Diferentes concentrações do inóculo de Cercospora sojina na intensidade da mancha foliar "olho-de-rã" em soja

A mancha foliar "olho-de-rã", cujo agente causal é o fungo Cercospora sojina, causa grandes perdas no cultivo da soja, principalmente na Argentina. Em experimento conduzido em laboratório e câmara climatizada, objetivou-se verificar o efeito de diferentes concentrações do inóculo de C. sojina na intensidade da mancha foliar "olho-de-rã" em folíolos de soja. As concentrações de conídios utilizadas foram de 10x10³, 20x10³, 30x10³, 40x10³, 50x10³ e 60x10³ conídios.mL-1, com e sem espalhante. Após a inoculação dos conídios por aspersão sobre os folíolos de soja, as plantas foram mantidas com molhamento foliar de 48 horas. Decorrido este período, as plantas permaneceram em câmara climatizada, em temperatura de 25 ºC por 15 dias. Avaliou-se a severidade, número e diâmetro de lesões. A concentração de 35.000 conídios.mL-1 com espalhante gerou intensidade de doença que possibilita a quantificação rápida e precisa da doença, podendo ser utilizada em futuros trabalhos de pesquisa.

Espaçamento entre linhas e severidade da ferrugem-asiática da soja

No Brasil, a cultura da soja é tradicionalmente semeada em linhas espaçadas de 45 cm a 50 cm. Alterações nesse espaçamento podem mudar o micro clima e a eficiência de aplicação de fungicidas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influência de diferentes espaçamentos na severidade da ferrugem-asiática e na produtividade das cultivares de soja BRS 256 RR, BRS 246 RR e BRS 318 RR, respectivamente nas safras 2007/2008, 2009/2010 e 2010/2011. Foram avaliados quatro espaçamentos entre linhas (35, 45, 55 e 65 cm), com e sem aplicação de fungicida na parte aérea das plantas. Confirmou-se a eficiência do fungicida no controle da doença nas três safras e observou-se que o espaçamento entre linhas não foi significativo para nenhuma variável avaliada na primeira safra do experimento, quando a doença iniciou antes do florescimento. Na segunda e terceira safras, quando a doença iniciou no florescimento pleno e a severidade final foi menor que na primeira safra, o espaçamento entre linhas influenciou a produtividade nas parcelas sem fungicida da cultivar BRS 246 RR (na segunda safra) e a severidade da doença na cultivar BRS 318 RR (na terceira safra).

Limiares térmicos para a germinação de conídios de Cercospora sojina em dois regimes luminosos

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a germinação de conídios horas, verificou-se que a maior germinação ocorreu na temperatura de Cercospora sojina em diferentes temperaturas com luz contínua de 23,8 ºC, para 6 horas foi de 24,3 ºC, para 9 horas foi de 22,9 ºC e no escuro, visando a determinar os limiares térmicos inferior e e para 12 horas foi de 22,4ºC. Quando as placas foram incubadas superior e a temperatura ótima. Os conídios foram depositados na no escuro, verificou-se que a maior germinação dos conídios para superfície das placas de petri contendo substrato ágar-água. Em o tempo de exposição de 3 horas foi na temperatura de 23,8 ºC, seguida foram incubadas em DBO com luz contínua e no escuro para 6 horas foi de 23,4 ºC, para 9 horas foi de 22,9 ºC e para 12 nas temperaturas (0; 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; 35 e 40 ºC) e retiradas horas 22,7 ºC. A temperatura ótima para a germinação de conídios nos tempos de exposição (3, 6, 9 e 12 horas). Para os conídios de na luz contínua foi de 22,4 ºC e no escuro de 23 ºC, sendo o limiar C. sojina submetidos à luz contínua no tempo de exposição de 3 térmico inferior de 0 ºC e o superior de 40 ºC.

Influence of substrates, light, filter paper and pH on the sporulation of Cercospora sojina

Fungi require special substrates for their isolation, vegetative growth and sporulation. In experiments conducted in the laboratory, the influence of substrates, light, filter paper and pH on the sporulation of Cercospora sojina conidia, the causal agent of soybean frogeye leaf spot, was assessed. The media potato sucrose agar, V-8 agar, tomato extract agar, soybean leaf extract agar, soybean seed extract agar, soybean meal agar, soybean flour agar and wheat flour agar were tested, added on the surface, with and without filter paper and under two light regimes, with 12 h light at 25°± 2°C and in the dark. A triple factorial 8x2x2 (substrates x light/dark x with/without filter paper) design with four replicates was used. V-8 agar medium was employed and the pH was adjusted with HCl 0.1N or NaOH 0.1N before autoclaving to the values: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, and the pH of V-8 agar medium is 6.7. The evaluation was done on the seventh day of incubation. Data underwent regression analysis. Sporulation was maximized on the agar media V-8, seed extract, oat flour, tomato extract, and potato sucrose in the presence of filter paper and 12h light. On V-8 medium, maximal sporulation was obtained with pH 6.7.

Sobrevivência de Bradyrhizobium japonicum em sementes de soja tratadas com fungicidas e os efeitos sobre a nodulação e a produtividade da cultura

A fim de garantir patamares mais elevados de fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN) e a sanidade das sementes de soja, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência da aplicação de diferentes fungicidas na sobrevivência de bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio em sementes de soja e seus efeitos na nodulação das plantas e no rendimento de grãos da cultura. As avaliações de sobrevivência foram realizadas por meio do número mais provável-NMP (processo direto e indireto). Foram conduzidos ensaios sob condições de casa de vegetação, em vasos com terra não esterilizada e estudo a campo, num Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as estirpes de rizóbio podem ser afetadas por determinados fungicidas aplicados às sementes de soja. No estudo conduzido sob condições controladas de casa de vegetação com terra de mata nativa, verificou-se um efeito negativo da aplicação dos fungicidas, promovendo redução no número e na matéria seca dos nódulos. Na avaliação a campo, em solos com população estabelecida de Bradyrhizobium japonicum/ B. elkanii, a nodulação e o rendimento de grãos da soja não foram afetados pelos diferentes fungicidas avaliados.

Efeitos da rotação de culturas na incidência de podridões radiciais e na produtividade da soja

Em experimentos conduzidos no campo, no sistema plantio direto, nas safras de verão de 2003/04, 2004/05 e 2005/06 foram avaliados os efeitos de culturas de inverno, da rotação e da monocultura sobre a emergência de plântulas, na incidência de podridões radiciais e no rendimento de grãos da soja. Demonstrou-se não haver efeitos das culturas de inverno sobre a emergência de plântulas da soja. Quanto à incidência de podridões radiciais em monocultura foi registrada uma intensidade de até 99,2%. O maior rendimento de grãos foi obtido na soja cultivada em rotação com uma safra com milho. Os fungos isolados do sistema radicial de plantas infectadas foram, Macrophomina phaseolina, Phomopsis sp., Fusarium spp. e Colletotrichum truncata. O solo da área experimental pode ser considerado supressivo aos fatores que reduzem a germinação, a emergência de plântulas e de morte de plântulas/plantas de soja. Quanto ao seu efeito em reduzir as podridões radiciais, ainda não se detectou efeito supressivo, porém a rotação da soja com o milho reduziu a incidência de podridões radiciais e aumentou o rendimento de grãos da soja.

Macrophomina phaseolina: density and longevity of microsclerotia in soybean root tissues and free on the soil, and competitive saprophytic ability

In field experiments, the density of Macrophomina phaseolina microsclerotia in root tissues of naturally colonized soybean cultivars was quantified. The density of free sclerotia on the soil was determined for plots of crop rotation (soybean-corn) and soybean monoculture soon after soybean harvest. M. phaseolina natural infection was also determined for the roots of weeds grown in the experimental area. To verify the ability of M. phaseolina to colonize dead substrates, senesced stem segments from the main plant species representing the agricultural system of southern Brazil were exposed on naturally infested soil for 30 and 60 days. To quantify the sclerotia, the methodology of Cloud and Rupe (1991) and Mengistu et al. (2007) was employed. Sclerotium density, assessed based on colony forming units (CFU), ranged from 156 to 1,108/g root tissue. Sclerotium longevity, also assessed according to CFU, was 157 days for the rotation and 163 days for the monoculture system. M. phaseolina did not colonize saprophytically any dead stem segment of Avena strigosa,Avena sativa,Hordeum vulgare,Brassica napus,Gossypium hirsutum,Secale cereale,Helianthus annus,Triticosecalerimpaui, and Triticum aestivum. Mp was isolated from infected root tissues of Amaranthus viridis,Bidens pilosa,Cardiospermum halicacabum,Euphorbia heterophylla,Ipomoea sp., and Richardia brasiliensis. The survival mechanisms of M. phaseolina studied in this paper met the microsclerotium longevity in soybean root tissues, free on the soil, as well as asymptomatic colonization of weeds.

Etiology of phomopsis root rot in soybean

In a survey of damages caused by soybean root rot to crops in the south of Brazil for several years, a root rot caused by Phomopsis sp has been found with increasing frequency. The primary symptoms are seen when the main root is cut longitudinally, including the death of the wood which shows white coloration and well-defined black lines that do not have a defined format. Thus, based on similarity, it has been called geographic root rot due to its aspect resembling irregular lines that separate regions on a map. In isolations, colonies and alpha spores of Phomopsis have prevailed. Pathogenicity test was done by means of inoculation in the crown of plants cultivated in a growth chamber. The geographic symptoms were reproduced in plants and the fungus Phomopsis sp. was reisolated. In soybean stems naturally infected with pod and stem blight, geographic symptoms caused by Phomopsis phaseoli are found. To the known symptoms on stems, pods and grains, that of root rot caused by P. phaseoli is now added.

Sensitivity loss by Corynespora cassiicola, isolated from soybean, to the fungicide carbendazim

Soybean target leaf spot, caused by the fungus Corynespora cassiicola, is controlled especially by leaf application of fungicides. In the last seasons, in the central-west region of Brazil, the disease chemical control efficiency has been low. This led to the hypothesis that the control failure could be due to the reduction or loss of the fungus sensitivity to fungicides. To clarify this fact, in vitro experiments were conducted to determine mycelial sensitivity of five C. cassiicola isolates to fungicides. Mycelial growth was assessed based on the growth of the mycelium on the culture medium, in Petri dishes. The medium potato-dextrose-agar was supplemented with the concentrations 0; 0.01; 0.1; 1; 10; 20 and 40 mg/L of the active ingredients carbendazim, cyproconazole, epoxiconazole, flutriafol and tebuconazole. The experiment was conducted and repeated twice in a controlled environment, temperature of 25±2ºC and photoperiod of 12 hours. Data on the percentage of mycelial inhibition were subjected to logarithmic regression analysis and the concentration that inhibits 50% of the mycelial growth (IC50) was calculated. Loss of sensitivity to carbendazim was observed for three fungal isolates, IC50 > 40 mg/L. Considering all five isolates, the IC50 for tebuconazole ranged from 1.89 to 2.80 mg/L, for epoxiconazol from 2.25 to 2.91, for cyproconazole from 9.21 to 20.32 mg/L, and for flutriafol from 0.77 to 2.18 mg/L. In the absence of information on the reference IC50 determined for wild isolates, the lowest values generated in our study can be used as standard to monitor the fungus sensitivity.

Atividade antagônica a microrganismos patogênicos por bactérias endofíticas isoladas de Echinodorus scaber Rataj

Os objetivos desse trabalho foram identificar e avaliar o potencial antagônico in vitro de bactérias endofíticas isoladas de Echinodorus scaber (chapéu de couro) sobre alguns patógenos e verificar sua capacidade de controlar o desenvolvimento de fungos em grãos de soja. Um total de 113 linhagens foi confrontado com cinco fungos patogênicos (método de cultura dupla), e quatro bactérias patogênicas (método de sobrecamada). O controle de crescimento de fungo em grãos de soja foi realizado por microbiolização e avaliado pelo método de papel de filtro. As bactérias antagonistas foram submetidas a teste de antibiose contra quatro bactérias patógenas. Duas linhagens inibiram os fungos Colletotrichum lindemunthianum, C. gloeosporioides, Corynespora cassiicula, Fusarium solani, Microsporum canis. No teste de antibiose contra as bactérias patogênicas somente (BREIII-107) apresentou atividade antagônica. As duas linhagens e foram identificadas como Bacillus sp (BREI-92) e Bacillus subitilis (BREIII-107). Quando inoculadas em grãos de soja, Bacillus sp (BREI-92) e Bacillus subitilis (BREIII-107) inibiram aproximadamente 100% do desenvolvimento de fungos sobre os grãos.

Biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and white mold of soybean using saprobic fungi from semi-arid areas of Northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACTThe incidence and the levels of yield loss caused by the white mold of soybean (caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) have increased in areas of higher altitude at Cerrado and Southern Brazil, causing yield losses of up to 60%. The aim of this study was to select saprobic fungi with the potential to control the white mold of soybean. First, in vitroantagonism screening was carried out to test eight saprobic fungi against S. sclerotiorum. Assessment of S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth was done at four and seven days after its placement on the culture medium. The isolate showing greatest antagonistic effect in all tests/assessments was Myrothecium sp. An in vivo experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and growth chamber, where plants previously treated with eight saprobic fungi were artificially inoculated with S. sclerotiorum. The fungal culture medium (potato-dextrose) and the commercial resistance inducer acibenzolar-S-methyl were used as controls. In the in vivotests, severity of the white mold was assessed at 8, 14 and 21 days after inoculation. The highest reduction percentage in the lesion length was observed for the treatment with Myrothecium sp. (70%), which has the greater potential to be used as biocontrol agent of soybean under the conditions of this experiment.

Critical-point model to estimate yield loss caused by Asian soybean rust

ABSTRACTA model to estimate yield loss caused by Asian soybean rust (ASR) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) was developed by collecting data from field experiments during the growing seasons 2009/10 and 2010/11, in Passo Fundo, RS. The disease intensity gradient, evaluated in the phenological stages R5.3, R5.4 and R5.5 based on leaflet incidence (LI) and number of uredinium and lesions/cm2, was generated by applying azoxystrobin 60 g a.i/ha + cyproconazole 24 g a.i/ha + 0.5% of the adjuvant Nimbus. The first application occurred when LI = 25% and the remaining ones at 10, 15, 20 and 25-day intervals. Harvest occurred at physiological maturity and was followed by grain drying and cleaning. Regression analysis between the grain yield and the disease intensity assessment criteria generated 56 linear equations of the yield loss function. The greatest loss was observed in the earliest growth stage, and yield loss coefficients ranged from 3.41 to 9.02 kg/ha for each 1% LI for leaflet incidence, from 13.34 to 127.4 kg/ha/1 lesion/cm2 for lesion density and from 5.53 to 110.0 kg/ha/1 uredinium/cm2 for uredinium density.

Quantification of incubation, latent and infection periods of Phakopsora pachyrhizi in soybean, according to chronological time and degree-days

ABSTRACT In experiments conducted in a growth chamber, the chronological time and the accumulated degree-days were determined for the duration of incubation, latent and infectious periods of Phakopsora pachyrhizi cultivars BRSGO 7560 and BRS 246 RR. Detached soybean leaflets were placed in gerbox-type acrylic boxes and inoculated with 20 x 103 uredospores/mL. The study was conducted at 12-h photoperiod and temperatures of 10ºC, 15ºC, 22ºC, 25ºC and 30°C for 30 days. Lesions and uredia/cm2were evaluated and the number of uredia per lesion was quantified after the beginning of sporulation. The sporulation potential was also quantified for cultivars BRSGO 7560 and BRS 246 RR. The steps of the infection process can be quantified based on both the chronological time and the accumulated heat. The cultivar BRSGO 7560 produced 4,012.8 spores/cm2 and BRS 246 RR, 7,348.4 uredospores/cm2. The largest number of uredia was produced at 25ºC in both cultivars; however, BRS 246 RR presented 372.7 uredia/cm2 and BRSGO 7560, 231.6 uredia/cm2. At 10ºC and 30°C, leaf infection did not occur in both cultivars.

Impact of anthracnose on the yield of soybean subjected to chemical control in the north region of Brazil

ABSTRACT Losses due to soybean anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum truncatum, have not been systematically quantified in the field, and the efficacy of chemical control of this disease is not known. This study shows an estimate of losses associated with the disease in soybean crops in the north of the country. Two trials with cv. M9144 RR were carried out in commercial fields in Tocantins State in the 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 growing seasons, in randomized blocks, with four replicates. Foliar applications were performed on plants at R1/R2 and R5.2 stages, employing CO2-pressurized equipment and application volume of 200 L ha-1. Nine fungicides and one untreated control were compared, and the disease gradients in the two seasons were obtained. The percentage of infected pods was calculated at the R6 stage. Grain yield ranged from 3,288 to 3,708 kg/ha in the untreated plots in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, respectively, and from 3,282 to 4,110 kg/ha in the treated plots. In the 2010/2011 season, only azoxystrobin + cyproconazole significantly reduced the disease incidence, compared to untreated control plots, not differing from the remaining treatments. In the 2011/2012 season, there were no significant differences between treated and untreated plots. Highly significant correlations (p < 0.01) were found between yield and soybean anthracnose incidence on pods in both years (r = -0.85). For each 1% increment in the disease incidence, c. 90 kg/ha of soybean grain were lost. The current study determined that significant losses due to anthracnose occur in commercial crops in the north of the country and highlighted the limitation of chemical control as anthracnose management method.

DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF CLONES OF EUCALYPT TO GLYPHOSATE1

Weed control is commonly performed by the inter-row mechanical weeding associated to intrarow glyphosate directed spraying, causing a risk for drift or accidental herbicide application, that can affect the crop of interest. The objective was to evaluate the response of clones C219, GG100, I144, and I224 of eucalypt (Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla) to glyphosate doses of 0, 18, 36, 72, 180, 360, and 720 g of acid equivalent per hectare. The clones showed different growth patterns with regard to height, leaf number, stem dry weight, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, and relative leaf growth rate. The clones I144 and GG100 were more susceptible to glyphosate, showing the doses required to reduce dry weight by 50% of 113.4 and 119.6 g acid equivalent per hectare, respectively. The clones C219 and I224 were less susceptible to glyphosate, showing the doses required to reduce dry weight by 50% of 237.5 and 313.5 g acid equivalent per hectare, respectively. Eucalyptus clones respond differently to glyphosate exposure, so that among I224, C219, GG100, and I144, the susceptibility to the herbicide is increasing.