Do people have insight into their face recognition abilities?

Diagnosis of developmental or congenital prosopagnosia (CP) involves self-report of everyday face recognition difficulties, which are corroborated with poor performance on behavioural tests. This approach requires accurate self-evaluation. We examine the extent to which typical adults have insight into their face recognition abilities across four studies involving nearly 300 participants. The studies used five tests of face recognition ability: two that tap into the ability to learn and recognise previously unfamiliar faces (the Cambridge Face Memory Test, CFMT, Duchaine & Nakayama, 2006 and a newly devised test based on the CFMT but where the study phases involve watching short movies rather than viewing static faces – the CFMT-Films) and three that tap face matching (Benton Facial Recognition Test, BFRT, Benton, Sivan, Hamsher, Varney, & Spreen, 1983; and two recently devised sequential face matching tests). Self-reported ability was measured with the 15-item Kennerknecht et al. (2008) questionnaire; two single-item questions assessing face recognition ability; and a new 77-item meta-cognition questionnaire). Overall, we find that adults with typical face recognition abilities have only modest insight into their ability to recognise faces on behavioural tests. In a fifth study, we assess self-reported face recognition ability in people with CP and find that some people who expect to perform poorly on behavioural tests of face recognition do indeed perform poorly. However, it is not yet clear whether individuals within this group of poor performers have greater levels of insight (i.e., into their degree of impairment) than those with more typical levels of performance.

Repply to: Brito, A.C., Brotas, V., Caetano, M., Coutinho, T.P., Bordalo, A.A., Icely, J., Neto, J.M., Serôdio, J., Moita, T. (2012) "Defining phytoplankton class boundaries in Portuguese transitional waters: an evaluation of the ecological quality status according to the Water Framework Directive" [Ecological Indicators 19, 5-14]

We write to comment on the recently published paper “Defining phytoplankton class boundaries in Portuguese transitional waters: an evaluation of the ecological quality status according to the Water Framework Directive” (Brito et al., 2012). This paper presents an integrated methodology to analyse the ecological quality status of several Portuguese transitional waters, using phytoplanktonrelated metrics. One of the systems analysed, the Guadiana estuary in southern Portugal, is considered the most problematic estuary, with its upstream water bodies classified as Poor in terms of ecological status. We strongly disagree with this conclusion and we would like to raise awareness to some methodological constraints that, in our opinion, are the basis of such deceptive conclusions and should therefore not be neglected when using phytoplankton to assess the ecological status of natural waters.

The isolation and characterization of cytochrome c nitrite reductase subunits (NrfA and NrfH) from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774

Eur. J. Biochem. 270, 3904–3915 (2003)

A further investigation of the cytochrome b5–cytochrome c complex

J Biol Inorg Chem (2003) 8: 777–786

Transplantação hepática no C. H. Porto

RESUMO - Contexto: a actividade de transplantação hepática envolve um número considerável de profissionais multidisciplinares e, possui uma alocação de verbas importante do ponto de vista do administrador hospitalar. Estudar e analisar a actividade de transplantação hepática no Centro Hospitalar do Porto (CHP), é por isso, objecto do trabalho. Objectivos: Efectuar uma análise custo/proveito do processo de transplantação hepática para o CHP nos anos de 2010, 2011 e 2012 e, caracterizar a população em estudo com o maior número de variáveis possível. Metodologia: Seleccionou-se para análise os pacientes com o Grupo de Diagnóstico Homogéneo (GDH) 480 que realizaram transplante hepático entre 1 de Janeiro de 2010 até 30 de Junho de 2012 de modo a quantificar os custos e proveitos dos 161 pacientes desde a fase pré-transplante, passando pelo internamento até aos 6 meses após a alta hospitalar da fase pós-transplante. Na análise de custos da fase pré-transplante consideraram-se os custos com recursos humanos (RH) médicos das consultas e o custo com meios complementares de diagnóstico e terapêutica (MCDT’s). Na fase de internamento considerou-se os custos relativos à cirurgia (RH e material de consumo clinico e farmacológico) e diárias de internamento. Para a fase pós-transplante contabilizou-se os custos relativos a RH médicos das consultas, o custo com MCDT’s e fármacos. O apuramento de proveitos decorreu do contrato programa da instituição, da Portaria 839-A/2009 de 31 de Julho para o c��lculo pelo peso relativo do transplante hepático, pelo Despacho nº 19964/2008 de 28 de Julho para a comparticipação dos fármacos. Considerou-se ainda o incentivo à transplantação pelos Despachos nº6155/2006, de 15 de Março e nº 10485/2011, de 19 de Agosto. Resultados: Da análise global dos 161 GDH’s o verificado foi um custo total para o CHP de 7.505.518,89euro (um custo médio de 46.618,13euro por paciente). Quanto aos proveitos utilizando o contrato programa do CHP bem como os Despachos relativos ao incentivo à transplantação e à comparticipação de fármacos, existiu proveitos de 7.089.462,77euro (proveito médio de 44.033,93euro). Se o c��lculo dos proveitos de internamento fosse pelo peso relativo do transplante hepático os proveitos seriam de 21.834.655,50euro (proveito médio de 135.618,98euro).

Anti-doping testing at the 2008 European football championship.

Big sports events like the 2008 European Football Championship are a challenge for anti-doping activities, particularly when the sports event is hosted by two different countries and there are two laboratories accredited by the World Anti-Doping Agency. This challenges the logistics of sample collection as well as the chemical analyses, which must be carried out timeously. The following paper discusses the handling of whereabouts information for each athlete and the therapeutic use exemption system, experiences in sample collection and transportation of blood and urine samples, and the results of the chemical analysis in two different accredited laboratories. An overview of the analytical results of blood profiling and growth hormone testing in comparison with the distribution of the normal population is also presented.

Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an update to the original Surviving Sepsis Campaign clinical management guidelines, "Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock," published in 2004. DESIGN: Modified Delphi method with a consensus conference of 55 international experts, several subsequent meetings of subgroups and key individuals, teleconferences, and electronic-based discussion among subgroups and among the entire committee. This process was conducted independently of any industry funding. METHODS: We used the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to guide assessment of quality of evidence from high (A) to very low (D) and to determine the strength of recommendations. A strong recommendation (1) indicates that an intervention's desirable effects clearly outweigh its undesirable effects (risk, burden, cost) or clearly do not. Weak recommendations (2) indicate that the tradeoff between desirable and undesirable effects is less clear. The grade of strong or weak is considered of greater clinical importance than a difference in letter level of quality of evidence. In areas without complete agreement, a formal process of resolution was developed and applied. Recommendations are grouped into those directly targeting severe sepsis, recommendations targeting general care of the critically ill patient that are considered high priority in severe sepsis, and pediatric considerations. RESULTS: Key recommendations, listed by category, include early goal-directed resuscitation of the septic patient during the first 6 hrs after recognition (1C); blood cultures before antibiotic therapy (1C); imaging studies performed promptly to confirm potential source of infection (1C); administration of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy within 1 hr of diagnosis of septic shock (1B) and severe sepsis without septic shock (1D); reassessment of antibiotic therapy with microbiology and clinical data to narrow coverage, when appropriate (1C); a usual 7-10 days of antibiotic therapy guided by clinical response (1D); source control with attention to the balance of risks and benefits of the chosen method (1C); administration of either crystalloid or colloid fluid resuscitation (1B); fluid challenge to restore mean circulating filling pressure (1C); reduction in rate of fluid administration with rising filing pressures and no improvement in tissue perfusion (1D); vasopressor preference for norepinephrine or dopamine to maintain an initial target of mean arterial pressure > or = 65 mm Hg (1C); dobutamine inotropic therapy when cardiac output remains low despite fluid resuscitation and combined inotropic/vasopressor therapy (1C); stress-dose steroid therapy given only in septic shock after blood pressure is identified to be poorly responsive to fluid and vasopressor therapy (2C); recombinant activated protein C in patients with severe sepsis and clinical assessment of high risk for death (2B except 2C for postoperative patients). In the absence of tissue hypoperfusion, coronary artery disease, or acute hemorrhage, target a hemoglobin of 7-9 g/dL (1B); a low tidal volume (1B) and limitation of inspiratory plateau pressure strategy (1C) for acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); application of at least a minimal amount of positive end-expiratory pressure in acute lung injury (1C); head of bed elevation in mechanically ventilated patients unless contraindicated (1B); avoiding routine use of pulmonary artery catheters in ALI/ARDS (1A); to decrease days of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay, a conservative fluid strategy for patients with established ALI/ARDS who are not in shock (1C); protocols for weaning and sedation/analgesia (1B); using either intermittent bolus sedation or continuous infusion sedation with daily interruptions or lightening (1B); avoidance of neuromuscular blockers, if at all possible (1B); institution of glycemic control (1B), targeting a blood glucose < 150 mg/dL after initial stabilization (2C); equivalency of continuous veno-veno hemofiltration or intermittent hemodialysis (2B); prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis (1A); use of stress ulcer prophylaxis to prevent upper gastrointestinal bleeding using H2 blockers (1A) or proton pump inhibitors (1B); and consideration of limitation of support where appropriate (1D). Recommendations specific to pediatric severe sepsis include greater use of physical examination therapeutic end points (2C); dopamine as the first drug of choice for hypotension (2C); steroids only in children with suspected or proven adrenal insufficiency (2C); and a recommendation against the use of recombinant activated protein C in children (1B). CONCLUSIONS: There was strong agreement among a large cohort of international experts regarding many level 1 recommendations for the best current care of patients with severe sepsis. Evidenced-based recommendations regarding the acute management of sepsis and septic shock are the first step toward improved outcomes for this important group of critically ill patients.

A peptide inhibitor of C-jun N-terminal kinase modulates hepatic damage and the inflammatory response after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation

Hemorrhage and resuscitation (H/R) leads to phosphorylation of mitogen-activated stress kinases, an event that is associated with organ damage. Recently, a specific, cell-penetrating, protease-resistant inhibitory peptide of the mitogen-activated protein kinase c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) was developed (D-JNKI-1). Here, using this peptide, we tested if inhibition of JNK protects against organ damage after H/R. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with D-JNKI-1 (11 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle. Thirty minutes later, rats were hemorrhaged for 1 h to a MAP of 30 to 35 mmHg and then resuscitated with 60% of the shed blood and twice the shed blood volume as Ringer lactate. Tissues were harvested 2 h later. ANOVA with Tukey post hoc analysis or Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA on ranks, P < 0.05, was considered significant. c-JUN N-terminal kinase inhibition decreased serum alanine aminotransferase activity as a marker of liver injury by 70%, serum creatine kinase activity by 67%, and serum lactate dehydrogenase activity by 60% as compared with vehicle treatment. The histological tissue damage observed was blunted after D-JNKI-1 pretreatment both for necrotic and apoptotic cell death. Hepatic leukocyte infiltration and serum IL-6 levels were largely diminished after D-JNKI-1 pretreatment. The extent of oxidative stress as evaluated by immunohistochemical detection of 4-hydroxynonenal was largely abrogated after JNK inhibition. After JNK inhibition, activation of cJUN after H/R was also reduced. Hemorrhage and resuscitation induces a systemic inflammatory response and leads to end-organ damage. These changes are mediated, at least in part, by JNK. Therefore, JNK inhibition deserves further evaluation as a potential treatment option in patients after resuscitated blood loss.

Fitoplancton del mar peruano en el verano 2008

La biomasa planctónica en promedio fue 0,36 mL.m-3; el 95% de los volúmenes fue <0,5 mL.m-3, el fitoplancton fue 35% y se caracterizó por el dominio de diatomeas de afloramiento (Skeletonema costatum, Lithodesmium undulatum, Chaetoceros spp., Thalassiosira subtilis y Thalassionema nit schioides) entre Salaverry- Chancay y Pisco-Ilo (30 mn) y abundancia de diatomeas oceánicas y dinoflagelados termófilos (Guinardia striata, G. flaccida, Cerataulina pelagica, Coscinodiscus wailesii, Proboscia spp., Ceratium massiliense, C. tripos v. atlanticum y Goniodoma polyedricum) entre Puerto Pizarro-Chicama y Punta Mendieta–Ilo hasta 120 mn en la zona norte. La distribución de los indicadores biológicos estuvieron acorde a las condiciones ambientales, Protoperidinium obtusum, indicador de Aguas Costeras Frías se registró desde Punta Falsa hasta Ilo (30 mn). Ceratium praelongum y C. incisum, indicadores de Aguas Subtropicales Superficiales se registraron frente a Punta Falsa y San Juan (60 mn) ampliando su distribución en Atico (120 mn). Ceratium breve, indicador de AES estuvo ampliamente distribuido al norte de 10°S (120 mn), con acercamientos a la costa en Puerto Pizarro y Punta Falsa. Messodinium rubrum se registró desde Punta Mendieta hasta Matarani, concentración de 8756x103 cel.L-1.

Hematopoietic stem cell function and survival depend on c-Myc and N-Myc activity.

Myc activity is emerging as a key element in acquisition and maintenance of stem cell properties. We have previously shown that c-Myc deficiency results in accumulation of defective hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) due to niche-dependent differentiation defects. Here we report that immature HSCs coexpress c-myc and N-myc mRNA at similar levels. Although conditional deletion of N-myc in the bone marrow does not affect hematopoiesis, combined deficiency of c-Myc and N-Myc (dKO) results in pancytopenia and rapid lethality. Interestingly, proliferation of HSCs depends on both myc genes during homeostasis, but is c-Myc/N-Myc independent during bone marrow repair after injury. Strikingly, while most dKO hematopoietic cells undergo apoptosis, only self-renewing HSCs accumulate the cytotoxic molecule Granzyme B, normally employed by the innate immune system, thereby revealing an unexpected mechanism of stem cell apoptosis. Collectively, Myc activity (c-Myc and N-Myc) controls crucial aspects of HSC function including proliferation, differentiation, and survival.

Les Trois règnes de la nature : lectures d'histoire naturelle / recueil publié sous la direction du Dr J.-C. Chenu

1864/03/26 (N13).