Shell midden people in northern Iberia. New data from the mesolithic rock shelter of J3 (Basque Country, Spain)

[EN]In the course of a sondage dug in the rock shelter of J3, in the Jaizkibel mountains (at the north-western tip of Guipúzcoa), the body of a adult man was located buried inside a shell midden. This shell midden had not been disturbed and presented internal stratigraphy features. In any case, the outer edge of the shell midden does show some interesting interdigitation with the adjacent habitational layers, with evidence of different stages of occupation. Within the shell midden itself, under the individual buried there, it was possible to observe layers without any ceramics, whereas the layers covering said individual included ceramic fragments. This individual has been dated to 8,300 BP and therefore corresponds to a Mesolithic context.

BONDING OF ALUMINA AND METAL USING BULK METALLIC GLASS FORMING ALLOY

Metal-alumina joints have found various practical applications in electronic devices and high technology industry. However, making of sound metal ceramic brazed couple is still a challenge in terms of its direct application in the industry. In this work we successfully braze copper with Al2O3 ceramic using Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 bulk metallic glass forming alloy as filler alloy. The shear strength of the joints can reach 140 MPa, and the microstructrural analysis confirms a reliable chemical boning of the interface. The results show that the bulk metallic glass forming alloys with high concentration of active elements are prospective for using as filler alloy in metal-ceramic bonding.

Bonding Of Alumina And Metal Using Bulk Metallic Glass Forming Alloy

Metal-alumina joints have found various practical applications in electronic devices and high technology industry. However, making of sound metal ceramic brazed couple is still a challenge in terms of its direct application in the industry. In this work we successfully braze copper with Al2O3 ceramic using Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 bulk metallic glass forming alloy as filler alloy. The shear strength of the joints can reach 140 MPa, and the microstructrural analysis confirms a reliable chemical boning of the interface. The results show that the bulk metallic glass forming alloys with high concentration of active elements are prospective for using as filler alloy in metal-ceramic bonding.

Displacive To Order-Disorder Two-Step Phase Transition Model For Para-Ferroelectric Transition

Two-step phase transition model, displacive to order-disorder, is proposed. The driving forces for these two transitions are fundamentally different. The displacive phase transition is one type of the structural phase transitions. We clearly define the structural phase transition as the symmetry broking of the unit cell and the electric dipole starts to form in the unit cell. Then the dipole-dipole interaction takes place as soon as the dipoles in unit cells are formed. We believe that the dipole-dipole interaction may cause an order-disorder phase transition following the displacive phase transition. Both structural and order-disorder phase transition can be first-order or second-order or in between. We found that the structural transition temperatures can be lower or equal or higher than the order-disorder transition temperature. The para-ferroelectric phase transition is the combination of the displacive and order-disorder phase transitions. It generates a variety of transition configurations along with confusions. In this paper, we discuss all these configurations using our displacive to order-disorder two-step phase transition model and clarified all the confusions.

Fracture of materials undergoing solid-solid phase transformation

A large number of technologically important materials undergo solid-solid phase transformations. Examples range from ferroelectrics (transducers and memory devices), zirconia (Thermal Barrier Coatings) to nickel superalloys and (lithium) iron phosphate (Li-ion batteries). These transformations involve a change in the crystal structure either through diffusion of species or local rearrangement of atoms. This change of crystal structure leads to a macroscopic change of shape or volume or both and results in internal stresses during the transformation. In certain situations this stress field gives rise to cracks (tin, iron phosphate etc.) which continue to propagate as the transformation front traverses the material. In other materials the transformation modifies the stress field around cracks and effects crack growth behavior (zirconia, ferroelectrics). These observations serve as our motivation to study cracks in solids undergoing phase transformations. Understanding these effects will help in improving the mechanical reliability of the devices employing these materials.

In this thesis we present work on two problems concerning the interplay between cracks and phase transformations. First, we consider the directional growth of a set of parallel edge cracks due to a solid-solid transformation. We conclude from our analysis that phase transformations can lead to formation of parallel edge cracks when the transformation strain satisfies certain conditions and the resulting cracks grow all the way till their tips cross over the phase boundary. Moreover the cracks continue to grow as the phase boundary traverses into the interior of the body at a uniform spacing without any instabilities. There exists an optimal value for the spacing between the cracks. We ascertain these conclusion by performing numerical simulations using finite elements.

Second, we model the effect of the semiconducting nature and dopants on cracks in ferroelectric perovskite materials, particularly barium titanate. Traditional approaches to model fracture in these materials have treated them as insulators. In reality, they are wide bandgap semiconductors with oxygen vacancies and trace impurities acting as dopants. We incorporate the space charge arising due the semiconducting effect and dopant ionization in a phase field model for the ferroelectric. We derive the governing equations by invoking the dissipation inequality over a ferroelectric domain containing a crack. This approach also yields the driving force acting on the crack. Our phase field simulations of polarization domain evolution around a crack show the accumulation of electronic charge on the crack surface making it more permeable than was previously believed so, as seen in recent experiments. We also discuss the effect the space charge has on domain formation and the crack driving force.

Efeito do selamento dentinário imediato na resistência de união de restaurações cerâmicas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do selamento dentinário imediato na cimentação definitiva de restaurações cerâmicas (Empress2Ivoclar Vivadent), levando em consideração a influência de diferentes métodos de remoção dos restos de cimento provisório da superfície dentinária previamente selada. Para isso foram utilizados 72 molares, hígidos, conseguidos no banco de dentes da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os dentes foram divididos em nove grupos, os três primeiros serviram como grupo controle, onde não houve contaminação com nenhum cimento provisório, sendo eles: G1, onde o selamento e a cimentação definitiva foram feitas 15 dias após a confecção dos preparos cavitários; G2, onde o selamento dentinário foi feito imediatamente após o preparo e a cimentação definitiva após 15 dias; G3, onde o preparo, selamento e cimentação definitiva foram feitos no mesmo momento. Os próximos grupos foram os do selamento tardio, onde o sistema adesivo foi aplicado somente no momento da cimentação. Nestes grupos, após o preparo foram cimentadas restaurações provisórias com um cimento livre de eugenol (Temp BondNE) e após 15 dias as restaurações provisórias foram removidas e os restos de cimento limpos com diferentes métodos: G4: remoção com instrumento manual; G5: remoção com jato de bicarbonato; G6: remoção com pontas de ultra-som; após esta limpeza o sistema adesivo foi aplicado e as restaurações cerâmicas cimentadas. Por último foram os grupos do selamento dentinário imediato, onde o sistema adesivo foi aplicado imediatamente após a confecção dos preparos cavitários e em seguida foi feita a cimentação das restaurações provisórias. Após 15 dias as restaurações provisórias foram removidas, os restos de cimento foram limpos com os diferentes métodos: G7: remoção com instrumento manual; G8: remoção com jato de bicarbonato; G9: remoção com pontas de ultra-som. Após a limpeza as restaurações cerâmicas foram cimentadas. Para todos os grupos o sistema adesivo utilizado foi o Optibond FL Kerr e o cimento resinoso foi o Rely X ARC3M/ESPE. Vinte e quatro horas após as cimentações cerâmicas os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao ensaio mecânico de push out em uma máquina de ensaios universais EMIC DL. Os valores de resistência de união foram obtidos em KgF, convertidos em MPa e analisados estatisticamente. O teste de ANOVA mostrou que houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (p≤0,05) e em seguida o t-teste mostrou que a técnica do selamento imediato resultou nos melhores valores de resistência de união. Por último, o teste de comparações múltiplas Student-Newman-Keuls (Teste SNK) mostrou que o método de limpeza dos restos de cimento provisório da superfície dentinária apresenta influência na resistência de união das restaurações cerâmicas. Com base nos resultados pôde-se concluir que a técnica do selamento imediato promoveu maior resistência adesiva para as restaurações cerâmicas e quanto ao método de limpeza, o melhor resultado, independente da técnica adesiva utilizada, foi a remoção com as pontas de ultrasson.