The impact of two coupled cirrus microphysics-radiation parameterizations on the temperature and specific humidity biases in the tropical tropopause layer in a climate model

The impact of two different coupled cirrus microphysics-radiation parameterizations on the zonally averaged temperature and humidity biases in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) of a Met Office climate model configuration is assessed. One parameterization is based on a linear coupling between a model prognostic variable, the ice mass mixing ratio, qi, and the integral optical properties. The second is based on the integral optical properties being parameterized as functions of qi and temperature, Tc, where the mass coefficients (i.e. scattering and extinction) are parameterized as nonlinear functions of the ratio between qi and Tc. The cirrus microphysics parameterization is based on a moment estimation parameterization of the particle size distribution (PSD), which relates the mass moment (i.e. second moment if mass is proportional to size raised to the power of 2 ) of the PSD to all other PSD moments through the magnitude of the second moment and Tc. This same microphysics PSD parameterization is applied to calculate the integral optical properties used in both radiation parameterizations and, thus, ensures PSD and mass consistency between the cirrus microphysics and radiation schemes. In this paper, the temperature-non-dependent and temperature-dependent parameterizations are shown to increase and decrease the zonally averaged temperature biases in the TTL by about 1 K, respectively. The temperature-dependent radiation parameterization is further demonstrated to have a positive impact on the specific humidity biases in the TTL, as well as decreasing the shortwave and longwave biases in the cloudy radiative effect. The temperature-dependent radiation parameterization is shown to be more consistent with TTL and global radiation observations.

Large contribution of supercooled liquid clouds to the solar radiation budget of the Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean is a critical region for global climate, yet large cloud and solar radiation biases over the Southern Ocean are a long-standing problem in climate models and are poorly understood, leading to biases in simulated sea surface temperatures. This study shows that supercooled liquid clouds are central to understanding and simulating the Southern Ocean environment. A combination of satellite observational data and detailed radiative transfer calculations is used to quantify the impact of cloud phase and cloud vertical structure on the reflected solar radiation in the Southern Hemisphere summer. It is found that clouds with supercooled liquid tops dominate the population of liquid clouds. The observations show that clouds with supercooled liquid tops contribute between 27% and 38% to the total reflected solar radiation between 40° and 70°S, and climate models are found to poorly simulate these clouds. The results quantify the importance of supercooled liquid clouds in the Southern Ocean environment and highlight the need to improve understanding of the physical processes that control these clouds in order to improve their simulation in numerical models. This is not only important for improving the simulation of present-day climate and climate variability, but also relevant for increasing confidence in climate feedback processes and future climate projections.

Health in Brazil 5 Violence and injuries in Brazil: the effect, progress made, and challenges ahead

Although there are signs of decline, homicides and traffic-related injuries and deaths in Brazil account for almost two-thirds of all deaths from external causes. In 2007, the homicide rate was 26.8 per 100 000 people and traffic-related mortality was 23.5 per 100 000. Domestic violence might not lead to as many deaths, but its share of violence-related morbidity is large. These are important public health problems that lead to enormous individual and collective costs. Young, black, and poor men are the main victims and perpetrators of community violence, whereas poor black women and children are the main victims of domestic violence. Regional differentials are also substantial. Besides the sociocultural determinants, much of the violence in Brazil has been associated with the misuse of alcohol and illicit drugs, and the wide availability of firearms. The high traffic-related morbidity and mortality in Brazil have been linked to the chosen model for the transport system that has given priority to roads and private-car use without offering adequate infrastructure. The system is often poorly equipped to deal with violations of traffic rules. In response to the major problems of violence and injuries, Brazil has greatly advanced in terms of legislation and action plans. The main challenge is to assess these advances to identify, extend, integrate, and continue the successful ones.

Occurrence and characterization of injuries caused by Mycotretus apicalis Lacordaire, 1842 (Coleoptera: Erotylidae) on cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju

When carrying out experiments on the production of the edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju in the Laboratory of Edible Mushrooms, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil, in the second half of 2007, the presence of beetles later identified as belonging to the species Mycotretus apicalis was verified. This is the first recorded instance of this insect in cultures of P. sajor-caju in Brazil. The larvae and adults of this insect feed on the fruiting bodies of commercial harvests, resulting in reduction in mushroom quality. To provide evaluation of the injuries caused by these insects, substrates colonized by P. sajor-caju were infested with 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 insects per block of substrate being the qualitative and quantitative losses then noted. Despite the lack of an observed decrease in biological efficiency, the injuries caused by these insects affected the commercial quality of the mushrooms, which may result in economic losses. The results showed that infestations of 32 insects per 0.8 kg of substrate led to a depreciation in the prices of mushrooms meant to be sold.

Short- and long-term anxiogenic effects induced by a single injection of subconvulsant doses of pilocarpine in rats: investigation of the putative role of hippocampal pathways

Behavioral consequences of convulsive episodes are well documented, but less attention was paid to changes that occur in response to subconvulsant doses of drugs. We investigated short- and long-term effects of a single systemic injection of a subconvulsant dose of pilocarpine on the behavior of rats as evaluated in the elevated plus maze. Pilocarpine induced an anxiogenic-like profile 24 h later, and this effect persisted for up to 3 months (% of time spent on open arms at 24 h, control = 35.47 +/- 3.23; pilocarpine 150 = 8.2 +/- 2.6; 3 months, control = 31.9 +/- 5.5; pilocarpine 150 = 9.3 +/- 4.9). Temporary inactivation of fimbria-fornix with lidocaine 4% promoted an anxiolytic-like effect per se, suggesting a tonic control of this pathway on the modulation of anxiety-related behaviors. Lidocaine also reduced the anxiogenic-like profile of animals tested 1 month after pilocarpine treatment (% of time spent on open arms, saline + phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) = 31.7 + 3.7; saline + lidocaine = 54.4 + 4.7; pilocarpine + PBS = 10.3 + 4.1; pilocarpine + lidocaine = 40.1 + 9.1). To determine whether the anxiogenic-like effect was mediated by septal region or by direct hippocampal projections to the diencephalon, the neural transmission of post-commissural fornix was blocked, and a similar reduction in the anxiogenic-like effect of pilocarpine was observed. Our findings suggest that a single systemic injection of pilocarpine may induce long-lasting anxiogenic-like behavior in rats, an effect that appears to be mediated, in part, through a direct path from hippocampus to medial hypothalamic sites involved in fear responses.

The Schenberg spherical gravitational wave detector: the first commissioning runs

Here we present a status report of the first spherical antenna project equipped with a set of parametric transducers for gravitational detection. The Mario Schenberg, as it is called, started its commissioning phase at the Physics Institute of the University of Sao Paulo, in September 2006, under the full support of FAPESP. We have been testing the three preliminary parametric transducer systems in order to prepare the detector for the next cryogenic run, when it will be calibrated. We are also developing sapphire oscillators that will replace the current ones thereby providing better performance. We also plan to install eight transducers in the near future, six of which are of the two-mode type and arranged according to the truncated icosahedron configuration. The other two, which will be placed close to the sphere equator, will be mechanically non-resonant. In doing so, we want to verify that if the Schenberg antenna can become a wideband gravitational wave detector through the use of an ultra-high sensitivity non-resonant transducer constructed using the recent achievements of nanotechnology.

The Schenberg data acquisition and analysis: results from its first commissioning run

The Mario Schenberg gravitational wave detector has started its commissioning phase at the Physics Institute of the University of Sao Paulo. We have collected almost 200 h of data from the instrument in order to check out its behavior and performance. We have also been developing a data acquisition system for it under a VXI System. Such a system is composed of an analog-to-digital converter and a GPS receiver for time synchronization. We have been building the software that controls and sets up the data acquisition. Here we present an overview of the Mario Schenberg detector and its data acquisition system, some results from the first commissioning run and solutions for some problems we have identified.

Landau analog levels for dipoles in non-commutative space and phase space - Landau analog levels for dipoles

We investigate the analog of Landau quantization, for a neutral polarized particle in the presence of homogeneous electric and magnetic external fields, in the context of non-commutative quantum mechanics. This particle, possessing electric and magnetic dipole moments, interacts with the fields via the Aharonov-Casher and He-McKellar-Wilkens effects. For this model we obtain the Landau energy spectrum and the radial eigenfunctions of the non-commutative space coordinates and non-commutative phase space coordinates. Also we show that the case of non-commutative phase space can be treated as a special case of the usual non-commutative space coordinates.

Universality of sudden death of entanglement

We present a constructive argument to demonstrate the universality of the sudden death of entanglement in the case of two non-interacting qubits, each of which generically coupled to independent Markovian environments at zero temperature. Conditions for the occurrence of the abrupt disappearance of entanglement are determined and, most importantly, rigourously shown to be almost always satisfied: Dynamical models for which the sudden death of entanglement does not occur are seen to form a highly idealized zero-measure subset within the set of all possible quantum dynamics.

THE SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN SHELF: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS, QUATERNARY EVOLUTION AND SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION

Extending from latitude 34 degrees S to 22 degrees S the Southern Brazilian shelf constitutes the only part of the Brazilian shelf with a subtropical to temperate environment. The studies on the different geological aspects of the area began in the 1960`s and have recently been reassessed after studies related to the determination of the Economic Exclusive Zone. In terms of morphology, the Southern Brazilian shelf may be divided into three sectors, the Sao Paulo Bight, the Florianopolis-Mostardas Sector and the Rio Grande Cone, characterized by conspicuous differences in terms of geological determining factors, bathymetry, declivities and the presence of canyons and channels. Despite the existence of hundreds of radiocarbon datings the sea level changes curve of southern Brazil during the Last Glacial Cycle is still a matter of debate. A recent controversy on the Middle and late Holocene sea level changes curve raised the question of the amplitude of the oscillations which occurred in the period. Also, a few but relatively consistent radiocarbon datings suggest the occurrence of a high sea level during Isotope Stage 3. In terms of sedimentary cover the Southern Brazilian shelf exhibits a very strong hydrodynamic control, both latitudinal and bathymetrical. The sector southward from 25 degrees S is characterized by the influence of the plume of water carrying sediments originating from the Rio de La Plata. Actually its presence is conspicuous up to 28 degrees S, with the area between this latitude and 25 degrees S constituting a transitional zone. In terms of bathymetry the outer shelf is marked by the ""floor-polisher"" effect of the Brazil Current, which is responsible for the maintenance of a relict facies in areas deeper than 100 meters.

Trypanosoma cruzi MSH2: Functional analyses on different parasite strains provide evidences for a role on the oxidative stress response

Components of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway are major players in processes known to generate genetic diversity, such as mutagenesis and DNA recombination. Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease has a highly heterogeneous population, composed of a pool of strains with distinct characteristics. Studies with a number of molecular markers identified up to six groups in the T. cruzi population, which showed distinct levels of genetic variability. To investigate the molecular basis for such differences, we analyzed the T. cruzi MSH2 gene, which encodes a key component of MMR, and showed the existence of distinct isoforms of this protein. Here we compared cell survival rates after exposure to genotoxic agents and levels of oxidative stress-induced DNA in different parasite strains. Analyses of msh2 mutants in both T. cruzi and T. brucei were also used to investigate the role of Tcmsh2 in the response to various DNA damaging agents. The results suggest that the distinct MSH2 isoforms have differences in their activity. More importantly, they also indicate that, in addition to its role in MMR, TcMSH2 acts in the parasite response to oxidative stress through a novel mitochondrial function that may be conserved in T. brucei. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

FT-Raman, FTIR and density functional theory studies of a hydrogen-bonded formamide: pyridine complex

Raman and IR experiments have been carried out on formamide (FA) and pyridine (Py) mixtures at different compositions. The appearance of a new Raman band at 996 cm(-1) (nu(1) region of Py), whose intensity depends on the FA concentration, is assigned to an FA: Py adduct and this result is in excellent agreement with those of other authors who employed noisy light-based coherent Raman scattering spectroscopy (I((2)) CARS). Another band at 1587 cm(-1) (nu(8) region of Py) has been observed for the first time by using Raman and IR spectroscopies. Its intensity shows the same dependence on the FA concentration and this fact allows us to also attribute it to an FA: Py adduct. The good relationship between the Raman and IR data demonstrates the potential of the vibrational spectroscopy for this kind of study. Owing to higher absolute Raman scattering cross section, the nu(1) region of Py has been chosen for the quantitative analysis and a stoichiometry of 1 : 1 FA: Py is reported. The experimental data are very well supported by the density functional theory (OFT) calculation, which was employed for the first time to the present system. Furthermore, the actual investigation shows an excellent agreement with those reported from computational calculations for similar systems. A comparison with our previous studies confirms that: the solvent dielectric constant determines the stoichiometry of a given Lewis acid-base adduct in the infinite dilution limit. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Complete assignment of (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra of alpha-phenylsulfinyl-N-methoxy-N-methylpropionamide and some p-substituted derivatives

The complete assignment of the (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra of the diastereomeric pairs of some alpha-arylsulfinyl-substituted N-methoxy-N-methylpropionamides with the substituents methoxy, methyl, chloro, nitro is reported. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Stereochemical and electronic interaction studies of some N-methoxy-N-methyl-2-[(4 `-substituted)phenylsulfinyl]propanamides

The (1)H NMR spectra of N-methoxy-N-methyl-2-[(4`-substituted)phenylsulfinyl]-propanamides [Y-Ph-S(O)CH(Me)C(O)N(OMe)Me; Y = OMe 1, Me 2, H 3. Cl 4, NO(2) 5] along with the X-ray diffraction analysis of the nitro-derivative (5). have shown the existence of two pairs of diastereomers (racemic mixture) [C(R)S(S)/C(S)S(R) (diast(1)) and C(R)S(R)/C(S)S(S) (diast(2))] in the ratio of ca. 7:3. respectively. The v(CO) IR analysis of the title compounds supported by HF and B3LYP/6-31G** calculations of 3 and of the parent N-methoxy-N-methyl-propanamide (6) by HF, have shown that diast(1) exists in an equilibrium between the two more polar and more stable quasi-cis (q-c(1) and q-c(2)) conformers and the gauche(g) conformer. The population of the g conformer in the equilibrium increases with the increase in the solvent polarity, which is attributed to a larger solvation effect on the carbonyl and sulfinyl groups. Diast(2) of compound 3 occurs in the gas phase as an equilibrium between the most stable quasi-gauche (q-g) conformer and the quasi-cis (q-c) conformer, both presenting very similar dipole moments. The former is stabilized by electrostatic and charge transfer interactions, which results in a less solvated spatial arrangement. Moreover, all conformers of both diastereomers are stabilized by several intramolecular hydrogen bonds. X-ray single crystal analysis performed for diast(1) and for diast(2) of 5 indicates that both stereoisomers assume, in the solid state, the anti-clinal (gauche) conformation. For the crystal packing, diast(1) of 5 is made up of three molecules joined through two centro-symmetric H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis of 4-iodopyrazoles: A Brief Review

The selective incorporation of halogen into organic molecules provides a challenge to academic and industrial research. This microreview presents an overview of the available methodologies for the synthesis of 4-iodopyrazoles, valuable precursors for the selective construction of highly functionalized organic molecules of synthetic and biological importance.