Transitional justice in Nepal: the Commission on Investigation of Disappeared Persons, Truth and Reconciliation Act 2014

The Commission on Investigation of Disappeared Persons, Truth and Reconciliation Act 2014 is Nepal’s latest attempt to establish a transitional programme to respond to conflict era abuses. In part, the Act remedies the inadequacies of the 2013 Ordinance. It creates two commissions, on truth and reconciliation and enforced disappearances, makes provision for the establishment of a Special Court to try past abuses and incorporates systems to enable vulnerable witnesses to participate in truth seeking. Yet in a number of respects it continues to fall short of international legal standards, not least in the possibility of amnesty for international crimes and gross violations of human rights. In addition, the relationship between the three mechanisms – truth seeking, amnesty and prosecution – remains unclear and safeguards for individual rights are lacking. This paper explores these recent developments, highlighting issues that must be remedied if transitional justice objectives are to be achieved in Nepal.

Information and punitiveness: trial reconstruction in Ireland

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report results from a rape trial reconstruction in Ireland. Design/methodology/approach – A studio audience of 100 members of the Irish public were selected to attend a TV programme by the Republic of Ireland’s national broadcasting organisation. This involved the examination of the sentencing of a rape case. The audience’s sentencing preferences were measured at the outset, when they had been given only summary information about the case, and later, when full details had been disclosed. Findings – Previous research examining changes in public attitudes to crime and punishment has shown that deliberation, including the provision of new information and discussion with others and experts, tends to decrease public punitiveness and increase public leniency towards sentencing. An experiment in Ireland, however, showed that providing information does not invariably and necessarily moderate punitive attitudes. This paper presents the results, and offers some explanations for the anomalous outcome. Research limitations/implications – The pre/post design, in which the audience served as their own controls, is a weak one, and participants may have responded to what they took to be the agenda of the producers. Due to the quality of the sample, the results may not be generalisable to the broader Irish population. Practical implications – Policy makers should recognise that the public is not uniformly punitive for all crimes. There is good research evidence to show that the apparent public appetite for tough punishment is illusory, and is a function of the way that polls measure public attitudes to punishment. Sentencers and those responsible for sentencing policy would benefit from a fuller understanding of the sorts of cases which illicit strong punitive responses from the public, and the reasons for this response. However any such understanding should not simply translate into responsiveness to the public’s punitive sentiments – where these exist. Innovative survey methods – like this experiment – which attempt to look beyond the top-of-the-head opinions by providing information and opportunities for deliberation should be welcomed and used more widely. Originality/value – There have been limited research studies which reports factors which may increase punitiveness through the provision of information and deliberation.

Regurgitated bodies: presenting and representing trauma in 'The Act of Killing'

Focusing on The Act of Killing, this chapter examines how an “ethics of realism” operates on three key cinematic arenas: genre, authorship and spectatorship. As far as genre is concerned, the film’s realist commitment emerges from where it is least expected, namely from Hollywood genres, such as the musical, the film noir and the western, which are used as documentary, that is to say, as a fantasy realm where perpetrators can confess to their crimes without restraints or fear of punishment, but which nonetheless retains the evidentiary weight of the audiovisual medium. Authorship, in turn, translates as Oppenheimer’s unmistakable auteur signature through his role of self-confessed “infiltrator” who disguises as a sympathiser of the criminals in order to gain first-hand access to the full picture of their acts. One of them, the protagonist Anwar Congo, is clearly affected by post-traumatic stress disorder, and his repetitive reliving of his killings is made to flare up in front of the camera so as to bring back the dead to the present time in their material reality, through his own body, including a harrowing scene of the actor’s unpredictable and uncontrollable retching as he re-enacts the killing of his victims through strangulation. Finally, in the realm of spectatorship, the usual process of illusionistic identification on the part of the spectator is turned onto its head by means of disguising these criminals as amateur filmmakers, led to shoot, act within, and then watch their own film within the film so as to force them to experience beyond any illusion the suffering they had caused.

Treason, felony and Lollardy: a common petition in the hand of Richard Osbarn, Clerk of the Chamber of the Guildhall 1400–c. 1437

This article examines a common petition presented in the English parliament of 1425 requesting that those imprisoned for long periods for the crimes of treason, felony and Lollardy might be brought to trial. On the basis of palaeographical and orthographical evidence, this petition is demonstrated to be written by Richard Osbarn, clerk of the chamber of the London Guildhall between 1400 and 1437. The implications of this discovery throw new light on the way petitions were formulated, suggesting that the scribes of petitions played a greater role than previously thought, and in some cases identified with the complaint itself.

Gruvrätten vid Stora Kopparberget 1641-1682 : en undersökning över rannsakade brott och utdömda straff

The purpose of this essay is to examine and explain how the Swedish mining court of Stora Kopparberget (the Great Copper Mountain) implemented its judicial legislation between 1641-1682. Questions are asked about which counts of indictments the court tried, which sentences they handed out, in what quantities and how these results looks in comparison with other contemporary courts. The index cards of the court judicial protocols are the primary source of information. The methods are those of quantity- and comparative analysis.The results show that theft of copper ore was the most common crime ransacked by the court. Other common crimes were (in order): sin of omission, transgression of work directions, fights, slander and disdain, trade of stolen ore, failing appearance in court etc.Fines were by far the most common sentence followed by shorter imprisonments, gauntlets, loss of right to mine possession, twig beating, loss of work, penal servitude, banishment, “wooden horse riding” and finally military transcription. Even though previous re-search, in the field of Swedish specialized courts, is almost non existent evidence confirms great similarities between the Stora Kopparberget mining court and Sala mining court. This essay will, hopefully, enrich our knowledge of specialized courts, of 17th century mining industry and society and let us reach a broader understanding of the working conditions of the mountain.

En sociologisk förståelse av förlåtelse och försoning

Forgiveness and reconciliation in a sociological context Are forgiveness and reconciliation left to the theologians to define or can these concepts also be genuine concepts in sociology? In spite of the fact that sociology and social psychology have a lot of research about relationship, interaction and groups, there is not much research about forgiveness and reconciliation. This article presents the understanding of how relations can be revived, if once broken, if using these conceptions. The discussion also includes the concepts of shame and guilt and even confidence, particularly in relations where you find victim and perpetrator. The discussion is developed in a perspective of symbolic interactionism with examples from sociological research about men´s violence against women and adults, especially fathers, abuse to their daughters. In this article the perpetrator feels guilt and the victim shame and the feeling of guilt makes the perpetrator to ask for forgiveness. When hate and hard feelings have come to an end, the reconciliation can occur as a consequence of the forgiveness.

Soft computing in biometrics : a pragmatic appraisal

The ever increasing spurt in digital crimes such as image manipulation, image tampering, signature forgery, image forgery, illegal transaction, etc. have hard pressed the demand to combat these forms of criminal activities. In this direction, biometrics - the computer-based validation of a persons' identity is becoming more and more essential particularly for high security systems. The essence of biometrics is the measurement of person’s physiological or behavioral characteristics, it enables authentication of a person’s identity. Biometric-based authentication is also becoming increasingly important in computer-based applications because the amount of sensitive data stored in such systems is growing. The new demands of biometric systems are robustness, high recognition rates, capability to handle imprecision, uncertainties of non-statistical kind and magnanimous flexibility. It is exactly here that, the role of soft computing techniques comes to play. The main aim of this write-up is to present a pragmatic view on applications of soft computing techniques in biometrics and to analyze its impact. It is found that soft computing has already made inroads in terms of individual methods or in combination. Applications of varieties of neural networks top the list followed by fuzzy logic and evolutionary algorithms. In a nutshell, the soft computing paradigms are used for biometric tasks such as feature extraction, dimensionality reduction, pattern identification, pattern mapping and the like.

Intent and Method: A Study of Female Characters in Aeschylean and Euripidean Drama

Aeschylus and Euripides used tragic female characters to help fulfill the purpose of religious celebration and to achieve the motivation of public reaction. The playwrights, revising myths about tragic woman and redefining the Greek definition of appropriate femininity, supported or questioned the very customs which they changed. Originally composed as part of a religious festival for Dionysus, the god of wine, revelry and fertility, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Euripides were evaluated by Aristotle. He favored Aeschylus over Euripides, but it appears as if his stipulations for tragic characterization do not apply to Aeschylean and Euripidean women. Modem critics question both Aristotle's analysis in the Poetics as well as the tragedies which he evaluated. As part of the assessment of Aeschylus, the character of the Persian Queen, Atossa, appears as a conradiction the images that Greeks maintain of non-Greeks. The Persians is discussed in relation to modem criticisms and as on its function as a warning against radical changes in Athenian domestic life. The Oresteia, a trilogy, also charts the importance of an atypical woman in Aeschylean tragedy, and how this role, Clytaemnestra, represents an extreme example of the natural and necessary evolution of families, households and kingdoms. In contrast to Aeschylus' plea to retain nomoi (traditional custom and law), EUripides' tragedy, the Medea, demonstrates the importance of a family and a country to provide security, especially for women. Medea's abandonment by Jason and subsequent desperation drives her to commit murder in the hope of revenge. Ultimately, Euripides advocates changes in social convention away from the alienation of non-Greek, non-citizens, and females. Euripides is, unfortunately, tagged a misogynist by some in this tragedy and another example-the Hippolytus. Euripides' Phaedra becomes entangled in a scheme of divine vengeance and ultimately commits suicide in an attempt to avoid societal shame. Far from treatises of hate, Euripidean women take advantage of the little power they possess within a constrictive social system. While both Aeschylus and Euripides revise customary images and expectations of women in the context of religiously-motivated drama, one playwright intends to maintain civic order and the other intends to challenge the secular norm.

From the Hill

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A psicopatia e seu tratamento jurídico-penal

A pesquisa realizada visa atentar não só a sociedade, mas principalmente os profissionais envoltos na realidade jurídica para a necessidade de uma sanção adequada aos psicopatas, com a devida urgência. Esta individualização propiciará uma reação adequada dos juristas aos atos cometidos por estes indivíduos que não são ressocializados pela penalização comum, tampouco podem ser considerados doentes mentais, vez que não há tratamento químico benéfico para este transtorno que possuem. Indivíduos que tem consciência e capacidade de determinação na prática de atos ilícitos, mas necessitam biologicamente destas práticaspara satisfazerem-se e assim cometem crimes variados, de acordo com o grau de periculosidade deste transtorno. Reincidentes, que sem o tratamento legislativo adequado oferecem perigo eminente à sociedade. Apresentando e esclarecendo como trabalha a mente, as ações e reações de um psicopata, e, principalmente seus resultados jurídicos. Discorrente sobre a razão de procurar um caminho para realizar justiça, ou especialmente prevenir possíveis condutas criminosas. O desafio enfrentado no decorrer deste é encontrar respostas positivas dentro do que nos limita a Lei Maior, para que em um futuro próximo exista definitiva solução, utilizando-se de fontes bibliográficas em Direito, Psicologia, Psicologia Jurídica, Criminologia, Medicina Legal, Psiquiatria Forense, e ainda, algumas considerações jurisprudenciais.

A criminalidade organizada e o fenômeno da globalização:tratados, convenções internacionais e tratados bilaterais que visam controlar,jurídico penalmente, a criminalidade que passou a ser transnacional ou mesmo mundial

O presente trabalho inicia-se com algumas considerações acerca da evolução da criminalidade organizada no âmbito mundial, tendo em vista as formações dos Estados durante os séculos e as dificuldades em oprimir sua proliferação em função da globalização.A pesquisa apresenta a atuação fenômeno da globalização no surgimento de organizações criminosas e novos delitos que trazem novos contornos ao Direito Penal.Em seguida, trata da aplicação da lei penal, de forma transnacional, em face do crime organizado.organizado. È discutido, ainda, o surgimento do direito internacional, das organizações internacionais de combate ao crime organizado mundial e do tribunal Penal Internacional.Apresenta-se a emergência de um sistema criminal transnacional de controle às novas manifestações criminais,tendo como consequência o nascimento dos tratados,convenções internacionais e tratados bilaterais acordados entre os estados, com escopo de neutralizar a atuação das organizações criminosas.Por fim o trabalho aponta os benefícios e as dificuldades encontradas na aplicação dos tratados acordados entre os Estados, virtude da soberania e da falta de se identificar o caratê de internacional de um crime.O trabalho, em síntese, estuda o aparecimento de novos crimes praticados por organizações criminosas de atuação transnacional que surgiram em face do fenômeno da globalização,forçando uma modificação no direito penal,dando margem ao nascimento do direito internacional, de uma sociedade internacional,de um Tribunal Penal Internacional e apresentando a necessidade dos Estados discutirem formas integradas de soluções a essa nova realidade.

Penas alternativas

Esta monografia objetiva estudar as penas alternativas.Na primeira parte estuda-se os princípios do Direito Penal, baseados nos Princípios Constitucionais, que abrange o princípio da legalidade, que é o balizamento para todos os princípios do Direito Penal, assim como os princípios da anterioridade da lei, irretroatividade da lei penal mais severa, individualização da pena,responsabilidade pessoal ou da personalidade da pena, limitação das penas, respeito ao preso, estado de inocência e outros.Ainda nessa parte busca conceituar o Direito Penal e relatar um breve histórico.A seguir analisa as penas privativas de liberdade e os tipos de regime que são fechado, semi-aberto e aberto.Na quarta parte referente ás penas alternativas busca-se menção das leis 7.209/84 e 9.714/98 e suas principais mudanças, onde se verifica as modalidades agregadas, tais como prestação pecuniárias, perda de bens e valores, prestação de serviço à comunidade ou entidade pública, interdição temporária de direito e limitação de fim de semana.Os dois últimos capítulos enfatizam as regras gerais das penas alternativas onde são mencionados três tópicos, lapso temporal, substituição e conversão, cada qual com sua abrangem dentro do direito penal; e as penas na legislação especial são atributos da penas restritivas do Código de Trânsito Brasileiro e na legislação dos crimes ambientais que se ocupam dos delitos que atentam contra os crimes ao meio ambiente.As penas alternativas estão sendo cada vez mais aplicadas, sendo uma ótima opção para o estado e para a sociedade.As penas alternativas conservam a dignidade humana do condenado ao contrário daqueles que estão nos presídios.Esta monografia é baseada em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, em livros, periódicos e sítios eletrônicos.

A influência da mídia na criminalidade

É certo que no decorrer dos anos, houve um crescimento exacerbado pelo interesse á informação.Com isso, veio o desenvolvimento dos meios de comunicação e consequentemente o da mídia.O interesse pela noticia se tornou algo imprescindível e necessário a todos aqueles que vivem na sociedade.O problema maior foi que com esse crescimento todas as espécies de informação passaram a ser veiculadas,ultrapassando as barreiras das simples informações,chegando a atingir á imagem,honra e até a própria intimidade da pessoa.Não nos resta dúvida que hoje a mídia tem um papel indispensável, só que nem sempre a ética da profissão é respeitada, colocando em certas ocasiões pessoas á situações vexatórias que não seriam necessárias.O enfoque maior é dado quando ocorrem crimes, onde a imprensa quer a qualquer custo transmitir tal fato, chegando a desrespeitar certas normas, e em certos casos fazendo pré julgamentos que não lhe cabem, tudo em razão notícia.