Estudio sísmico del túnel de Somport

Se está construyendo actualmente un nuevo túnel de 8.6 km de longitud bajo los Pirineos en una zona donde se ha observado una sismicidad de cierta importancia. Independientemente de los estudios que se realizarán para zonas especiales, como los correspondientes a los edificios adosados a las boquillas, se ha elaborado un análisis global para ver la influencia que los numerosos cambios en las condiciones del suelo pueden tener sobre las tensiones y desplazamientos del sostenimiento. El artículo describe las condiciones de peligrosidad sísmica y muestra alguno de los modelos utilizados para calcular la respuesta sísmica del túnel.

Modelado de láminas ortotrópicas axisimétricas para excitaciones con alto contenido en frecuencia

El propósito de este artículo es el análisis lineal de estructuras laminares sometidas a excitaciones dinámicas con alto contenido en frecuencia. El método numérico propuesto utiliza para el modelado elementos continuos monodimensionales. La respuesta exacta de este tipo de elementos es conocida, y por lo tanto el método es más conveniente para este tipo de problemas que otros métodos convencionales basados en discretización espacial, por ejemplo el método de los elementos finitos (MEF), que precisarían de una malla muy fina para recoger adecuadamente los fenómenos de interés. El estudio aquí descrito se limita a estructuras axisimétricas con formas cilíndricas o cónicas. Se presentan criterios para modelar dichas estructuras mediante vigas sobre apoyo elástico.

Cálculo sísmico de puentes. Estudio comparativo

Se presenta un estudio comparativo del cálculo sísmico de cinco puentes diferentes, utilizando diversos procedimientos. El objetivo es establecer la validez de los métodos sencillos, habitualmente utilizados, en función del tipo estructural del puente. El desarrollo se centra en el estudio de la importancia de las cargas dinámicas producidas en un puente situado en una zona sísmica intermedia, respecto a las cargas elásticas exigidas por las Norma de Cálculo de Puentes de Carreteras, haciendo especial mención de las diferencias que aparecen cuando la estructura está realizada en hormigón pretensado.

Ventilacion en caso de incendio y gestion medioambiental en los túneles de Calle 30

La construcción de los túneles de la calle 30 representa un interesantísimo ejemplo de obra en que pueden darse complejas condiciones geométricas, topográficas etc. en condiciones de tráfico también muy variadas. Es por eso que tanto el proyecto como la ejecución han supuesto un enorme desafío técnico y tras su finalización se ha convertido en un referente tanto nacional como internacional. La seguridad de los túneles de la calle 30 se apoya en todo un conjunto de medidas y sistemas fundamentales y que en gran parte son invisibles al usuario del túnel. En este capítulo se describen con detalle los sistemas de ventilación y sus implicaciones en la gestión medioambiental de la obra.

A fatigue damage model for seismic response of RC structures

Numerous damage models have been developed in order to analyze seismic behavior. Among the different possibilities existing in the literature, it is very clear that models developed along the lines of continuum damage mechanics are more consistent with the definition of damage as a phenomenon with mechanical consequences because they include explicitly the coupling between damage and mechanical behavior. On the other hand, for seismic processes, phenomena such as low cycle fatigue may have a pronounced effect on the overall behavior of the frames and, therefore, its consideration turns out to be very important. However, most of existing models evaluate the damage only as a function of the maximum amplitude of cyclic deformation without considering the number of cycles. In this paper, a generalization of the simplified model proposed by Cipollina et al. [Cipollina A, López-Hinojosa A, Flórez-López J. Comput Struct 1995;54:1113–26] is made in order to include the low cycle fatigue. Such a model employs in its formulation irreversible thermodynamics and internal state variable theory.

Numerical analysis of axisymmetric shells by one-dimensional continuum elements suitable for high frequency excitations

Axisymmetric shells are analyzed by means of one-dimensional continuum elements by using the analogy between the bending of shells and the bending of beams on elastic foundation. The mathematical model is formulated in the frequency domain. Because the solution of the governing equations of vibration of beams are exact, the spatial discretization only depends on geometrical or material considerations. For some kind of situations, for example, for high frequency excitations, this approach may be more convenient than other conventional ones such as the finite element method.

A repairability index for reinforced concrete members based on fracture mechanics

This paper proposes a repairability index for damage assessment in reinforced concrete structural members. The procedure discussed in this paper differs from the standard methods in two aspects: the structural and damage analyses are coupled and it is based on the concepts of fracture and continuum damage mechanics. The relationship between the repairability index and the well-known Park and Ang index is shown in some particular cases.

Wireless Optical Communications for Intra-Spacecraft Networks Based on OCDMA with Random Optical Codes

In recent years, spacial agencies have shown a growing interest in optical wireless as an alternative to wired and radio-frequency communications. The use of these techniques for intra-spacecraft communications reduces the effect of take-off acceleration and vibrations on the systems by avoiding the need for rugged connectors and provides a significant mass reduction. Diffuse transmission also eases the design process as terminals can be placed almost anywhere without a tight planification to ensure the proper system behaviour. Previous studies have compared the performance of radio-frequency and infrared optical communications. In an intra-satellite environment optical techniques help reduce EMI related problems, and their main disadvantages - multipath dispersion and the need for line-of-sight - can be neglected due to the reduced cavity size. Channel studies demonstrate that the effect of the channel can be neglected in small environments if data bandwidth is lower than some hundreds of MHz.

Coronica de los señores Reyes de Castilla, Don Sancho el Deseado, Don Alonso el Octauo, y Don Enrique el Primero : en que se refiere todo lo sucedido en los Reynos de España, desde el año mil ciento y treinta y seis, hasta el de mil y docientos y diez y siete... / por Don Alonso Nuñez de Castro...

En port. grab. xil. esc real

The Irregular Ribbed Vault of the Sacristy of the Cathedral of Saint-Jean Baptiste in Perpignan

The vault of the sacristy of the Cathedral of Saint-Jean Baptiste in Perpignan (France), constructed by the Majorcan architect Guillem Sagrera between 1433 and 1447, is an outstanding, yet strikingly unknown, example of rib vaulting. This paper analyzes the overall construction of the form of the vault, characterized by its highly irregular perimeter, with particular attention to an isolated decorated corbel which solves the problem of the wall support of a group of six ribs and is in stark contrast with the rest of the supports, which are completely unadorned. Given the extreme rigour of Sagrera in all his works (and this one in particular), this apparent “capriccio” must be justified not only by decorative or formal requirements, but also by the constructive logic of Gothic vaulting system

Tratado iurídico, político, práctica de indultos conforme a las leyes, y ordenanças reales de Castilla, y de Navarra : en que se ponderan los delitos por su gravedad, no comprehendidos, y los expressamente exceptuados por las Reales Cédulas de indultos... / compuesto por Iuan López de Cuellar y Vega..

Sign.: [calderón-2calderón]4, 3[calderón]6, A-Z4, 2A-2P4, 2Q5

Recommendations on seismic actions on bridges

The paper describes the main features of a technical Recommendation first draft on Seismic Actions on Bridges, promoted by the Spanish Ministry of Public Works (MOPT). Although much more research is needed to clarify the seismic behaviour of the vast class of problems present in port structures the current state of the art allows at least a classificaton of subjects and the establishment of minimum requirements to guide the design. Also the use of more refined methods for specially dangerous situations needs some general guidelines that contribute to mantein the design under reasonable safety margins. The Recommendations of the Spanish MOPT are a first try in those directions.

Recommendations on seismic actions on port structures

The paper describes the main features of a Technical Recommendation first draft on Seismic Action on port structures promoted recently by the Spanish Ministry of Public Works (MOPT). Although much more research is needed to clarify the seismic behaviour of the vast class of problems present in port structures the current state of the art allows at least a classification of subjects and the establishment of minimum requirements to guide the design. Also the use of more refined methods for specially dangerous situations needs some general guidelines that contribute to mantein the design under reasonable safety margins. The Recommendations of the Spanish MOPT are a first try in those directions.

Application of photoreflectance to advanced multilayer structures for photovoltaics

Photoreflectance (PR) is a convenient characterization tool able to reveal optoelectronic properties of semiconductor materials and structures. It is a simple non-destructive and contactless technique which can be used in air at room temperature. We will present experimental results of the characterization carried out by means of PR on different types of advanced photovoltaic (PV) structures, including quantum-dot-based prototypes of intermediate band solar cells, quantum-well structures, highly mismatched alloys, and III?V-based multi-junction devices, thereby demonstrating the suitability of PR as a powerful diagnostic tool. Examples will be given to illustrate the value of this spectroscopic technique for PV including (i) the analysis of the PR spectra in search of critical points associated to absorption onsets; (ii) distinguishing signatures related to quantum confinement from those originating from delocalized band states; (iii) determining the intensity of the electric field related to built-in potentials at interfaces according to the Franz?Keldysh (FK) theory; and (v) determining the nature of different oscillatory PR signals among those ascribed to FK-oscillations, interferometric and photorefractive effects. The aim is to attract the interest of researchers in the field of PV to modulation spectroscopies, as they can be helpful in the analysis of their devices.

Ordered gan/ingan nanorods arrays grown by molecular beam epitaxy for phosphor-free white light emission

The basics of the self-assembled growth of GaN nanorods on Si(111) are reviewed. Morphology differences and optical properties are compared to those of GaN layers grown directly on Si(111). The effects of the growth temperature on the In incorporation in self-assembled InGaN nanorods grown on Si(111) is described. In addition, the inclusion of InGaN quantum disk structures into selfassembled GaN nanorods show clear confinement effects as a function of the quantum disk thickness. In order to overcome the properties dispersion and the intrinsic inhomogeneous nature of the self-assembled growth, the selective area growth of GaN nanorods on both, c-plane and a-plane GaN on sapphire templates, is addressed, with special emphasis on optical quality and morphology differences. The analysis of the optical emission from a single InGaN quantum disk is shown for both polar and non-polar nanorod orientations