Deinking sludge utilization possibilities: technical, economic, and environmental assessments

This report introduces the ENPI project called “EMIR - Exploitation of Municipal and Industrial Residues” which was executed in a co-operation between Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT), Saint Petersburg State University of Economics (SPbSUE), Saint Petersburg State Technical University of Plant Polymers (SPbSTUPP) and industrial partners from both Leningrad Region (LR), Russia and Finland. The main targets of the research were to identify the possibilities for deinking sludge management scenarios in co-operation with partner companies, to compare the sustainability of the alternatives, and to provide recommendations for the companies in the Leningrad Region on how to best manage deinking sludge. During the literature review, 24 deinking sludge utilization possibilities were identified, the majority falling under material recovery. Furthermore, 11 potential utilizers of deinking sludge were found within the search area determined by the transportation cost. Each potential utilizer was directly contacted in order to establish cooperation for deinking sludge utilization. Finally, four companies, namely, “Finnsementti” – a cement plant in Finland (S1), “St.Gobian Weber” – a light-weight aggregate plant in Finland (S2), “LSR-Cement” – a cement plant in LR (S3), and “Rockwool” – a stone wool plant in LR (S4) were seen as the most promising partners and were included in the economic and environmental assessments. Economic assessment using cost-benefit analysis (CBA) indicated that substitution of heavy fuel oil with dry deinking sludge in S2 was the most feasible option with a benefit/cost ratio (BCR) of 3.6 when all the sludge was utilized. At the same time, the use of 15% of the total sludge amount (the amount that could potentially be treated in the scenario) resulted in a BCR of only 0.16. The use of dry deinking sludge in the production of cement (S3) is a slightly more feasible option with a BCR of 1.1. The use of sludge in stone wool production is feasible only when all the deinking sludge is used and burned in an existing incineration plant. The least economically feasible utilization possibility is the use of sludge in cement production in Finland (S1) due to the high gate fee charged. Environmental assessment was performed applying internationally recognized life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies: ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. The results of a consequential LCA stated that only S1 and S2 lead to a reduction of all environmental impacts within the impact categories chosen compared to the baseline scenario where deinking sludge is landfilled. Considering S1, the largest reduction of 13% was achieved for the global warming potential (GWP), whereas for S2, the largest decrease of abiotic depletion potential (ADP) was by 1.7%, the eutrophication potential (EP) by 1.8%, and a GWP of 2.1% was documented. In S3, the most notable increase of ADP and acidification potential (AP) by 2.6 and 1.5% was indicated, while the GWP was reduced by 12%, the largest out of all the impact categories. In S4, ADP and AP increased by 2.3 and 2.1% respectively, whereas ODP was reduced by 25%. During LCA, it was noticed that substitution of fuels causes a greater reduction of environmental impact (S1 and S2) than substitution of raw materials (S3 and S4). Despite a number of economically and environmentally acceptable deinking sludge utilization methods being assessed in the research, evaluation of bottlenecks and communications with companies’ representatives uncovered the fact that the availability of the raw materials consumed, and the risks associated with technological problems resulting from the sludge utilization, limited the willingness of industrial partners to start deinking sludge utilization. The research results are of high value for decision-makers at already existing paper mills since the result provide insights regarding alternatives to the deinking sludge utilization possibilities already applied. Thus, the research results support the maximum economic and environmental value recovery from waste paper utilization.

Magnetization studies of polystyrene/multiwall carbon nanotube composite films

Lappeenranta University of Technology School of Technology Technical Physics Evgenii Zhukov MAGNETIZATION STUDIES OF POLYSTYRENE/MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITE FILMS Master’s thesis 2015 55 pages, 41 pictures, 9 Tables. Examiners: Professor Erkki Lähderanta D.Sc. Ivan Zakharchuk Keywords: polystyrene, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, MWCNT, composite, magnetization, SQUID. In this thesis magnetic properties of polystyrene/multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites are investigated with Quantum Design SQUID magnetometer (MPMS XL). The surface of the composite films is studied via BRUKER Multimode 8 Atomic Force Microscope, as well. The polystyrene/MWCNT composites have been prepared by the group of professor Okotrub (Physics Chemistry of Nanomaterials laboratory, Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Russia). The composite films have been prepared by solution processing and stretching method. The approximate length and inner diameter of the MWCNTs used in fabrication are 260 μm and 10 nm, respectively. The content of MWCNTs is 1 and 2.5 contents percent (wt%) for studied samples. The stretching of the samples is 30% for samples with 1 and 2.5 wt% content, and one sample with 1 wt% loading of MWCNTs is 100% stretched. MWCNTs aligned perpendicular to a silicon substrate are used as a reference sample. The magnetization field dependencies of the samples exhibit hysteresis behavior. The values of saturation magnetization of composite films are much less compared to that of the reference sample. The saturation magnetization coercitivity field value drops with decrease of MWCNT content. At high magnetic fields strong presence of diamagnetism is observed. Measurements in magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the composite plate display anisotropy with respect to the direction of stretching. Temperature dependences of magnetization for all samples display difference between zero-field cooled and field-cooled curves of magnetization. This divergence confirms the presence of magnetic interactions in the material. The atomic force microscopy study of the composites’ surfaces revealed that they are relatively smooth and the nanotubes are aligned with the axis of stretching to some extent. 

Spec. karta Evropejskoj Rossìi. 25 (11/40) / izd. Voen. top. upravl. General'n. Štaba ; pod" redakc. Strěl'bickago.

Masštab" v" Anglìjskom" dûjmě 10 russk. verst" ili 1:420000.

Spec. karta Evropejskoj Rossìi. 40 (25/54) / [sostavlena pri Voenno-Topografičeskom" otděle Glavnago štaba v" 1865-1871 gg.] pod" redakcìej Strěl'bickago.

Masštab" v" Anglìjskom" dûjmě 10 russk. verst" ili 1:420000.

Karta Vyborgskoj gubernìi iz" 6 uězdov" / soč. A. Vil'breht".

[N. 1:710000].

Modification of a quantum efficiency measurement system for multi-junction solar cells

In this thesis the basic structure and operational principals of single- and multi-junction solar cells are considered and discussed. Main properties and characteristics of solar cells are briefly described. Modified equipment for measuring the quantum efficiency for multi-junction solar cell is presented. Results of experimental research single- and multi-junction solar cells are described.

Isótopos estáveis e produção de bebidas: de onde vem o carbono que consumimos?

A composição isotópica do carbono (delta13C) foi utilizada na determinação da origem botânica (C3 x C4) de amostras de café, vinho, cerveja e vodka, de diferentes marcas e procedências, comercializadas no Brasil. Dentre as marcas de café analisadas, apenas uma apresentou um elevado percentual de plantas C4 em sua composição, evidenciado pelo valor de delta13C (-16,2‰). Os valores de delta13C das amostras de vinhos brasileiros, variaram entre -25,1 e -17,1‰, indicando a presença de carbono de origem C4 nas amostras que tiveram os maiores valores de delta13C. Duas marcas de vinhos importados, por sua vez, apresentaram delta13C característico de planta C3 (-27,1 e -26,3‰). Os valores de delta13C das vodkas importadas variaram entre -26,4 e -23,9‰, e as brasileiras entre -12,8 e -11,8‰, excetuando-se uma marca que apresentou valor -23,1‰. As marcas de cervejas importadas, em sua maioria, apresentaram valores mais negativos (-27,3 a -20,7‰) que as nacionais (-25,9 a -18,4‰). Estes resultados evidenciam a eficiência desta metodologia na determinação da origem do C e percentual de mistura destas bebidas.

Qualidade microbiológica de águas minerais

Quarenta e quatro amostras de água mineral envasadas, de diferentes marcas, foram examinadas quanto à contaminação por coliformes totais, E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococos, Clostrídios sulfito redutores a 46ºC, de acordo com o preconizado pela RDC 54/00 do Ministério da Saúde. Empregou-se a metodologia da membrana filtrante. Em nenhuma das amostras foi detectada a presença de clostrídios sulfito redutores a 46ºC, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e enterococos. A contaminação por coliformes totais e E.coli, detectada em 25% e 20,4% das amostras, respectivamente, sugere falhas higiênicas ao longo do processo e contaminação fecal recente. Tais amostras apresentam-se em desacordo com os padrões microbiológicos legais estabelecidos pela Legislação Brasileira. Devem-se adotar práticas higiênicas rigorosas em todo processamento, com o objetivo de obter-se produtos seguros, já que tratamentos não podem ser utilizados visando a redução/eliminação da contaminação.

Influência do solvente no conteúdo total de polifenóis, antocianinas e atividade antioxidante de extratos de bagaço de uva (Vitis vinifera) variedades Tannat e Ancelota

Diferentes sistemas solventes foram aplicados para determinar a eficiência de extração de compostos com capacidade antioxidante em bagaço de uva, importante subproduto do processo de vinificação. Realizou-se a quantificação de compostos fenólicos totais, antocianinas totais e atividade antioxidante nos extratos de bagaço de uva Vitis vinifera das variedades Tannat e Ancelota, provenientes da região de Videira, Santa Catarina. A atividade antioxidante foi determinada pelos métodos ABTS, FRAP e β-caroteno/ácido linoléico. Conteúdos de compostos fenólicos totais em acetona 50 e 70% foram maiores nas duas variedades, enquanto que os conteúdos de antocianinas totais extraídos em ambas as variedades foram maiores no solvente etanol em concentrações de 50 e 70%. Pelo método ABTS, a atividade antioxidante foi maior nas concentrações de 50 e 70% de acetona para a variedade Tannat e 50 e 70% de acetona e etanol para a variedade Ancelota. Em relação ao poder redutor pelo método FRAP, este foi maior em solvente acetona 70% para as duas variedades. No ensaio do poder de inibição da oxidação, a adição de 100 e 200 µL de extratos etanólicos a 50% das variedades Tannat e Ancelota apresentou maior eficiência, sendo quase duas vezes superior aos extratos acetônicos testados.

Minerals and essential fatty acids of the exotic fruit Physalis peruviana L.

Physalis peruviana is an exotic fruit that belongs to the Solanaceae family and which has recently started to be produced in Brazil, mainly in the Southern region. Once there is few data regarding its chemical composition, this work presents the centesimal and mineral composition and the fatty acid profile of the lipidic fraction of Physalis peruviana. Concerning the centesimal composition, Physalis presented high contents of ashes and total lipids, 0.8 and 3.16 g.100 g-1, respectively. In its mineral composition, K, Mg, Ca and Fe were the main elements, and Fe is present in concentrations higher than those in the common sources such as beans. The lipidic fraction presented predominance of the linoleic acid (72,42%) in its composition.

Effect of processing on antioxidant potential and total phenolics content in beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

The antioxidant capacity of beet is associated with non-nutritive constituents, such as phenolic compounds. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of two different heat-processing techniques (drying and canned) on the antioxidant potential (ABTS) and phenolics content of beets. A forced air circulation dehydrator was used for the drying. Drying at high temperatures (100 + 90 °C/5.6 hours; 90 °C/6 hours) increased the antioxidant potential of the processed products while mild drying conditions decreased it (80 °C/6 hours; 100 + 70 °C/6 hours) or had no effect on it (70 °C/7 hours; 100 + 80 °C/6 hours). For the canned products, the antioxidant potential did not differ according to the pH (4.2 to 3.8) for any of the four acids tested. Some processing methods influenced the antioxidant potential of the processed products, and this was also dependent on changes in the total phenolics content.

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of blueberry cultivars grown in Brazil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of the phenolic compounds and anthocyanins and the antioxidant activity of blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) cultivars grown in Brazil. The Folin-Ciocalteau method was applied in order to quantify the phenolic compounds and ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and β-carotene/linoleic acid methods were applied in order to evaluated antioxidant activity. The phenolic compounds content ranged from 274.48 to 694.60 mg GAE.100 g-1 of fresh weight (FW). Anthocyanins content ranged from 40.62 to 378.31 mg.100 g-1 FW for Bluecrop and Tifblue cultivars, respectively. Antioxidant activities assessed by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP methods presented significant differences among the studied cultivars ranging from 1238.48 to 2445.96, 1014.24 to 2055.06 and 699.78 to 1740.25 µmol TEAC.100 g-1 FW, respectively. The results confirm the blueberry as a source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity and also show that there are different levels of concentrations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity according to the cultivar and production location.

Molecular screening of bovine raw milk for the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) on dairy farms

Milkborne transmission of Shiga toxin- producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has raised considerable concern due to recent outbreaks worldwide and poses a threat to public health. The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive and specific multiplex PCR assay to detect the presence of STEC in bovine raw milk. To identify E. coli (ATCC 25922) contamination, the gene uspA was used, and PCR sensitivity and specificity were accessed by testing diluted samples ranging from 2 to 2.0 × 10(6) CFU/mL. To detect STEC, the stx1 and stx2 genes were selected as targets. After reaction standardization, the multiplex assay was tested in raw milk collected from 101 cows on dairy farms. PCR assay for E. coli detection had a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 79% (P<0.0001), with a lower detection limit of 2 CFU/mL. Multiplex PCR assay had 100% sensitivity for E. coli positive raw milk samples, and 31.1% were contaminated with STEC, 28.3% of stx2, and 1.9% of stx1. The multiplex PCR assay described in the present study can be employed to identify and screen E. coli harboring stx1 and stx2 genes in raw milk on dairy farms and in industries.

Associações entre ingestão energética, proteica e de fósforo em pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica em tratamento hemodialítico

INTRODUÇÃO: A nutrição desempenha papel fundamental nas doenças renais. A recomendação nutricional deve ofertar uma dieta hiperproteica, adequada em energia e fósforo segundo o Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). É necessário controlar e/ou prevenir as complicações da Doença Renal Crônica (DRC), pois ela impõe desafios clínicos diretamente ligados ao estado nutricional. OBJETIVO: Investigar as associações entre a ingestão energética, proteica e de fósforo em pacientes em hemodiálise (HD). PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional envolvendo 72 pacientes em HD, em dois hospitais de Porto Alegre/RS/Brasil. Foram coletados dados referentes ao perfil antropométrico (peso, altura e índice de massa corporal - IMC) e do registro alimentar de três dias (ingestão de energia, proteína e fósforo). O teste de correlação de Spearman foi utilizado para avaliar as associações entre as variáveis do registro alimentar (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: A ingestão energética, proteica e de fósforo foi, respectivamente, de: 28 ± 10,0 kcal/kg, 1,1 ± 0,4 g ptn/kg, 958 ± 374 mg/dia, estando os níveis de energia e proteína abaixo das recomendações do K/DOQI. Observou-se correlação positiva forte entre as variáveis. DISCUSSÃO: O perfil no tratamento nutricional é fundamental, pois houve correlações entre os nutrientes. É importante salientar que as recomendações do K/DOQI não conseguem ser atingidas pelos pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: Há associação positiva entre a ingestão de energia, proteína e fósforo na alimentação de pacientes em HD. O controle desses nutrientes na dieta é essencial, pois auxilia no controle das complicações relacionadas com a DRC. Assim, a avaliação nutricional é importante nas unidades de diálise para definir o perfil dietético dos pacientes e que seja feito o ajuste de suas prescrições.

Experiência inicial com a técnica de Buttonhole em um centro de hemodiálise Brasileiro

INTRODUÇÃO: A técnica de punção de fístulas arteriovenosas para hemodiálise mais comumente utilizada é a de alternância de sítios de punção. Uma técnica opcional (buttonhole) vem-se popularizando, pois os sítios de punção são constantes, oferecendo vantagens para pacientes com características especiais. OBJETIVO: Avaliar experiência inicial do serviço com a técnica de buttonhole e determinar sua utilidade. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: 21 pacientes com fístulas curtas, tortuosas, de difícil punção ou dolorosas foram puncionados pela primeira vez utilizando-se agulhas apropriadas para a técnica buttonhole. RESULTADOS: Não foram observados sangramentos intra- ou pós-hemodiálise, assim como não houve hematomas. Observou-se dor de intensidade leve e mesmo ausência de dor em alguns pacientes (15%). Houve perda de duas fístulas arteriovenosas (9,5%) e 47,6% dos pacientes apresentaram coágulos em algum momento, situações essas relacionadas com a troca de puncionador. Um paciente apresentou abscesso paravertebral, admitindo-se a disseminação via fístula arteriovenosa. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: As vantagens de menor dor, menor erro de punção e hematoma são contrabalançadas por aumento do risco de infecção e perda do acesso quando ocorre quebra da técnica ou mais de um puncionador está envolvido. É técnica útil para pacientes selecionados.