Comportamento térmico de composto ciclopaladados binucleares contendo azo-ligantes aniônicos

No presente trabalho é descrita a investigação do comportamento térmico de uma nova série de complexos ciclopaladados, obtidos a partir de reações do azido-complexo [Pd(dmba)(mi-N3)]2 (1) (dmba = N,N-dimetilbenzilamina) com os azo-ligantes aniônicos pirazolato (pz), imidazolato (imz) e 3,5-dimetil-pirazolato (3,5-dmpz). Os compostos binucleares [Pd(dmba)(mi-pz)]2 (2), [Pd(dmba)(mi-imz)]2 (3) e [Pd(dmba)(mi-3,5-dmpz)]2 (4) foram caracterizados por análise elementar, espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho, espectroscopia de RMN de 13C{¹H} e ¹H e análise termogravimétrica. O produto final de decomposição térmica, paládio metálico, foi caracterizado pela difratometria de raios-X, método do pó.

Pour l'Amour, Op. 4 N:o 2

Omistus: To Marian Anderson.

Kulttuurista maantiedettä jäljittämässä

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Fungicides, seed dresser adjuvants and storage time in the control of Drechslera teres in barley seeds

In experiments conducted in laboratory, the effect of fungicides, seed dresser adjuvants and storage time in the control of Drechslera teres in seeds of barley cultivar BRS Elis, with 58% incidence, was quantified. Fungicides indicated by barley research (carboxin + thiram, difenoconazole and triadimenol) compared with the mixture carbendazim + iprodione were tested. As seed dresser adjuvants, water (500m mL/100 Kg) and a polymer (150 mL/100 Kg) were used. Treated seeds were stored in paper bags and kept in the refrigerator at 5ºC. At 30-day intervals during six months, seeds were plated on semi-selective Reis's medium (1983). The best control was obtained by the mixtures carboxin + thiram and carbendazim + iprodione and the polymer as seed dresser. The control efficiency was improved by the storage time without negatively affecting seed germination. Due to the transmission efficiency, the fungus eradication in seeds should be pursued.

Etiologia e quantificação dos agentes causais de manchas foliares na cultura do trigo nas safras 2008 a 2011

A cultura do trigo é uma das opções mais importantes para cultivo na safra de inverno. Entre as doenças foliares a mancha-amarela da folha, a mancha marrom e a septoriose são citadas como as mais frequentes em trigo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e quantificar os fungos fitopatogênicos associados a sintomas de manchas foliares em cultivares de trigo, nas Regiões tritícolas de Valor de Cultivo e Uso (VCU). Foram analisadas 162 amostras coletadas nas safras 2008 a 2011, oriundas dos Estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina, Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul. Discos foliares assépticos, 25 por amostra, foram distribuídos em gerbox, constituindo uma câmara úmida e incubados a temperatura de 25ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Após um período de incubação de oito dias, foi realizada a avaliação, identificando e quantificando a incidência dos fungos presentes nos discos foliares. Constatou-se a ocorrência de Bipolaris sorokiniana, Drechslera tritici-repentis, D. siccans e Stagonospora nodorum associados às lesões foliares em trigo. Verificou-se na safra 2008, a predominância de D. siccans com incidência de 0 a 75 % nas amostras avaliadas, sendo o primeiro relato desta espécie, em trigo, no Brasil. Na média das safras avaliadas B. sorokiniana apresentou incidência de 7,6 % e frequência de 53,1%, D. tritici-repentis apresentou incidência de 59,2 % e frequência de 90,6 %, D. siccans incidência de 11,0 % e freqüência de 48,1 % e S. nodorum com incidência e frequência de 1,55 % e de 2,2 %, respectivamente.

Diagrammatic scale for the assessment of blast on wheat spikes

The correct quantification of blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae on wheat (Triticum aestivum) spikes is an important component to understand the development of this disease aimed at its control. Visual quantification based on a diagrammatic scale can be a practical and efficient strategy that has already proven to be useful against several plant pathosystems, including diseases affecting wheat spikes like glume blotch and fusarium head blight. Spikes showing different disease severity values were collected from a wheat field with the aim of elaborating a diagrammatic scale to quantify blast severity on wheat spikes. The spikes were photographed and blast severity was determined by using resources of the software ImageJ. A diagrammatic scale was developed with the following disease severity values: 3.7, 7.5, 21.4, 30.5, 43.8, 57.3, 68.1, 86.0, and 100.0%. An asymptomatic spike was added to the scale. Scale validation was performed by eight people who estimated blast severity by using digitalized images of 40 wheat spikes. The precision and the accuracy of the evaluations varied according to the rater (0.82

Sensitivity reduction in Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei to triadimenol fungicide applied as barley seed treatment

Experiments were carried out in a growth chamber with controlled temperature and photoperiod to test two populations of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei from Guarapuava, Paraná State, and Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Treatments consisted in application of the fungicide triadimenol (Baytan 150 SC®) at three rates of its commercial formulation: 150, 250, 350 mL/100 Kg barley seeds. The experiments were conducted separately in a growth chamber for each population, adopting the same temperature and photoperiod. For inoculation, pots containing barley seedlings colonized by the fungus were placed among the plots. After emergence of the first symptoms, the disease severity was assessed at two-day intervals. The experiments were repeated twice for each fungus population. Data were expressed as area under the disease progress curve and as powdery mildew control by comparing the severity after the fungicide treatments to that of control. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis; the area under the disease progress curve was also calculated. Comparing the data obtained in the present study with those reported in the literature and the control, the maximum value of 26.1% is considered insufficient to prevent the damages caused by the disease. The control response to the fungicide rate was significant. We can conclude that there was a reduction in the sensitivity of both B. graminis f.sp. hordei populations to the fungicide triadimenol, which explains the control failure observed in barley farms.

Macrophomina phaseolina: density and longevity of microsclerotia in soybean root tissues and free on the soil, and competitive saprophytic ability

In field experiments, the density of Macrophomina phaseolina microsclerotia in root tissues of naturally colonized soybean cultivars was quantified. The density of free sclerotia on the soil was determined for plots of crop rotation (soybean-corn) and soybean monoculture soon after soybean harvest. M. phaseolina natural infection was also determined for the roots of weeds grown in the experimental area. To verify the ability of M. phaseolina to colonize dead substrates, senesced stem segments from the main plant species representing the agricultural system of southern Brazil were exposed on naturally infested soil for 30 and 60 days. To quantify the sclerotia, the methodology of Cloud and Rupe (1991) and Mengistu et al. (2007) was employed. Sclerotium density, assessed based on colony forming units (CFU), ranged from 156 to 1,108/g root tissue. Sclerotium longevity, also assessed according to CFU, was 157 days for the rotation and 163 days for the monoculture system. M. phaseolina did not colonize saprophytically any dead stem segment of Avena strigosa,Avena sativa,Hordeum vulgare,Brassica napus,Gossypium hirsutum,Secale cereale,Helianthus annus,Triticosecalerimpaui, and Triticum aestivum. Mp was isolated from infected root tissues of Amaranthus viridis,Bidens pilosa,Cardiospermum halicacabum,Euphorbia heterophylla,Ipomoea sp., and Richardia brasiliensis. The survival mechanisms of M. phaseolina studied in this paper met the microsclerotium longevity in soybean root tissues, free on the soil, as well as asymptomatic colonization of weeds.

Identificação e quantificação de fungos associados a sementes de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)

O trabalho teve como objetivos, identificar e quantificar os fungos associados a sementes de azevém, comparar a incidência em diferentes meios de cultura, e determinar o número de escleródios de Claviceps purpurea presentes em amostras de sementes. Foram analisadas 37 amostras de sementes de azevém provenientes de municípios do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e Paraná. As sementes foram plaqueadas em três meios de cultura: BDA, semi-seletivo de Reis e semi-seletivo de Segalin & Reis, analisando-se a incidência dos fungos. Para detecção de C. purpurea, foram pesados 100g de sementes por amostra e, através de exame visual, foi determinado o número de escleródios. Os fungos detectados foram Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Drechslera spp., D. siccans, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp. e Penicillium sp. A incidência de A. alternata variou de 0,0% a 33,7% e freqüência de 89,2% nas amostras analisadas. Para B. sorokiniana a incidência foi de 0,0% a 2,2% e frequência de 62,2%, Drechslera spp., apresentou incidência de 0,0% a 40,3% e frequência de 78,4%. D. siccans a incidência foi de 0,1% a 20,0% e frequência de 100%.Para Fusarium spp., e F. graminearum a incidência foi de 0,0% a 31,0% e 0,0% a 11,3% e frequência de 81,1% e 64,9%, de 0,0% a 43,7% de incidência e 94,6% de frequência para Aspergillus spp. e Penicillium sp. com incidência entre 0,0% a 51,7% e frequência de 91,9%, respectivamente. O fungo C. purpurea foi encontrado em 81,1% das amostras em estudo.

Effect of the concentration of inoculum and tensoactive on the efficiency of Bipolaris sorokiniana infection in wheat leaves

Techniques that result in increased pathogen infection rates by employing reduced quantities of fungal spores with sparse sporulation have been developed. Experiments under controlled environment conditions were conducted to evaluate the effect of the density of Bipolaris sorokiniana conidia on the intensity of wheat helminthosporiosis. Using a selected inoculum density, the concentration of the tensoactive (Tween 20) that promoted maximum infection by the causal agent of the disease was determined. The density of lesions and the estimated severity of the disease were quantified. The selected inoculum density was 1.5 x 10(4) spores.mL-1 plus 480 µL tensoactive.L-1 water, resulting in a disease severity that allows selecting wheat cultivars resistant to B. sorokiniana.

Critical-point model to estimate yield loss caused by Asian soybean rust

ABSTRACTA model to estimate yield loss caused by Asian soybean rust (ASR) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) was developed by collecting data from field experiments during the growing seasons 2009/10 and 2010/11, in Passo Fundo, RS. The disease intensity gradient, evaluated in the phenological stages R5.3, R5.4 and R5.5 based on leaflet incidence (LI) and number of uredinium and lesions/cm2, was generated by applying azoxystrobin 60 g a.i/ha + cyproconazole 24 g a.i/ha + 0.5% of the adjuvant Nimbus. The first application occurred when LI = 25% and the remaining ones at 10, 15, 20 and 25-day intervals. Harvest occurred at physiological maturity and was followed by grain drying and cleaning. Regression analysis between the grain yield and the disease intensity assessment criteria generated 56 linear equations of the yield loss function. The greatest loss was observed in the earliest growth stage, and yield loss coefficients ranged from 3.41 to 9.02 kg/ha for each 1% LI for leaflet incidence, from 13.34 to 127.4 kg/ha/1 lesion/cm2 for lesion density and from 5.53 to 110.0 kg/ha/1 uredinium/cm2 for uredinium density.

Quantification of incubation, latent and infection periods of Phakopsora pachyrhizi in soybean, according to chronological time and degree-days

ABSTRACT In experiments conducted in a growth chamber, the chronological time and the accumulated degree-days were determined for the duration of incubation, latent and infectious periods of Phakopsora pachyrhizi cultivars BRSGO 7560 and BRS 246 RR. Detached soybean leaflets were placed in gerbox-type acrylic boxes and inoculated with 20 x 103 uredospores/mL. The study was conducted at 12-h photoperiod and temperatures of 10ºC, 15ºC, 22ºC, 25ºC and 30°C for 30 days. Lesions and uredia/cm2were evaluated and the number of uredia per lesion was quantified after the beginning of sporulation. The sporulation potential was also quantified for cultivars BRSGO 7560 and BRS 246 RR. The steps of the infection process can be quantified based on both the chronological time and the accumulated heat. The cultivar BRSGO 7560 produced 4,012.8 spores/cm2 and BRS 246 RR, 7,348.4 uredospores/cm2. The largest number of uredia was produced at 25ºC in both cultivars; however, BRS 246 RR presented 372.7 uredia/cm2 and BRSGO 7560, 231.6 uredia/cm2. At 10ºC and 30°C, leaf infection did not occur in both cultivars.

[Ave Maria]

Soitinnus: lauluääni (altto), piano.