissaire, et dudict messire Raymond Raffin contreroolleur, compte rendu à court par Guillaume Voisin, procureur dudict maistre Jehan Clucher, fondé par lectres de procuracion... comme il s'ensuit... ». A la fin on lit les signatures : « P. archiepiscopus Aquensis,... d'Albyac,... Riveroy »

« Seconde navigation faicte par le commandement et vouloir du très chrestien roy Françoys Premier de ce nom, au parachevement de la descouverture des terres occidantalles estantes soubz le climat et paralelles des terres et royaulme dud. Sr et par luy precedantement jà commancées à faire descouvrir, icelle navigation faicte par JACQUES CARTIER, natif de Sainct Malo de l'Isle en Bretaigne, pillote dud. Sr, en l'an mil cinq cens trante six ».

Contient : Le récit de cette seconde navigation commence par un discours adressé au roi François Ier ; Après ce discours, le récit s'ouvre (fol. 3) par : « Le dimanche jour et feste de la Pandecoste XVIme jour de may aud. an mil cinq cens trente cinq, du commandement du cappitaine et bon voulloir de tous, chascun se confessa et ressumes tous ensemblement nostre createur en l'eglise cathedral dudict Sainct-Malo... ». Derniers mots : « ... le priant, faisant fin à nostre navigation, nous donner sa grâce et paradis à la fin. Amen »

« Seconde navigation faicte par le commandement et voulloir du très chrestien roy François, premier de ce nom, au parachèvement de la descouverte des Terres occidentalles estans soubz le climat et parallelles des terres et royaulme dudict seigneur, et par luy precedantement ja commancées à faire descouvrir, icelle navigation faicte par JACQUES CARTIER, natif de Sainct Malo de l'Isle en Bretaigne, pillote dud. Sr, en l'an mil cinq cens trente six ».

Contient : A la suite est un choix de mots intitulé : « Ensuict le langaige des pays et royaulmes de Hochelaga et Canada, autrement dicte la Nouvelle France »

Four days at Niagara Falls, in North America /

Inscription in ink, t.p. verso: James Ainsworth Esq With the respectful com'ts of the author.

Recreational Development and the Lake Erie Shore Photographs,1967

John N. Jackson was born and raised in London England. He served in the Royal Navy, acquired a B.A. and a Ph.D, conducted research for a city planning office and lectured at the University of Manchester. He joined Brock University’s faculty in 1965 as a Professor of Applied Geography. Since his retirement in 1991 he has been Professor Emeritus to Brock. Throughout his time in academia Jackson has focused his research on the history of the modern city, both throughout Europe and Canada. Jackson has also completed specific research on the Niagara Peninsula; including industrial geography, recreation along the Lake Erie shore, St. Catharines early history, the Welland Canals, railway development, comparisons across the Niagara River. While living in the Niagara region Jackson has become involved in many community events. He has been the Director for the Bruce Trail Association, President of the Welland Canals Foundation, and been involved in local historical groups throughout the Niagara region.

Local Postcards, 1996, n.d.

6 of the postcards are sketches by Norbert Collins, these include: St. George’s Anglican Church, the museum, St. Paul United Church, Ridley College clock tower, St. Catherine’s Cathedral and the Willam Hamilton Merritt monument (all of St. Catharines). The 7th postcard is a picture of the St. Catharines Craft Guild Shop in Port Dalhousie (artist unknown). Norbert J. Collins is a Canadian artist.

Proposal for Construction of Brock’s Monument, Queenston, newspaper fragment, 1824

Brock’s Monument is owned by Parks Canada and maintained by the Niagara Parks Commission in collaboration with the Friends of Fort George and Niagara National Historic Sites. It is located in Queenston Heights Park atop the Niagara Escarpment. On March 14, 1815, Parliament passed an act to erect a monument to the memory of General Isaac Brock. A design by engineer Francis Hall was selected. He envisioned a 135 ft. tall Tuscan column, made out of stone with a winding staircase inside. By the spring of 1824, work had begun on the monument. In June of that year, the cornerstone was laid and William Lyon Mackenzie was in attendance at the ceremony. It was on October 13th, 1824 (the anniversary of Brock’s death) that 6000 people traveled to Queenston to inter the remains of Brock and Lieutenant-Colonel Macdonell. This was the second burial for both. After 3 years the tower had reached 135 feet, but there was no inscription at the base, the fence around the observation deck had not been installed and there was no statue of Brock. Hall submitted a plan to finish the statue, but he was turned down and a simple ornament was placed where the Brock statue should have been. A massive blast of gunpowder destroyed the monument in 1840. It is alleged that an American sympathizer with the Upper Canada Rebellion set off the blast. Brock and Macdonell’s bodies were reburied in the Hamilton Family Cemetery in Queenston. The present monument was rebuilt in 1853. William Thomas (designer of St. Michael’s Cathedral in Toronto) was the architect. Brock and Macdonell were once again laid to rest in separate vaults at the statue. In 1968, Brock’s Monument was declared a national historical site. In 2005, it was closed to the public due to safety concerns, but it reopened in 2010. Source: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/brocks-monument-queenston-heights

Niagara churches collection, 1937, 1968-1994

This collection contains 7 church programs and brochures, ranging in date from 1937 to 1994. There are programs for church services at Knox Presbyterian Church, St. Catharines (May 9, 1937); St. Catherine of Alexandria Cathedral, St. Catharines (July 28, 1968) ; Memorial United Church, Ridgeway (October 15, 1972); Salem Chapel, British Methodist Episcopal Church, St. Catharines (November 30, 1986); and Ridley College Memorial Chapel, St. Catharines (December 3 & 4, 1994). There is also a brochure of activities offered at St. Paul Street United Church, St. Catharines (1986), and a development fund appeal brochure for the Cathedral of St. Catherine, St. Catharines (1985).

John N. Jackson papers, 1960-1989, n.d.

John N. Jackson was born in Nottingham, England in 1926. He developed a passion for landforms and geography from his father, a high school math and science teacher who had studied geology. During the Second World War, he served in the British Navy. He received his BA from the University of Birmingham, and a PhD from the University of Manchester. After spending a year as a visiting professor at the University of British Columbia, he was hired in 1965 as the founding head of the Geography Department at Brock University. He taught at Brock for more than 25 years, immersing himself in the geography and history of the Niagara area. He became particularly interested in the history of the Welland Canals. He authored 20 books on various topics, including land use in Niagara, the history of St. Catharines, the Welland Canal, and railways in the Niagara Peninsula. He died in 2010, at the age of 84.

Photograph - Owls Bicycle Club, 1889

A photograph of the Owls Bicycle Club in the year 1889. The men are in the rear of the Watson memorial with St. Joseph's convent/orphanage and St. Catharines Cathedral in the background. There are 21 men on bicycle including Stanley G. Smith (second row, fourth from the left).

Ann Eliza Hepburne Rooth fonds, 1837-1897

Ann Eliza Hepburne was born in Chippawa, Ontario, in 1821, to William Hepburne and Susan Shannon. In 1842, she married William Anthony Rooth in St. James Cathedral in Toronto. They continued to live in different parts of the Niagara region, including Drummondville, Welland and Port Colborne. William was the editor and proprietor of the Drummondville Reporter, as well as an accountant and insurance agent, and later worked for the Customs Service in Port Colborne. He died in 1878, and Eliza in 1899. Both are buried in Drummond Hill Cemetery in Niagara Falls, Ontario.