Desenvolvimento vocacional no ensino superior: a intervenção do serviço de orientação vocacional e desenvolvimento da carreira

Ao contrário de uma ideia comum existente na população em geral, a entrada num curso de nível superior está longe de se constituir como um marco do fim da necessidade de orientação vocacional no percurso do indivíduo. Aliás, como é sabido no âmbito da literatura vocacional, o desenvolvimento vocacional é um processo que decorre ao longo de toda a vida do indivíduo, uma vez que a relação do sujeito com o trabalho e com a formação vai assumindo diferentes contornos no decurso da sua vivência. Neste trabalho nos focalizaremos nas necessidades de orientação vocacional numa população específica: os estudantes do ensino superior. Assim, após uma breve caracterização desta fase do desenvolvimento da carreira do indivíduo, serão apresentadas várias iniciativas que visam a promoção do desenvolvimento vocacional dos estudantes, no âmbito do Serviço de Orientação Vocacional e Desenvolvimento da Carreira. Este serviço, em funcionamento desde 2001 na Escola Superior de Estudos Industriais e de Gestão (Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal), tem por missão promover o desenvolvimento pessoal, académico e profissional dos estudantes desta instituição de ensino superior. De facto, a intervenção vocacional implica intervir nas vertentes pessoais, académicas e profissionais do sujeito. A promoção de uma gestão eficaz e satisfatória dos vários papéis de vida, sejam eles familiares, académicos e/ou profissionais, dada a sua natureza sistémica, são o objecto da intervenção vocacional. Assumindo-se que a transição para o trabalho consiste num processo dilatado no tempo, que se inicia com a formação académica, abarca a finalização do curso e a procura de emprego, e que prossegue com a adaptação ao papel de trabalhador, procuramos criar e organizar as actividades deste serviço dando resposta a todas as fases deste processo. Assim, o serviço configura-se em quatro unidades funcionais estruturadas em rede: a Unidade de Orientação Vocacional, a Unidade de Desenvolvimento da Carreira, a Unidade de Integração no Mercado de Trabalho e o Observatório ESEIG. As três primeiras unidades atrás enunciadas se dedicam à intervenção directa junto dos estudantes e diplomados, dinamizando actividades em formato individual e/ou em grupo. Complementarmente, o observatório é uma unidade transversal de apoio ao serviço que se centra na recolha e tratamento de informação de input e de feedback, de forma a viabilizar a adequação da intervenção e da gestão de todas as unidades do serviço. Neste trabalho apresentaremos uma descrição detalhada das actividades e dos instrumentos utilizados em cada área funcional cujo conjunto permite a prossecução dos objectivos e da missão do Serviço de Orientação Vocacional e Desenvolvimento da Carreira (SOVDEC).

Conhecimentos e Comportamentos dos Jovens do Ensino Superior Português em relação à Contraceção Oral de Emergência

Os jovens iniciam cada vez mais cedo a sua atividade sexual surgindo algumas situações de risco, como as gravidezes indesejadas e o contágio de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DSTs) que podem ter consequências graves para a saúde dos jovens. Embora os jovens tenham fácil acesso à informação sobre a contracepção e sobre os comportamentos de risco associados à actividade sexual, esta informação nem sempre é a mais correcta e nem se baseia em fontes fiáveis ou conhecimentos científicos. A Contraceção Oral de Emergência (COE) tem sido uma solução para evitar uma gravidez indesejável no entanto sem proteger de DSTs. Este método está apenas indicado em casos de emergência. Por isso, é importante que os jovens estejam devidamente informados, não só em relação à contracepção em geral, mas também em relação ao funcionamento da COE. O objetivo primordial da presente investigação consiste em avaliar os conhecimentos e os comportamentos dos jovens do ensino superior português em relação à COE. O estudo foi realizado em três Institutos Politécnicos o de Bragança, Guarda e do Porto onde participaram 233 estudantes com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 30 anos sendo 191 do sexo feminino e 42 do sexo masculino. A maioria dos estudantes (96,6%) desta amostra já tinha ouvido falar da COE e sabiam que deve ser tomada após a relação sexual. Os media e as consultas de planeamento familiar/ginecologia foram as fontes mais apontadas pelos estudantes onde adquiriram o conhecimento da COE. No que concerne ao uso do método COE por parte desta amostra estudantil, verifica-se 61,4% dos sujeitos diz conhecer alguém que já tinha recorrido à COE, no entanto, apenas 26,2% dos sujeitos afirmam já ter recorrido à COE. A maioria dos jovens que referiu ter recorrido à COE diz tê-lo feito devida à falha do método contraceptivo normalmente utilizado. Existe a necessidade de intervir e ter em conta que os jovens devem ter acesso a informação adequada e concreta sobre a contraceção disponível, e mesmo contraceção para evitar possíveis gravidezes indesejadas e a transmissão DSTs. Assim, a implementação de novos projetos podem ser uma porta de entrada para a educação sexual mais fundamentada na busca de uma saúde mais perfeita do homem e da mulher dos nossos dias.

FIRST CASE OF AUTOCHTHONOUS HUMAN VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN THE URBAN CENTER OF RIO DE JANEIRO: CASE REPORT

Visceral leishmaniasis is an anthropozoonosis that is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, especially Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, and is transmitted to humans by the bite of sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia, such as Lutzomyia longipalpis. There are many reservoirs, including Canis familiaris. It is a chronic infectious disease with systemic involvement that is characterized by three phases: the initial period, the state period and the final period. The main symptoms are fever, malnutrition, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. This article reports a case of a patient diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis in the final period following autochthonous transmission in the urban area of Rio de Janeiro. The case reported here is considered by the Municipal Civil Defense and Health Surveillance of Rio de Janeiro to be the first instance of autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in humans in the urban area of this city. The patient was discharged and is undergoing a follow-up at the outpatient clinic, demonstrating clinical improvement.

ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGY OF PHLEBOTOMINES (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) IN AN AREA OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS OCCURRENCE, MUNICIPALITY OF ANGRA DOS REIS, COAST OF RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL

Over a complete two-year period, phlebotomine specimens were caught in an area of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurrence in the municipality of Angra dos Reis. A manual suction tube was used to catch phlebotomines on house walls, and also light traps in domestic and peridomestic settings and in the forest. This yielded 14,170 specimens of 13 species: two in the genus Brumptomyia and eleven in the genus Lutzomyia. L. intermedia predominantly in domestic and peridomestic settings, with little presence in the forest, with the same trend being found in relation to L. migonei, thus proving that these species have adapted to the human environment. L. fischeri appeared to be eclectic regarding location, but was seen to be proportionally more endophilic. L. intermedia and L. migonei were more numerous in peridomestic settings, throughout the year, while L. fischeri was more numerous in domestic settings except in March, April, May and September. From the prevalence of L. intermedia, its proven anthropophily and findings of this species naturally infected with Leishmania(Viannia) braziliensis, it can be incriminated as the main vector for this agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the study area, especially in the peridomestic environment. L. fischeri may be a coadjuvant in carrying the parasite.

SEROPREVALENCE OF Toxoplasma gondii (Nicole & Manceaux, 1909) AND RETROVIRAL STATUS OF CLIENT-OWNED PET CATS (Felis catus, Linnaeus, 1758) IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

Cats, as definitive host, play an important role in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. This study aimed to establish the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii immunoglobulins G and M, and determine the frequency of oocysts in the feces of the domestic cat population in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We also aimed to study the association between T. gondii infection and age, sex, breed, lifestyle, diet and retroviral infection. A total of 108 cats were included in the study and fecal samples of 54 of those cats were obtained. Only 5.6% of the cats were seropositive for anti-T. gondii immunoglobulins using the indirect hemagglutination test. None of the 54 cats presented oocysts in their fecal samples. Although not statistically significant, males, mixed-breed, free-roaming and cats aged two years and older were found to be more exposed. Age, lifestyle and the use of litter boxes were found to play an important role as risk factors. Anemia and retroviral infections were independent of T. gondii infection. No antibodies were detected in the majority of cats (94.4%), indicating that those cats had never been exposed to the parasite and, therefore, once infected, they could present the risk of shedding large numbers of oocysts into the environment.

EXPANSION OF VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL: REPORT OF THE FIRST AUTOCHTHONOUS CASE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF VOLTA REDONDA AND THE DIFFICULTY OF DIAGNOSIS

Visceral Leishmaniasis has been showing remarkable epidemiological changes in recent decades, with marked expansion and an emergence of cases in urban areas of the North, Southeast and Midwest regions of Brazil. The Kala-azar cases reported here, despite being very characteristic, presented a great difficulty of diagnosis, because the disease is not endemic in Volta Redonda. The child underwent two hospitalizations in different hospitals, but got the correct diagnosis only after 11 months of symptom onset. In this report we discuss the main differential diagnoses and call attention to the suspected symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia, even in areas not traditionally endemic for the disease.

MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF Bartonella henselae IN A SERONEGATIVE CAT SCRATCH DISEASE PATIENT WITH AIDS IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

Bartonella henselae is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, including cat scratch disease, endocarditis and meningoencephalitis, in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. We report the first molecularly confirmed case of B. henselae infection in an AIDS patient in state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Although DNA sequence of B. henselae has been detected by polymerase chain reaction in a lymph node biopsy, acute and convalescent sera were nonreactive.

TOXOPLASMOSIS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AMONG PREGNANT AND POSTPARTUM WOMEN ATTENDED IN PUBLIC HEALTH UNITS IN NITERÓI, RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

The present study conducted a toxoplasmosis-related knowledge level survey with 400 pregnant and puerperal women attended in public health units in the municipality of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Only 111 (27.8%) women claimed to know about the disease. Most of them (n = 289; 72.2%) had never heard about toxoplasmosis nor knew how to prevent the infection by Toxoplasma gondii. A significant difference (p = 0.013) regarding the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG was observed between women who claimed to know about the disease and those who had never heard about it. These results highlight the importance of a systematic serological screening process for toxoplasmosis, as well as the importance of primary prevention by accurate information during prenatal care, an important Public Health action to be implemented.

PREVALENCE OF Calodium hepaticum (SYN. Capillaria hepatica) IN Rattus norvegicus IN THE URBAN AREA OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

The nematode Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a zoonotic helminth found mainly infecting rats. It was studied the prevalence of C. hepaticum infection in Rattus norvegicus in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), with low urban planning and sanitation. The presence of C. hepaticum was identified through visible yellowish-white lesions in liver tissue and histological analyses. The total prevalence of infection was 45%, with no significant differences between sex and age. The presence of infected rodents near the peridomestic area poses substantial risk to human health.

Metodologias de estudo para alunos do ensino superior através de um programa de treino de competências cognitivas e metacognitivas

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências de Educação, Especialidade Psicologia de Educação

CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS CASE INVESTIGATION IN THE JACARE REGION OF NITEROI, RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

SUMMARY American visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne zoonosis in expansion in Brazil. Dogs are the main urban reservoir. Departing from a case of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in Jacaré, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, an epidemiological canine and entomological study was performed to assess the extension of the disease at the location. Sample was collected around the case and the dogs identified by serological tests (rapid double platform immunochromatographic exams, immunoenzymatic assay/ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence/IFAT). The parasitological diagnosis was performed in animals positive in at least one of these tests. The entomological study was carried out by using light traps and manual collection. The associations between canine variables and outcome (ELISA and IFAT reagents) were assessed by the chi-square test and adjusted by multivariate logistic regression for those associations with p < 0.1 in the bivariate analysis. Seventeen cases of CVL were detected among 110 evaluated dogs (prevalence of 15.5%). Presence of ectoparasites (OR 6.5; 95% CI 1.1-37.4), animals with clinical signs (OR 9.5; 95% CI 1.2-76.6), and previous cases of CVL in the same house (OR 17.9; 95% CI 2.2-147.1) were associated with the outcome. Lutzomyia longipalpiswas not detected. Our results are indicative of an ongoing transmission in the area.

FIRST REPORT OF ACUTE CHAGAS DISEASE BY VECTOR TRANSMISSION IN RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL

SUMMARY Chagas disease (CD) is an endemic anthropozoonosis from Latin America of which the main means of transmission is the contact of skin lesions or mucosa with the feces of triatomine bugs infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. In this article, we describe the first acute CD case acquired by vector transmission in the Rio de Janeiro State and confirmed by parasitological, serological and PCR tests. The patient presented acute cardiomyopathy and pericardial effusion without cardiac tamponade. Together with fever and malaise, a 3 cm wide erythematous, non-pruritic, papule compatible with a "chagoma" was found on his left wrist. This case report draws attention to the possible transmission of CD by non-domiciled native vectors in non-endemic areas. Therefore, acute CD should be included in the diagnostic workout of febrile diseases and acute myopericarditis in Rio de Janeiro.

A Internacionalização do ensino superior Português as razões, as estratégias e os desafios

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão e Internacionalização de Empresas

GEOGRAPHICAL EXPANSION OF CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL

SUMMARY Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease that affects humans, and domestic and wild animals. It is caused by the protozoan Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (syn = Leishmania chagasi). The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is considered the main reservoir of the etiologic agent of VL in domestic and peridomestic environments. In the past three years, although control actions involving domestic dogs are routinely performed in endemic areas of the Rio de Janeiro State, new cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) have been reported in several municipalities. The objective of this short communication was to describe the geographical expansion of CVL in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, through its reports in the scientific literature and studies performed by our group. From 2010 to 2013, autochthonous and allochthonous cases of CVL were reported in the municipalities of Mangaratiba, Marica, Niteroi, Barra Mansa, Cachoeiras de Macacu, Volta Redonda, Resende and Rio de Janeiro. These reports demonstrate that CVL is in intense geographical expansion around the state; therefore, a joint effort by public agencies, veterinarians and researchers is needed in order to minimize and/or even prevent the dispersion of this disease.

FIRST REPORT OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS CAUSED BY Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi IN AN URBAN AREA OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

SUMMARY American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, and transmitted by sandflies. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, almost all of the cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) are caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, while cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. The resurgence of autochthonous VL cases in Rio de Janeiro is related to the geographic expansion of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis and its ability to adapt to urban areas. We report the first case of leishmaniasis with exclusively cutaneous manifestations caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro. An eighty-one-year-old woman presented three pleomorphic skin lesions that were not associated with systemic symptoms or visceromegalies. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis identified L. (L.) infantum chagasi, but direct smear and PCR of bone narrow were negative for Leishmania sp. (suggesting exclusively cutaneous involvement). We discuss the different dermatological presentations of viscerotropic leishmaniasis of the New and Old World, and the clinical and epidemiological importance of the case. Etiologic diagnosis of ATL based upon exclusive clinical criteria may lead to incorrect conclusions. We should be aware of the constant changes in epidemiological patterns related to leishmaniases.