Biodiesel CO2 emissions: A comparison with the main fuels in the Brazilian market

The use of biodiesel is increasing as an attractive fuel due to the depleting fossil fuel resources and environmental degradation. This paper presents results of an investigation on the potentials of biodiesel as an alternative fuel and main substitute of diesel oil, comparing the CO2 emissions of the main fuels in the Brazilian market with those of biodiesel, in pure form or blended in different proportions with diesel oil (2%, 5%, and 20%, called B2, B5, and B20, respectively). The results of the study are shown in ton CO2 per m(3) and ton CO2 per year of fuel. The fuels were analyzed considering their chemical composition, stoichiometric combustion parameters and mean consumption for a single vehicle. The fuels studied were: gasoline, diesel oil, anhydrous ethyl alcohol (anhydrous ethanol), and biodiesel from used frying oil and from soybean oil. For the case of biodiesel, its complete life cycle and the closed carbon cycle (photosynthesis) were considered. With data provided by the Brazilian Association of Automotive Vehicle Manufacturers (ANFAVEA) for the number of vehicles produced in Brazil, the emissions of CO2 for the national fleet in 2007 were obtained per type of fuel. With data provided by the Brazilian Department of Transit (DENATRAN) concerning the number of diesel vehicles in the last five years in Brazil, the total CO2 emissions and the percentage that they would decrease in the case of use of pure biodiesel, B100, or several mixtures, B2, B5 and B20, were calculated. Estimates of CO2 emissions for a future scenario considering the mixtures B5 and B20 are also included in this article. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The vinyl bromide optically pumped far infrared laser: New large offset emissions

We present the results of a study on vinyl bromide for the search for new far infrared (FIR) laser lines. As the pump source, we use a CW waveguide CO2 laser with a tunability of 290 MHz around each line in order to pump large offset vibrational transitions. As a consequence, we obtained 28 new FIR laser emissions; 24 of them have wavelengths greater than 500 mum and are, therefore, suitable to be used in high-field EPR spectroscopy, For each of the new lines, we give the wavelength, the offset of the pumping transition with respect to the center Frequency of the CO2 emission, the polarization relative to that of the pumping laser line, the operating pressure, and the relative intensity. We also present a catalog including data of all of the FIR laser lines observed from this molecule up to now.

Modeling the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of deforestation-driven carbon emissions: the INPE-EM framework applied to the Brazilian Amazon

We present a generic spatially explicit modeling framework to estimate carbon emissions from deforestation (INPE-EM). The framework incorporates the temporal dynamics related to the deforestation process and accounts for the biophysical and socioeconomic heterogeneity of the region under study. We build an emission model for the Brazilian Amazon combining annual maps of new clearings, four maps of biomass, and a set of alternative parameters based on the recent literature. The most important results are as follows: (a) Using different biomass maps leads to large differences in estimates of emission; for the entire region of the Brazilian Amazon in the last decade, emission estimates of primary forest deforestation range from 0.21 to 0.26 similar to Pg similar to C similar to yr-1. (b) Secondary vegetation growth presents a small impact on emission balance because of the short duration of secondary vegetation. In average, the balance is only 5% smaller than the primary forest deforestation emissions. (c) Deforestation rates decreased significantly in the Brazilian Amazon in recent years, from 27 similar to Mkm2 in 2004 to 7 similar to Mkm2 in 2010. INPE-EM process-based estimates reflect this decrease even though the agricultural frontier is moving to areas of higher biomass. The decrease is slower than a non-process instantaneous model would estimate as it considers residual emissions (slash, wood products, and secondary vegetation). The average balance, considering all biomass, decreases from 0.28 in 2004 to 0.15 similar to Pg similar to C similar to yr-1 in 2009; the non-process model estimates a decrease from 0.33 to 0.10 similar to Pg similar to C similar to yr-1. We conclude that the INPE-EM is a powerful tool for representing deforestation-driven carbon emissions. Biomass estimates are still the largest source of uncertainty in the effective use of this type of model for informing mechanisms such as REDD+. The results also indicate that efforts to reduce emissions should focus not only on controlling primary forest deforestation but also on creating incentives for the restoration of secondary forests.

Intense blue and green photoluminescence emissions at room temperature in barium zirconate powders

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

An efficient microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of BaZrO3 microcrystals: growth mechanism and photoluminescence emissions

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

1.5 mu m and visible up-conversion emissions in Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped tellurite glasses and optical fibers for photonic applications

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Analysis of transient otoacoustic emissions and brainstem evoked auditory potentials in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia

A hiperbilirrubinemia é tóxica às vias auditivas e ao sistema nervoso central, deixando sequelas como surdez e encefalopatia. OBJETIVOS: avaliar a audição de neonatos portadores de hiperbilirrubinemia, utilizando-se a pesquisa das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes (EOAET) e dos potenciais evocados auditivos do tronco encefálico (PEATE). Estudo prospectivo. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Constituíram-se dois grupos: GI (n-25), neonatos com hiperbilirrubinemia; GII (n-22), neonatos sem hiperbilirrubinemia e sem fatores de risco para surdez. Todos os neonatos tinham até 60 dias de vida e foram submetidos à EOAET e ao PEATE. RESULTADOS: 12 neonatos de GI e 10 de GII eram meninas e 13 de GI e 12 de GII eram meninos. As EOAET estavam presentes em todas as crianças, porém com amplitudes menores em GI, especialmente nas frequências de 2 e 3KHz (p < 0,05). No PEATE, observou-se discreto prolongamento de PV e de LI-V em GI. As alterações observadas nesses testes não se correlacionaram aos níveis séricos da bilirrubinemia. CONCLUSÕES: em neonatos portadores de hiperbilirrubinemia, menores amplitudes das EOAET e discreto prolongamento de PV e de LI-V foram constatados indicando comprometimento coclear e retrococlear das vias auditivas, salientando-se a importância da utilização e da interpretação minuciosa de ambos os testes nessas avaliações.

Uncertainties in the prediction of spatial variability of soil CO2 emissions and related properties

A emissão de CO2 do solo apresenta alta variabilidade espacial, devido à grande dependência espacial observada nas propriedades do solo que a influenciam. Neste estudo, objetivou-se: caracterizar e relacionar a variabilidade espacial da respiração do solo e propriedades relacionadas; avaliar a acurácia dos resultados fornecidos pelo método da krigagem ordinária e simulação sequencial gaussiana; e avaliar a incerteza na predição da variabilidade espacial da emissão de CO2 do solo e demais propriedades utilizando a simulação sequencial gaussiana. O estudo foi conduzido em uma malha amostral irregular com 141 pontos, instalada sobre a cultura de cana-de-açúcar. Nesses pontos foram avaliados a emissão de CO2 do solo, a temperatura do solo, a porosidade livre de água, o teor de matéria orgânica e a densidade do solo. Todas as variáveis apresentaram estrutura de dependência espacial. A emissão de CO2 do solo mostrou correlações positivas com a matéria orgânica (r = 0,25, p < 0,05) e a porosidade livre de água (r = 0,27, p <0,01) e negativa com a densidade do solo (r = -0,41, p < 0,01). No entanto, quando os valores estimados espacialmente (N=8833) são considerados, a porosidade livre de água passa a ser a principal variável responsável pelas características espaciais da respiração do solo, apresentando correlação de 0,26 (p < 0,01). As simulações individuais propiciaram, para todas as variáveis analisadas, melhor reprodução das funções de distribuição acumuladas e dos variogramas, em comparação à krigagem e estimativa E-type. As maiores incertezas na predição da emissão de CO2 estiveram associadas às regiões da área estudada com maiores valores observados e estimados, produzindo estimativas, ao longo do período estudado, de 0,18 a 1,85 t CO2 ha-1, dependendo dos diferentes cenários simulados. O conhecimento das incertezas gerado por meio dos diferentes cenários de estimativa pode ser incluído em inventários de gases do efeito estufa, resultando em estimativas mais conservadoras do potencial de emissão desses gases.

Carbon dioxide emissions after application of tillage systems for a dark red latosol in southern Brazil

Soil tillage may influence CO2 emissions in agricultural systems. Agricultural soils are managed in several ways in Brazil, ranging from no tillage to intensive land preparation. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of common soil tillage treatments (disk harrow, reversible disk plow, rotary tiller and chisel plow tillage systems) on the intermediate CO2 emissions of a dark red latosol, located in southern Brazil. Different tillage systems produced significant differences in the CO2 emissions, and the results indicate that the chisel plow produced the highest soil carbon loss during the 15 days period after tillage treatments were performed. Emissions to the atmosphere increased as much as 74 g CO2 m(-2), at the end of a 2-week period, in the plot where the chisel plow treatment was applied, in comparison to the non-disturbed plot. The results indicate that the total increase on the intermediate term soil CO2 emissions due to tillage treatments in southern Brazil is comparable to that reported for the more humid and cooler regions. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. B.V All rights reserved.

Modelling short-term temporal changes of bare soil CO2 emissions in a tropical agrosystem by using meteorological data

Determining the variability of carbon dioxide emission from soils is an important task as soils are among the largest sources of carbon in biosphere. In this work the temporal variability of bare soil CO2 emissions was measured over a 3-week period. Temporal changes in soil CO2 emission were modelled in terms of the changes that occurred in solar radiation (SR), air temperature (T-air), air humidity (AR), evaporation (EVAP) and atmospheric pressure (ATM) registered during the time period that the experiment was conducted. The multiple regression analysis (backward elimination procedure) includes almost all the meteorological variables and their interactions into the final model (R-2 = 0.98), but solar radiation showed to be the one of the most relevant variables. The present study indicates that meteorological data could be taken into account as the main forces driving the temporal variability of carbon dioxide emission from bare soils, where microbial activity is the sole source of carbon dioxide emitted. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mechanisms behind blue, green, and red photoluminescence emissions in CaWO4 and CaMoO4 powders

A combined experimental and theoretical study was conducted to analyze the photoluminescence (PL) properties of ordered and disordered CaWO4 (CW) and CaMoO4 (CM) powders. Two mechanisms were found to be responsible for photoluminescence emission in CW and CM powders. The first one, in the disordered powders, was caused by oxygen complex vacancies [MO3 center dot V-O(x)], [MO3 center dot V-O(center dot)] and [MO3 center dot V-O(center dot center dot)], where M=W or Mo, which leads to additional levels in the band gap. The second mechanism, in ordered powders, was caused by an intrinsic slight distortion of the [WO4] or [MoO4] tetrahedral in the short range. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Red and blue emissions of europium doped gadolinium silicate from porous silica matrix and hydroxide carbonate with spherical shaped particles

In this work, Eu(III) and Eu(II) doped gadolinium silicates has been obtained as compact tubes starting from spherical gadolinium hydroxide carbonate using the pores of silica matrix as support and its surface as reagent. Eu(III) doped gadolinium silicate with hexagonal phase shows an interesting visible shifted charge transfer band when compared to disilicate with orthorhombic phase that was also obtained. Eu(II) gadolinium silicate has been prepared using CO atmosphere presenting an intense blue emission. The divalent europium system shows a potential application as an UV-blue converter. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) and photoluminescence spectroscopy. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

NO2 emissions from agricultural burning in São Paulo, Brazil

We report here on the application of a compact ultraviolet spectrometer to measurement of NO2 emissions from sugar cane field burns in São Paulo, Brazil, the time-resolved NO2 emission from a 10 ha plot peaked at about 240 g (NO2) s(-1), and amounted to a total yield of approximately 50 kg of N, or about 0.5 g (N) m(-2). Emission of N as NOx (i.e., NO + NO2) was estimated at 2.5 g (N) in 2, equivalent to 30% of applied fertilizer nitrogen. The corresponding annual emission of NOx nitrogen from São Paulo State sugar cane burning was >45 Gg N. In contrast to mechanized harvesting, which does not require prior burning of the crop, manual harvesting with burning acts to recycle nitrogen into surface soils and ecosystems.

Short-term temporal changes in the spatial variability model of CO2 emissions from a Brazilian bare soil

In this work, the spatial variability model of CO2 emissions and soil properties of a Brazilian bare soil were investigated. Carbon dioxide emissions were measured on three different days at contrasted soil temperature and soil moisture conditions, and soil properties were investigated at the same points where emissions were measured. One spatial variability model of soil CO2 emissions was found for each measurement day, and these models are similar to the ones of soil properties studied in an area of 100 x 100 m. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Wet deposition of major ions in a rural area impacted by biomass burning emissions

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)