Les formes d’adresse dans un corpus de films français et leur traduction en finnois

The use of forms of address in French films and their Finnish translations The use of forms of address constitutes an integral part of speakers’ communicative competence. In fact, they are not only used to assign to whom the speech is addressed, but also to construct the relationship between speakers. However, the choice of a suitable form is not necessarily evident in modern, pluralistic society. By the notion form of address, I refer to pronouns of address (tu vs. vous) and different nouns of address like names, titles (Monsieur, Madame, Mademoiselle), kinship terms, occupational terms, terms of endearment and insults. The purpose of the present thesis is, first, to study the semantic and pragmatic values of forms of address in dialogues of modern French films, and, second, their translation in Finnish subtitles. It is evident that film language is not spontaneous, but only a representation of authentic speech, and that subtitles are a written version of the original spoken language. Consequently, this thesis studies spoken fictive dialogues and their written translations. The methods applied in the study are the Interactional and Pragmatic Approach as well as Translatology. The role of forms of address in an interpersonal relationship is studied with dimensions of distance and power (Brown and Gilman 1960, Kerbrat-Orecchioni 1992), whereas the pragmatic dimension permits studying in particular the use of forms of address in speech acts (Kerbrat-Orecchioni 2001). The translation strategies are studied with the help of Venuti’s (1995) notions of foreignizing and domesticating strategies. The results of the thesis suggest that the pronoun use in the studied films is usually reciprocal. However, the relations of power have not disappeared, but are expressed in a more discrete manner with nouns of address (for instance vous + Docteur vs. vous + Anita). The use of the pronoun of address vous seems still to be common, but increased intimacy is expressed by accompanying familiar nouns of address like first names. The nominal forms of address accompany different speech acts, but not in a systematic manner. In a dialogue they appear usually in the first speech act, and more rarely in the response, but not in both. In addition, they have an important role in the mechanics of conversation. The translators here face multiple demands, and their translations seem mostly to be a compromise between foreignizing and domesticating strategies.

Buckling in polymer monolayers: Molecular-weight dependence

We present systematic investigations of buckling in Langmuir monolayers of polyvinyl acetate formed at the air-water interface. On compression the polymer monolayers are converted to a continuous membrane with a thickness of ~2–3 nm of well-defined periodicity, lambdab. Above a certain surface concentration the membrane undergoes a morphological transition buckling, leading to the formation of striped patterns. The periodicity seems to depend on molecular weight as per the predictions of the gravity-bending buckling formalism of Milner et al. for fluidlike films on water. However anomalously low values of bending rigidity and Young's modulus are obtained using this formalism. Hence we have considered an alternative model of buckling-based solidlike films on viscoelastic substrates. The values of bending rigidity and Young's modulus obtained by this method, although lower than expected, are closer to the bulk values. Remarkably, no buckling is found to occur above a certain molecular weight. We have tried to explain the observed molecular-weight dependence in terms of the variation in isothermal compressive modulus of the monolayers with surface concentration as well as provided possible explanations for the obtained low values of mechanical properties similar to that observed for ultrathin polymer films.

Electrochemical Reduction of Oriented Graphene Oxide Films: An in Situ Raman Spectroelectrochemical Study

Graphene oxide (GO) is assembled on a gold substrate by a layer-by-layer technique using a self-assembled cystamine monolayer. The negatively charged GO platelets are attached to the positively charged cystamine monolayer through electrostatic interactions. Subsequently, it is shown that the GO can be reduced electrochemically using applied DC bias by scanning the potential from 0 to -1 V vs a saturated calomel electrode in an aqueous electrolyte. The GO and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) are characterized by Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A clear shift of the G band from 1610 cm-1 of GO to 1585 cm-1 of RGO is observed. The electrochemical reduction is followed in situ by micro Raman spectroscopy by carrying out Raman spectroscopic studies during the application of DC bias. The GO and RGO films have been characterized by conductive AFM that shows an increase in the current flow by at least 3 orders of magnitude after reduction. The electrochemical method of reducing GO may open up another way of controlling the reduction of GO and the extent of reduction to obtain highly conducting graphene on electrode materials.

Effect of substrate temperature on the physical properties of dc magnetron sputtered CuAlO2 films

Copper aluminum oxide films were prepared by direct current (dc) reactive magnetron sputtering under various substrate temperatures in the range of 303–648 K and systematically studied their physical properties. The physical properties of the films were strongly affected by the substrate temperature. The films formed at substrate temperatures <373 K were amorphous while those deposited at higher substrate temperatures (≥373 K) were polycrystalline in nature. The electrical properties of the films enhanced with substrate temperature due to the improved crystallinity. The Hall mobility of 9.4 cm2/V s and carrier concentration of 3.5 × 1017 cm−3 were obtained at the substrate temperature of 573 K. The optical band gap of the films decreased from 3.87 to 3.46 eV with the increase of substrate temperature from 373 to 573 K.

Origin of anomalous photoinduced transformations in amorphous Ge-based chalcogenide thin films

Anomalous photoinduced transformations in amorphous Ge-based chalcogenide thin films are established as being due to photochemical modification of the surfaces, by photoemission studies. Mass measurements indicate that the giant thickness reduction on irradiation is predominantly due to the loss of material as a result of photogenerated volatile high vapor pressure oxide fractions on the surface. This extrinsic contribution contradicts the models of the phenomenon proposed so far, which are based purely on intrinsic structural transformations.

Statistically steady turbulence in thin films: direct numerical simulations with Ekman friction

We present a detailed direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation with the incompressibility constraint and air-drag-induced Ekman friction; our DNS has been designed to investigate the combined effects of walls and such a friction on turbulence in forced thin films. We concentrate on the forward-cascade regime and show how to extract the isotropic parts of velocity and vorticity structure functions and hence the ratios of multiscaling exponents. We find that velocity structure functions display simple scaling, whereas their vorticity counterparts show multiscaling, and the probability distribution function of the Weiss parameter 3, which distinguishes between regions with centers and saddles, is in quantitative agreement with experiments.

The formation of carbon nanostructures by in situ TEM mechanical nanoscale fatigue and fracture of carbon thin films

A technique to quantify in real time the microstructural changes occurring during mechanical nanoscale fatigue of ultrathin surface coatings has been developed. Cyclic nanoscale loading, with amplitudes less than 100 nm, is achieved with a mechanical probe miniaturized to fit inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The TEM tribological probe can be used for nanofriction and nanofatigue testing, with 3D control of the loading direction and simultaneous TEM imaging of the nano-objects. It is demonstrated that fracture of 10-20 nm thick amorphous carbon films on sharp gold asperities, by a single nanoscale shear impact, results in the formation of < 10 nm diameter amorphous carbon filaments. Failure of the same carbon films after cyclic nanofatigue, however, results in the formation of carbon nanostructures with a significant degree of graphitic ordering, including a carbon onion.

Permeation of gases through liquid films

Permeation of gases through single surfactant stabilized aqueous films has previously been studied in view of the potentiality of foam to separate gaseous mixtures. The earlier analysis assumed that the gas phase was well mixed and that the mass-transfer process was completely controlled by the liquid film. Permeabilities evaluated from single film data based on such analysis failed to predict the mass-transfer data obtained on permeation through two films. It is shown that the neglect of gas-phase resistance and the effect of film movement is the reason for the failure of the well-mixed gas models. An exact analysis of diffusion through two films is presented. It successfully predicts the experimental data on two films based on parameters evaluated from single film data.

Sensing Shape Recovery Using Conductivity Noise in Thin Films of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys

Low frequency fluctuations in the electrical resistivity, or noise, have been used as a sensitive tool to probe into the temperature driven martensite transition in dc magnetron sputtered thin films of nickel titanium shape-memory alloys. Even in the equilibrium or static case, the noise magnitude was more than nine orders of magnitude larger than conventional metallic thin films and had a characteristic dependence on temperature. We observe that the noise while the temperature is being ramped is far larger as compared to the equilibrium noise indicating the sensitivity of electrical resistivity to the nucleation and propagation of domains during the shape recovery. Further, the higher order statistics suggests the existence of long range correlations during the transition. This new characterization is based on the kinetics of disorder in the system and separate from existing techniques and can be integrated to many device applications of shape memory alloys for in-situ shape recovery sensing.

Electroconductance in single-wall carbon nanotubes

A comparative study of the electric-field induced hopping transport probes the effective dimensionality (D) in bulk and ultrathin films of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The values of the scaling function exponents for the electroconductance are found to be consistent with that in three-dimensional and two-dimensional systems. The significant difference in threshold voltage in these two types of SWNTs is a consequence of the variation in the number of energetically favorable sites available for charge carriers to hop by using the energy from the field. Furthermore, a modification to the magnetotransport is observed under high electric-fields.

Ion irradiation as a tool for modifying the surface and optical properties of plasma polymerised thin films

Radio frequency (R.F.) glow discharge polyterpenol thin films were prepared on silicon wafers and irradiated with I10+ ions to fluences of 1 × 1010 and 1 × 1012 ions/cm2. Post-irradiation characterisation of these films indicated the development of well-defined nano-scale ion entry tracks, highlighting prospective applications for ion irradiated polyterpenol thin films in a variety of membrane and nanotube-fabrication functions. Optical characterisation showed the films to be optically transparent within the visible spectrum and revealed an ability to selectively control the thin film refractive index as a function of fluence. This indicates that ion irradiation processing may be employed to produce plasma-polymer waveguides to accommodate a variety of wavelengths. XRR probing of the substrate-thin film interface revealed interfacial roughness values comparable to those obtained for the uncoated substrate's surface (i.e., both on the order of 5 Å), indicating minimal substrate etching during the plasma deposition process.

Structural characterization of γ-terpinene thin films using mass spectroscopy and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Understanding the polymerization mechanism of a precursor is indispensable to enhance the requisite material properties. In situ mass spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used in this study to understand the RF plasma polymerization of γ-terpinene. High-resolution mass spectra positive ion mass spectrometry data of the plasma phase demonstrates the presence of oligomeric species of the type [M+H]+ and [2M+H]+, where M represents a unit of the starting material. In addition, there is abundant fragmented species, with most dominant being [M+] (136 m/z), C10H13+ (133 m/z), C9H11+ (119 m/z), and C7H9+ (93 m/z). The results reported in this manuscript enables to comprehend the relationship between the degree of incorporation of oxygen and the rate of deposition with the input RF power.

Optical and surface characterization of radio frequency plasma polymerized 1-isopropyl-4-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene thin films

Low pressure radio frequency plasma-assisted deposition of 1-isopropyl-4-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene thin films was investigated for different polymerization conditions. Transparent, environmentally stable and flexible, these organic films are promising candidates for organic photovoltaics (OPV) and flexible electronics applications, where they can be used as encapsulating coatings and insulating interlayers. The effect of deposition RF power on optical properties of the films was limited, with all films being optically transparent, with refractive indices in a range of 1.57–1.58 at 500 nm. The optical band gap (Eg) of ~3 eV fell into the insulating Eg region, decreasing for films fabricated at higher RF power. Independent of deposition conditions, the surfaces were smooth and defect-free, with uniformly distributed morphological features and average roughness between 0.30 nm (at 10 W) and 0.21 nm (at 75 W). Films fabricated at higher deposition power displayed enhanced resistance to delamination and wear, and improved hardness, from 0.40 GPa for 10 W to 0.58 GPa for 75 W at a load of 700 μN. From an application perspective, it is therefore possible to tune the mechanical and morphological properties of these films without compromising their optical transparency or insulating property.

RF plasma polymerised thin films from natural resources

Plasma polymerisation is an effective tool for fabrication of thin films from volatile organic monomers. RF plasma assisted deposition is used for one-step, chemical-free polymerisation of nonsynthetic materials derived directly from agricultural produces. By varying the deposition parameters, especially the input RF power, the film properties can be tailored for a range of uses, including electronics or biomedical applications. The fabricated thin films are optically transparent with refractive index close to that of glass. Given the diversity of essential oils, this paper compares the chemical and physical properties of thin films fabricated from several commercially exploited essential oils and their components. It is interesting to note that some of the properties can be tailored for various applications even though the chemical structure of the derived polymer is very similar. The obtained material properties also show that the synthesised materials are suitable as encapsulating layers for biodegradable implantable metals.