Fossil and non-fossil source contributions to atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols during extreme spring grassland fires in Eastern Europe

In early spring the Baltic region is frequently affected by high-pollution events due to biomass burning in that area. Here we present a comprehensive study to investigate the impact of biomass/grass burning (BB) on the evolution and composition of aerosol in Preila, Lithuania, during springtime open fires. Non-refractory submicron particulate matter (NR-PM1) was measured by an Aerodyne aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) and a source apportionment with the multilinear engine (ME-2) running the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to the organic aerosol fraction to investigate the impact of biomass/grass burning. Satellite observations over regions of biomass burning activity supported the results and identification of air mass transport to the area of investigation. Sharp increases in biomass burning tracers, such as levoglucosan up to 683 ngm-3 and black carbon (BC) up to 17 μgm-3 were observed during this period. A further separation between fossil and non-fossil primary and secondary contributions was obtained by coupling ACSM PMF results and radiocarbon (14C) measurements of the elemental (EC) and organic (OC) carbon fractions. Non-fossil organic carbon (OCnf/ was the dominant fraction of PM1, with the primary (POCnf/ and secondary (SOCnf/ fractions contributing 26–44% and 13–23% to the total carbon (TC), respectively. 5–8% of the TC had a primary fossil origin (POCf/, whereas the contribution of fossil secondary organic carbon (SOCf/ was 4–13 %. Nonfossil EC (ECnf/ and fossil EC (ECf/ ranged from 13–24 and 7–13 %, respectively. Isotope ratios of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were used to distinguish aerosol particles associated with solid and liquid fossil fuel burning.

North African Arabic, a guide to the spoken language.

"Introductory series"--Cover.

American authors: a hand-book of American literature from early colonial to living writers,

Mode of access: Internet.

Dr. Eachard's works ... : to which are added five letters /

I. The grounds and occasions of the contempt of the clergy and religion enquired into in a letter to R.L. . - II. Observations on an answer to the Enquiry in a second letter to the same . - III. Mr. Hobbs's state of nature considered in a dialogue between Philautus and Timothy.

How ARS works to review research progress.

Mode of access: Internet.

How ARS works to manage resources.

Mode of access: Internet.

How ARS works to evaluate ARS research scientists.

Mode of access: Internet.

A plated article : with an introductory account of the historical Spode-Copeland china works to which it refers /

Mode of access: Internet.

A history of painting in Italy : Umbria, Florence and Siena from the second to the sixteenth century /

"Biographies of the authors": v. 1, p. ix-xviii.

Islam, Politics and Change : The Indonesian Experience after the Fall of Suharto /

In this book researchers investigate what happened after violent protests all over the country had forced President Suharto to step down in 1998 and Indonesia successfully made the transition from an authoritarian state to a democracy. This title was made Open Access by libraries from around the world through Knowledge Unlatched.

Memoirs of the life of Martha Laurens Ramsay : who died in Charleston, S.C., on the 10th of June, 1811, in the 52d year of her age : with an appendix containing extracts from her diary, letters, and other private papers, and also from letters written to her, by her father, Henry Laurens, 1771-1776 /

Shaw & Shoemaker

Description of the picture, Christ healing the sick in the temple, painted by Benjamin West, Esq. ... and presented by the author to the Pennsylvania Hospital.

Attributed to Macquin on title page of his Description of the picture, Christ rejected by the Jews ... (Philadelphia, 1830) and also in the British Museum catalog.

Engravings of the arteries : illustrating the second volume of The anatomy of the human body, and serving as an introduction to The surgery of the arteries. /

Last page blank.

The French history : briefly told, from early times to the present period /

Signatures : B-Y⁸, Z⁴