Quand la nourriture se fait parole: Scènes de communication alimentaire dans les récits médiévaux

Depuis les travaux d'Anita Guerreau-Jalabert sur la symbolique des triangles alimentaires dans le roman arthurien, personne ne saurait douter qu'au Moyen Âge la nourriture obéit à des codes. Une scène de table ne se réduit pas à une notation à valeur référentielle, à un éclat de vie aristocratique : intégrée au récit, la notation alimentaire est un élément constitutif du sens de l'oeuvre. Plus particulièrement, un plat peut servir de message adressé par un personnage à un autre. On s'est peu intéressé, si ce n'est pour la légende du coeur mangé, à ces passages où la nourriture vient compléter, voire se substituer à la parole. Des nouvelles de Boccace (traduites par Laurent de Premierfait) aux Cent Nouvelles nouvelles et au Pogge (traduit par Guillaume Tardif), mais aussi dans les romans (Ysaÿe le Triste, Le Cuer d'amours espris, Jehan de Saintré), les exemples ne manquent pas qui, à la fin du Moyen Âge, illustrent la variété des messages alimentaires. Si le plat qu'on sert peut être l'instrument d'une vengeance (le repas cannibale !), il est aussi et surtout utilisé comme moyen de séduction. Parfois, il s'agit d'un avertissement qui, par la transgression des codes, donne voix à la morale ; ailleurs, l'ironie s'en mêle, quand la nourriture traduit une attitude de dérision face au convive. Ce dernier procédé, plus ludique, ne se rencontre pas seulement - comme on pourrait s'y attendre - dans l'univers du fabliau ou de la nouvelle. Il traverse le Moyen Âge et, du XIIe au XVe siècle, prépare l'émergence du cuisinier dont l'art et les « joyeux dits » font un double du poète.

Soil macrofauna under integrated crop-livestock systems in a Brazilian Cerrado Ferralsol

The objective of this work was to assess the effects of integrated crop-livestock systems, associated with two tillage and two fertilization regimes, on the abundance and diversity of the soil macrofauna. Four different management systems were studied: continuous pasture (mixed grass); continuous crop; two crop-livestock rotations (crop/pasture and pasture/crop); and native Cerrado as a control. Macrofauna was sampled using a modified Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility method, and all individuals were counted and identified at the morphospecies level for each plot. A total of 194 morphospecies were found, distributed among 30 groups, and the most representative in decreasing order of density were: Isoptera, Coleoptera larvae, Formicidae, Oligochaeta, Coleoptera adult, Diplopoda, Hemiptera, Diptera larvae, Arachnida, Chilopoda, Lepidoptera, Gasteropoda, Blattodea and Orthoptera. Soil management systems and tillage regimes affected the structure of soil macrofauna, and integrated crop-livestock systems, associated with no-tillage, especially with grass/legume species associations, had more favorable conditions for the development of "soil engineers" compared with continuous pasture or arable crops. Soil macrofauna density and diversity, assessed at morphospecies level, are effective data to measure the impact of land use in Cerrado soils.

Molecular imaging in the development of a novel treatment paradigm for glioblastoma (GBM): an integrated multidisciplinary commentary.

Current therapeutic strategies against glioblastoma (GBM) have failed to prevent disease progression and recurrence effectively. The part played by molecular imaging (MI) in the development of novel therapies has gained increasing traction in recent years. For the first time, using expertise from an integrated multidisciplinary group of authors, herein we present a comprehensive evaluation of state-of-the-art GBM imaging and explore how advances facilitate the emergence of new treatment options. We propose a novel next-generation treatment paradigm based on the targeting of multiple hallmarks of cancer evolution that will heavily rely on MI.

Confirmatory factor analysis of an integrated model of psycopathology assessed with MMPI-2-RF and the MCMI-III

We presented an integrated hierarchical model of psychopathology that more accurately captures empirical patterns of comorbidity between clinical syndromes and personality disorders.In order to verify the structural validity of the model proposed, this study aimed to analyze the convergence between the Restructured Clinical (RC) scales and Personality scales (PSY-5) of the MMPI-2-RF and the Clinical Syndrome and Personality Disorder scales of the MCMI-III.The MMPI-2-RF and MCMI-III were administered to a clinical sample of 377 outpatients (167 men and 210 women).The structural hypothesiswas assessed by using a Confirmatory Factor Analytic design with four common superordinate factors. An independent-cluster-basis solution was proposed based on maximum likelihood estimation and the application of several fit indices.The fit of the proposed model can be considered as good and more so if we take into account its complexity.

Speaking from the Inside: Challenges Faced by Communication Researchers Investigating Disease-Related Issues in a Hospital Setting.

This commentary came from within the framework of integrating the humanities in medicine and from accompanying research on disease-related issues by teams involving clinicians and researchers in medical humanities. The purpose is to reflect on the challenges faced by researchers when conducting emotionally laden research and on how they impact observations and subsequent research findings. This commentary is furthermore a call to action since it promotes the institutionalization of a supportive context for medical humanities researchers who have not been trained to cope with sensitive medical topics in research. To that end, concrete recommendations regarding training and supervision were formulated.

Communication with terminal cancer patients in palliative care: are there differences between nurses and physicians?

The aim of this study was to find whether there were interprofessional differences in specific elements of communication with terminal cancer patients and decision-making processes that concern such patients. Given that interdisciplinary team work is one of the basic values in palliative care, if there are conflicting views between professions on such important issues it is most important to know about these and to understand them. A questionnaire utilized in an earlier survey of palliative care physicians and addressing their attitudes to and beliefs about specific elements of communication and decision making was sent to a sample of palliative care nurses working in the same regions, i.e. the French-speaking parts of Switzerland, Belgium and France. After a second mailing (reminder), 135 of the 163 questionnaires (83%) were returned. There was general agreement between nurses and physicians on questions dealing with perceptions of patients' knowledge of their diagnosis and stage of disease, patients' need for information, "do not resuscitate" orders and ethical principles in decision-making processes. Statistically significant, but small, differences between professional groups were only observed for a minority of the questions. Interprofessional differences in specific elements of communication with terminal cancer patients and decision-making processes affecting these patients were not so marked that they could be called "conflicting interprofessional views."

Communication skills training in oncology: it works!

While the previous chapter by L. Fallowfield and V. Jenkins focuses on different communication skills training (CST) concepts currently being utilized, this chapter reviews and comments the scientific evidence of the impact of CST on improving communication skills. The aim of this chapter is not to provide a complete review of the evidence-this has already been done in systematic reviews-but to discuss the scientific evidence and reflect on the available results and relevant topics for further investigations.

Cover plants with potential use for crop-livestock integrated systems in the Cerrado region

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose concentrations in the decomposition process of cover plant residues with potential use in no-tillage with corn, for crop-livestock integrated system, in the Cerrado region. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Cerrados, in Planaltina, DF, Brazil in a split plot experimental design. The plots were represented by the plant species and the subplots by harvesting times, with three replicates. The cover plants Urochloa ruziziensis, Canavalia brasiliensis, Cajanus cajan, Pennisetum glaucum, Mucuna aterrima, Raphanus sativus, Sorghum bicolor were evaluated together with spontaneous plants in the fallow. Cover plants with lower lignin concentrations and, consequently, higher residue decomposition such as C. brasiliensis and U. ruziziensis promoted higher corn yield. High concentrations of lignin inhibit plant residue decomposition and this is favorable for the soil cover. Lower concentrations of lignin result in accelerated plant decomposition, more efficient nutrient cycling, and higher corn yield.

Soil biological attributes in pastures of different ages in a crop-livestock integrated system

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the pasture (Urochloa brizantha) component age on soil biological properties, in a crop-livestock integrated system. The experiment was carried out in a Brazilian savannah (Cerrado) area with 92 ha, divided into six pens of approximately 15 ha. Each pen represented a different stage of the pasture component: formation, P0; one year, P1; two years, P2; three years, P3; and final with 3.5 years, Pf. Samples were taken in the 0-10 cm soil depth. The soil biological parameters - microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass respiration (C-CO2), metabolic quotient (qCO2), microbial quotient (q mic), and total organic carbon (TOC) - were evaluated and compared among different stages of the pasture, and between an adjacent area under native Cerrado and another area under degraded pasture (PCD). The MBC, q mic and TOC increased and qCO2 reduced under the different pasture stages. Compared to PCD, the pasture stages had higher MBC, q mic and TOC, and lower qCO2. The crop-livestock integrated system improved soil microbiological parameters and immobilized carbon in the soil in comparison to the degraded pasture.

Texte et contexte dans la communication

DES FRONTIERES ENTRE TEXTE ET CONTEXTE : POINTS DE VUE THEORIQUES - Sur la métacommunication / C. Sluzki - De l'amour du texte à l'amour du contexte / J. Cosnier - Le dialogue entre l'intra-psychique et l'interpersonnel : une perspective développmentale / D. Stern - Texte et contexte. La perspective thermodynamique / R. Fivaz - Une position constructiviste pour la thérapie familiale / L. Hoffman MICROPROCESSUS DANS LES CONVERSATIONS : POINTS DE VUE EMPIRIQUES ET DEVELOPPEMENTAUX - Le contrat comme relation. Une étude des cadres sociaux du consentement / M. Modak - Recherche sur les axiomes de "Une logique de la communication" / J. Beavin-Bavelas - Distance physique ou distance psychique ? Les formations corporelles parents-bébé comme contextes de l'autonomisation dans la famille / C. Gertsch-Bettens - L'encadrement parental dans le jeu à trois. Une recherche exploratoire d'inspiration systémique / A. Corbosz-Warnery - L'évolution des formations corporelles lors de thérapies familiales en fonction de l'alliance thérapeutique / S. Serpa-Rusconi, P.-A. Doudin - Genèse de la négociation interpersonnelle des conflits : point de vue pragmatique / H. Jisa LES RECONTEXTUALISATIONS EN THERAPIE FAMILIALE - De l'ajustement du cadre en thérapie familiale / F. Seywert, E. Fivaz Depeursinge - Les questions réflexives, source d'autoguérison / K. Tomm...[et al.] - Langage et changement. L'usage de paroles-clés en thérapie / J. Pereira - Texte et contexte en psychosomatique : des modèles réductionnistes à une épistémologie de la complexité / L. Onnis