O Congresso Nacional e a política externa brasileira : posicionamento dos senadores frente às negociações para a formação da ALCA (1994-2005)

Analisa o posicionamento dos integrantes do Congresso Nacional frente às negociações para a formação da Área de Livre Comércio das Américas (ALCA), a concentrar sua atenção sobre o Senado Federal, com eventuais incursões pela Câmara dos Deputados. O período por nós delimitado compreende, respectivamente, o lançamento da proposta pela integração continental, ocorrida na I Cúpula das Américas, nos EUA, em 1994, até o ano de 2005, em que se evidenciou a paralisação do processo negociador. Dois fatores estimularam-nos a realizar esta tarefa. Primeiro, colocar à prova a tese, disseminada pelo senso comum, de que o Parlamento não demonstra interesse por questões ou assuntos internacionais. Segundo, fornecer uma contribuição à escassa bibliografia disponível a respeito da relação entre os congressistas e a produção da política externa brasileira de integração regional, em particular. Apesar de não ignorarmos o papel predominante do Poder Executivo na formulação e condução da política externa nacional, e nem a comprovada carência de mecanismos participativos e decisórios formais à disposição do Parlamento para atuar nas diferentes facetas deste plano, procuramos aferir em que medida a atividade parlamentar se restringe ou não, na prática, ao seu exercício constitucional de aprovar ou rejeitar matérias sobre política exterior, conforme nos aponta o senso comum. O caráter polêmico das negociações e dos debates ocorridos no Brasil a respeito da conformação da ALCA, ao longo de mais de uma década, levou-nos a questionar qual teria sido o posicionamento dos congressistas com relação ao assunto, ou seja, se teriam manifestado interesse em se envolver mais intensamente com a questão, ou se reservado a debatê-la somente na ocasião em que fosse submetida, na forma de um acordo, à sua apreciação. A elaboração do presente trabalho orientou-se pela pretensão em alcançar respostas para duas perguntas formuladas por nós: a ausência de mecanismos formais de participação parlamentar nas negociações sobre a ALCA teria refletido um suposto desinteresse dos senadores pela questão? Em que medida esta referida ausência não teria impelido o Parlamento a buscar influenciar o processo por outros meios, ou até mesmo fomentado demandas pela ampliação de seu papel constitucional no tratamento de questões externas? Para tentar responder a tais perguntas, servimo-nos especialmente dos apanhamentos taquigráficos dos pronunciamentos realizados pelos senadores; de proposições elaboradas pelos congressistas e de atas e notas tquigráficas de audiências públicas promovidas por Comissões do Congresso Nacional.

Materiales vascos del legado de Wilhelm von Humboldt: la relevancia de Astarloa y el Plan de Lenguas

Este artículo es traducción del original alemán «Zum Stellenwert Astarloas und des Plan de Lenguas», publicado en B. Hurch (ed.), Die baskischen Materialien aus dem Nachlaß Wilhelm von Humboldts. Astarloa, Charpentier, Fréret, Aizpitarte und anderes. Paderborn: Schöningh, pp. 21-42. La traducción al español es obra de Oroitz Jauregi y ha sido revisada por Ricardo Gómez y Bernhard Hurch.

Influence of Foliar Exposure, Adjuvants, and Rain-free Period on the Efficacy of Glyphosate for Torpedograss Control

The proportion of torpedograss tissue exposed to glyphosate at application rates of 0.28, 0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 kg/ha affected control as measured by regrowth. The effect of tissue exposure was more pronounced as application rate decreased. This study suggests that higher rates of glyphosate need to be used during higher water levels, when less torpedograss tissue is exposed to herbicide spray and lower rates may be used during periods of low water levels. Addition of the water conditioning agent Quest (R) (0.25% v/v) to glyphosate spray mixtures diminished the influence of simulated rain events following glyphosate application. Twelve other adjuvants did not influence the effect of simulated rain events.

Experimental Studies on Model Scramjet in a Mach 6 High Enthalpy Free-Jet Wind Tunnel

A side-wall compression scramjet model with different combustor geometries has been tested in a propulsion tunnel that typically provides the testing flow with Mach number of 5.8, total temperature of 1800K, total pressure of 4.5MPa and mass flow rate of 4kg/s. This kerosene-fueled scramjet model consists of a side-wall compression inlet, a combustor and a thrust nozzle. A strut was used to increase the contraction ratio and to inject fuels, as well as a mixing enhancement device. Several wall cavities were also employed for flame-holding. In order to shorten the ignition delay time of the kerosene fuel, a little amount of hydrogen was used as a pilot flame. The pressure along the combustor has an evident raise after ignition occurred. Consequently thrust was observed during the fuel-on period. However, the thrust was still less than the drag of the scramjet model. For this reason, the drag variation produced by different strut and cavities was tested. Typical results showed that the cavities do not influence the drag so much, but the length of the strut does.

Investigation of Interactions between Two Monoclonal Antibodies and SARS Virus with a Label-Free Protein Array

The investigation of interactions between two kinds of monoclonal antibodies and SARS virus with a label-free protein array technique were presented in this paper. The performance consists of three parts: a surface modification for ligand immobilization/surface, a protein array fabrication with an integrated microfluidic system for patterning, packaging and liquid handling, and a protein array reader of imaging ellipsometer. This revealed the technique could be used as an immunoassay for qualitative and quantitative detection as wen as kinetic analysis of biomolecule interaction.

Utilización de la plataforma virtual eKasi en la docencia de la tecnología farmacéutica

[ES] Una de las aplicaciones más interesantes de las nuevas tecnologías en la docencia, es la utilización de plataformas virtuales accesibles por el alumno a través de Internet. eKASI es una plataforma informática para el apoyo a la docencia presencial desarrollada en la Universidad del Pais Vasco, que permite la gestión de los documentos y la gestión de los estudiantes de un curso, a la vez que facilita el aprendizaje del alumno. Es una herramienta de distribución gratuita y de fácil manejo. Durante el curso 2005/2006, se ha utilizado esta plataforma como apoyo a la docencia de la asignatura Tecnología Farmacéutica I de 4º curso de la Licenciatura en Farmacia de la Universidad del País Vasco. La plataforma está accesible en la dirección de Internet http://ekasi.ehu.es mediante la introducción de una clave facilitada por el administrador del sistema. En la sección correspondiente al aula virtual de la plataforma, el alumno tiene a su disposición la información y documentos relacionados con la asignatura (plan docente, presentaciones utilizadas en las clases, cuestionarios de autoevaluación, enlaces de interés a paginas web, materiales multimedia, etc.). Por otra parte, esta plataforma permite la colaboración y discusión on line de los materiales estudiados, a través del foro y del correo electrónico y posibilita al profesor tutorizar y realizar un seguimiento del progreso de los estudiantes, mediante la realización de tests y de las diferentes tareas propuestas al grupo de alumnos. La plataforma eKASI ha supuesto un instrumento de gran utilidad como apoyo a la docencia presencial tal como se deduce de los resultados de la encuesta realizada a los alumnos al finalizar el curso académico.

Experimental Study on Surface Deformation and Surface Wave of Fluid Convection with Free Surface

An optical diagnostic system consisting of Michelson interferometer with image processor has been developed for study of the kinetics of thermal capillary convection and buoyancy convection. This optical interferometer has been used to observe and measure surface deformation and surface wave of capillary convection and buoyancy convection in a rectangular cavity with different temperature’s sidewalls. Fourier transformation is used to image processing. The quantitative results of surface deformation and surface wave have been calculated from the interference fringe pattern. With the increasing of temperature gradient, the liquid surface slant gradually. It’s deformation has been calculated, which is related directly with temperature gradient. This is one of the characters introducing convection. Another interesting phenomenon is the inclining direction, which is different when the liquid layer is thin or thick. When the liquid layer is thin, convection is mainly controlled by thermocapillary effect. However, When the liquid layer is thick, convection is mainly controlled by buoyancy effect. Surface deformation in the present experiment are more and more declining in this process. The present experiment proved that surface deformation appears before the appearance of surface wave on fluid convection, it is related with temperature gradient, and the height of liquid layer, and lies on capillary convection and buoyancy convection. The present experiment also demonstrates that the amplitude of surface wave of thermocapillary-buoyancy convection is much smaller than surface deformation, the wave is covered by deformation.

La valoración de las existencias en el nuevo Plan General de Contabilidad y su comparativa con la normativa precedente

La valoración de las existencias es uno de los aspectos más problemáticos que tienen las empresas a la hora de presentar sus estados contables. La distinta normativa existente, las variantes que suscita y la complejidad de su interpretación conlleva a valoraciones distintas para las diferentes clases de existencias, afectando a los informes contables y consecuentemente a la toma de decisiones de los responsables empresariales. El acercamiento de las normas contables españolas a las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad/Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIC/NIIF) puede hacer que aparentemente la diversidad en las valoraciones sea menor. En este artículo queremos presentar la nueva normativa contable española emanada por el Plan General de Contabilidad de 2007 y las semejanzas y diferencias con las NIC/NIIF en todos sus apartados

Kontabilitate plan orokor berriaren kontzeptu-esparrua

[EU] Kontabilitate Plan Orokorrak aldaketa sakon bat izan du. Aldaketa horien artean lehena, kontabilitatearen oinarria den Kontzeptu-Esparrua da. Kontabilitatearen Kontzeptu-Esparruak, kontabilitatearen oinarriak ezartzen ditu. Bertan adierazten dira kontabilitatearen helburua zein den, hori lortzeko betebeharrak, printzipioak, osagaiak eta erregistro eta balioespen irizpideak. Lehen zati hau ondo ulertzen ez bada, kontabilitateak zentzurik ez daukala esan genezake.

La contabilización del impuesto sobre beneficios en el nuevo Plan General de Contabilidad

Tras varias décadas de armonización contable de mínimos mediante la incorporación de las Directivas Comunitarias a cada legislación nacional, la estrategia actual de la Unión Europea de adoptar las normas emitidas por el Consejo Internacional de Normas de Información Financiera (IASB por sus siglas en inglés) y de hacer obligatoria su aplicación a las cuentas consolidadas de las empresas cotizadas para los ejercicios iniciados a partir de 2005, ha traído como consecuencia la necesidad de someter la legislación mercantil y contable en España a una reforma que, en sus principios fundamentales, culminó en 2007. En este artículo revisamos el tratamiento de uno de los aspectos que ha supuesto más modificaciones conceptuales en su contabilización, el impuesto de sociedades, tal como deberá ser reflejado en las cuentas que se preparen sobre los ejercicios iniciados a partir del 1 de enero de 2008.

Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Free-Stream Thermo-Chemical State on the Test Model Flow Field in High-Enthalpy Tunnel

The effects of the free-stream thermo-chemical state on the test model flow field in the high-enthalpy tunnel are studied numerically. The properties of the free-stream, which is in thermo-chemical non-equilibrium, are determined by calculating the nozzle flow field. A free-stream with total enthalpy equal to the real one in the tunnel while in thermo-chemical equilibrium is constructed artificially to simulate the natural atmosphere condition. The flow fields over the test models (blunt cone and Apollo command capsule model) under both the non-equilibrium and the virtual equilibrium free-stream conditions are calculated. By comparing the properties including pressure, temperature, species concentration and radiation distributions of these two types of flow fields, the effects of the non-equilibrium state of the free-stream in the high-enthalpy shock tunnel are analyzed.

A Breakdown Criterion of Free Molecular Flows and an Optimum Analysis of EBPVD

Two important issues in electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) are addressed. The first issue is a validity condition of the classical cosine law widely used in the engineering context. This requires a breakdown criterion of the free molecular assumption on which the cosine law is established. Using the analytical solution of free molecular effusion flow, the number of collisions (N-c) for a particle moving from an evaporative source to a substrate is estimated that is proven inversely proportional to the local Knudsen number at the evaporation surface. N-c = 1 is adopted as a breakdown criterion of the free molecular assumption, and it is verified by experimental data and DSMC results. The second issue is how to realize the uniform distributions of thickness and component over a large-area thin film. Our analysis shows that at relatively low evaporation rates the goal is easy achieved through arranging the evaporative source positions properly and rotating the substrate.