Charge-transfer interaction mediated organogels from bile acid appended anthracenes: rheological and microscopic studies

In this article we present dual-component charge-transfer interaction (CT) induced organogel formation with bile acid anthracene conjugates as donors and 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone (TNF) as the acceptor. The use of TNF (1) as a versatile electron acceptor in the formation of gels is demonstrated through the formation of gels with different steroidal groups on the anthracene moiety in a variety of solvents ranging from aromatic hydrocarbons to long chain alcohols. Thermal stability and variable temperature fluorescence experiments were performed on these CT gels. Dynamic rheological experiments conducted on these gels suggest that these are viscoelastic soft materials and with the gel strength can be modulated by varying the donor/acceptor ratios.

Development of a New Generation of Vectors for Gene Expression, Gene Replacement, and Protein-Protein Interaction Studies in Mycobacteria

Escherichia coli-mycobacterium shuttle vectors are important tools for gene expression and gene replacement in mycobacteria. However, most of the currently available vectors are limited in their use because of the lack of extended multiple cloning sites (MCSs) and convenience of appending an epitope tag(s) to the cloned open reading frames (ORFs). Here we report a new series of vectors that allow for the constitutive and regulatable expression of proteins, appended with peptide tag sequences at their N and C termini, respectively. The applicability of these vectors is demonstrated by the constitutive and induced expression of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis pknK gene, coding for protein kinase K, a serine-threonine protein kinase. Furthermore, a suicide plasmid with expanded MCS for creating gene replacements, a plasmid for chromosomal integrations at the commonly used L5 attB site, and a hypoxia-responsive vector, for expression of a gene(s) under hypoxic conditions that mimic latency, have also been created. Additionally, we have created a vector for the coexpression of two proteins controlled by two independent promoters, with each protein being in fusion with a different tag. The shuttle vectors developed in the present study are excellent tools for the analysis of gene function in mycobacteria and are a valuable addition to the existing repertoire of vectors for mycobacterial research.

Orientation Selection and Microstructural Evolution in Directionally Solidified Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95

Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95 alloy was directionally solidified by using a modified Bridgman technique at a wide range of growth rates of 5 to 100 cm/h. The directionally grown samples exhibited plane front solidification morphology up to a growth rate of 90 cm/h. Typical island banding feature was observed closer to the chilled end, which eventually gave rise to irregular peritectic coupled growth (PCG). The PCG gained prominence with an increase in the growth rate. The texture study revealed formation of strong aOE (c) 311 > texture in a lower growth rate regime, aOE (c) 110 > and ``rotated aOE (c) 110 > aEuroe in an intermediate growth regime, and aOE (c) 112 > in a higher growth rate regime. In-depth analysis of the atomic configuration of a solid-liquid interface revealed that the growth texture is influenced by the kinetics of atomic attachment to the solid-liquid interface, which is intimately related to a planar packing fraction and an atomic stacking sequence of the interfacial plane. The mechanism proposed in this article is novel and will be useful in addressing the orientation selection mechanism of topologically closed packed intermetallic systems. The samples grown at a higher growth rate exhibit larger magnetostriction (lambda) and d lambda/dH owing to the absence of pro-peritectic (Tb,Dy)Fe-3 and formation of aOE (c) 112 > texture, which lies closer to the easy magnetization direction (EMD).

Diagnóstico agronómico del sistema de producción de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L) en tres localidades representativas del municipio de Ticuantepe, Managua, Nicaragua

El presente estudio se desarrolló durante la época de postrera (1996) en la zona de Ticuantepe, Managua, en las localidades de Buenos Aires, El Edén y Cebadilla, con los objetivos de conocer y profundizar en la problemática agronómica y socioeconómica que se presenta en la producción de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L) en el área de estudio, y específicamente investigar que factores de producción están limitando el potencial de rendimiento del cultivo. Como criterio principal se consideró el nivel tecnológico de los productores, definiendo tres grupos de tecnología: tecnología alta, tecnología media y tecnología baja. Se tomaron como muestra veinte productores. La información se recolectó a través de encuesta semi-estructurada, abordando los aspectos involucrados en la producción de frijol tanto agronómicos como socioeconómicos, se aplicó una hoja de campo para analizar los componentes del rendimiento, se calculó la producción estimada para realizar análisis de rendimiento y rentabilidad del cultivo al igual que se realizaron consultas con las instituciones de apoyo al agro que se desempeñan en la zona en diversos aspectos. Los resultados del estudio muestran que existe poca asistencia técnica de parte de las instituciones de apoyo a la agricultura y ausencia de planes de apoyo crediticio de cualquier modalidad. En referencia al manejo agronomico el estudio mostro que existen deficiencias especialmente en lo que se refiere a la fertilización, manejo de plagas y enfermedades debido a la falta de conocimientos basicos de los productores en estos aspectos. De igual forma los criterios de fertilización no están bien definidos, por lo que es comun el mal uso de formulas y dosis del fertilizante. Los productores de tecnologia alta presentan buena rentabilidad con un promedio de 359.21 por ciento de acuerdo a los rendimientos estimados y valor de venta del producto. De igual forma los productores de tecnología media obtienen buena rentabilidad con un promedio de 281.4 por ciento, a excepción de un productor que obtuvo rentabilidad negativa (24.90). Los productores de tecnología baja tienen los rendimientos estimados y rentabilidades más bajas con un promedio de 169.64 por ciento, y aún así, de ocho productores solo tres obtienen rentabilidad negativa (25.4, 47.60 y 22.10 por ciento), lo que demuestra que el cultivo de frijol si es un cultivo rentable a pesar de las diferentes problemáticas que presentan los productores, al igual que se perfila como un cultivo que pasa a ser de subsistencia a un cultivo que genera ganancias.

The interaction between poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and reversed micelles of water/AOT/n-heptane

The interactions between poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and the reversed micelles composed of water, AOT, and n-heptane are investigated with the aid of phase diagram, measurements of conductivity and viscosity, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The phase diagrams of water/AOT/heptane in the presence of and absence of PVP are given. The conductivity of the water/AOT/heptane reversed micelle without PVP initially increases and then decreases with the increase of water content, ω0 (the molar ratio of water to AOT), while the plots of conductivity (K) versus ω0 of the reversed micelle in the presence of PVP depend on the PVP concentrations. The plot of K versus ω0 with 2.0%wt PVP is similar to that without PVP. Only the ω0,max (the water content that the maximum conductivity corresponds to) is larger than that without PVP. Nevertheless, the conductivity of the reversed micelle containing more than 4%wt PVP always rises with the increase of the water content in the measured range. The DLS results indicate that the hydrodynamic radius (Rh) in the presence and absence of PVP rises with the increase of ω0. The plots with PVP and without PVP have almost the same value when ω0<17; and after that, it quickly increases with the increase of ω0. It is interesting to find that there is almost no effect of the PVP concentration on the viscosity and Rh of the reversed micelle at ω0 = 15. The FTIR results suggest that the contents of SO3--bound water and Na+-bound water both decrease with PVP added, while the content of the bulky-like water increases. However, the trapped water in the hydrophobic chain of the surfactant is nearly unaffected by PVP. It is also found from the FTIR that the carbonyl group stretching vibration of AOT is fitted into two sub-peaks, which center at 1740 and 1729 cm-1, corresponding to the trans and cis conformations of AOT, respectively.

Ovinos y caprinos

El presente dossier ha sido elaborado como texto básico para la Asignatura OVINOS Y CAPRINOS que se imparte en el octavo semestre (sistema de bloques) y quinto semestre (sistema de créditos) de la carrera Ingeniería en Zootecnia, el cual pretende ser un auxiliar de manejo e información sobre la oveja tropical, que día a día, en Nicaragua, ha causando bastante interés entre muchos criadores de ganado y productores agropecuarios, en general. Los aspectos que se abordan son: Generalidades, Razas, Manejo, Instalaciones, Planeación, Proyección y Control del Hato, entre otros. Para la elaboración de este texto he tomado como referencia, bibliografía especializada que ha servido de consulta, enseñanza y aprendizaje a docentes y estudiantes de las Ciencias Agrarias, así como también mi experiencia acumulada en 15 años de trabajar con las especies animales aquí estudiadas. La explotación de estas especies menores puede ser una actividad económica muy productiva y rentable, requiere de que los profesionales pecuarios y los ganaderos, además de ser observadores, detallistas, pacientes, constantes e incansables trabajadores tengan elementos técnicos y tecnológicos que les facilite la toma de decisiones y un manejo óptimo de los animales en cuestión. Espero que este texto se convierta en fuente de lectura, consulta, análisis, principalmente de estudio, y en punto de comparación con el trabajo cotidiano y práctico, que te motive a leer y consultar otras fuentes, como Internet, con el fin de enriquecer aún más tus conocimientos y formarte tus propios criterios. Ojalá que este material pueda ser enriquecido por los comentarios y sugerencias que querrás hacer al momento de su uso y agradezco de antemano las críticas y comentarios que podrás hacer con relación al presente documento. Estimado estudiante y amigo, confío en poder satisfacer tus expectativas y espero estar muy pronto con vos, para aclarar las dudas e inquietudes que se te presenten.

La consommation du vin en Grèce ancienne: idéalisation et réalité

Forma parte del dossier "Penser les banquets grec et romain, Entre représentations et pratiques". Actes de la table ronde Le banquet dans l'Antiquité 6 janvier 2007, Institut national d'histoire de l'art - Paris. Coordinado por Robin Nadeau

Spawn production in hatcheries

(4 p.)

Um protesto : resposta ás pretenções da França a uma parte do Amazonas manifestadas por Mr. Deloncle

Dado de responsabilidade pesquisado no Lello Universal em 2 volumes, 19-? v. 2 p. 192.

Designing High Performance Factory Automation Applications on Top of DDS

13 p.

Fishing gear survey of Kainji Lake, northern Nigeria, 1996

A survey was carried out in September 1996 alongside the annual frame survey of Kainji Lake, Nigeria. As in the previous surveys, there were 6 main fishing gear types in use on the lake, which included gill nets, drift nets, beach seines, cast nets, longlines (baited and foul hooking) acid fishing traps. A total of 813 canoes were sampled. The canoe lengths were similar to the previous gear surveys. Altogether 466 gill nets were measured. They had an average length of 149 m, and were mostly bottom set. Of the gill nets measured 68% had a mesh size below 3 inches the minimum mesh size allowable according to the Niger and Kebbi State Fisheries Edict, 1996. Of concern was the large increase in the number of 1 inch meshed nets recorded on the lake. Drift nets had a mean length of 74 m. A total of 88% of all drift nets measured had a mesh size below 2.5 inches, the minimum mesh size stipulated in the State Edict. A total number of 102 beach seines were sampled with a mean length of 110 m, the mesh size in use on the lake remained as 0.1 inches under the Edict beach seines are banned from fishing in Kainji Lake. The decline in the lengths of the beach seines (and therefore catch rates) recorded since l995 was encouraging in the light of the destructive nature of these nets. A total of 30 cast nets were sampled, they had a mean diameter of 9.8 and a mean mesh size of 1.9 inches. All the nets had a hanging ratio of 0.5. Of the cast nets measured 40% had a mesh size below the minimum size of 2 inches recommended by the State Fisheries Edicts. Of concern was the continued rise in the number of gill nets with mesh sizes less than 2 inches. There were 2 types of longlines in operation on the lake. The baited and the foul hooking longlines. They were mostly bottom set and the hook size nos. 12-14 (Kirby sea hook) were predominant. Two types of fishing traps were identified, one was covered with a mesh of thin cane, one with netting material. The fishing traps had a mean height of 0.8 m and a mean width at the vase of 0.53 m. The mean mesh size used was 0.86 inches. Citharinus was reported as the most targeted of all fish species on the lake. Synodontis membranaceous was also targeted by most gears especially the smaller meshed nets. Labeo and Tilapia were low on the list of targeted species but their incidence remains high in the catches. (PDF contains 27 pages)

Larramendiren gramatika eta gramatikagintzaren historia

Reed. in J. A. Lakarra (ed.) 1992, Manuel de Larramendi. Hirugarren mendeurrena (1690-1990), Andoain: Andoaingo Udala [etc], 193-205 & in R. Gómez & J. A. Lakarra (arg.) 1992, Euskalaritzaren historiaz, I: XVI-XIX. mendeak, Donostia-San Sebastián: Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia & UPV/EHU, 261-274.

Inmigración: indicadores de nutrición

[ES] Los movimientos migratorios forman parte de la historia universal. La población inmigrante, igual que el resto de la población, puede sufrir malnutrición. Los indicadores de la nutrición en inmigrantes son los mismos que en los autóctonos. La valoración nutricional debe realizarse de forma sistematica, mediante antropometría, historia clínica y dietética, etc. Se puede realizar de forma objetiva o subjetiva.

Análisis de una metodología para el estudio de los textos del periodismo de investigación.

493 p.

Proyecto no concluido para la Alhóndiga de Bilbao. Una propuesta sobre la Estética objetiva de Jorge Oteiza como método de investigación.

785p. -- De forma paralela al proceso de investigación para esta Tesis el investigador llevó a cabo un documental de 80 minutos de duración, titulado "Oteiza y el Centro Cultural Alhóndiga. Proyecto estético para Bilbao". Este documental está elaborado a partir de las entrevistas arriba señaladas, así como de material audiovisual inédito sobre este proyecto. El documental está expuesto de forma permanente en el Museo Jorge Oteiza (Alzuza, Navarra)