Response timing in the lunge and target change in elite versus medium-level fencers.

The aim of the present work is to examine the differences between two groups of fencers with different levels of competition, elite and medium level. The timing parameters of the response reaction have been compared together with the kinetic variables which determine the sequence of segmented participation used during the lunge with a change in target during movement. A total of 30 male sword fencers participated, 13 elite and 17 medium level. Two force platforms recorded the horizontal component of the force and the start of the movement. One system filmed the movement in 3D, recording the spatial positions of 11 markers, while another system projected a mobile target over a screen. For synchronisation, an electronic signal enabled all the systems to be started simultaneously. Among the timing parameters of the reaction response, the choice reaction time (CRT) to the target change during the lunge was measured. The results revealed differences between the groups regarding the flight time, horizontal velocity at the end of the acceleration phase, and the length of the lunge, these being higher for the elite group, as well as other variables related to the temporal sequence of movement. No significant differences have been found in the simple reaction time or in CRT. According to the literature, the CRT appears to improve with sports practice, although this factor did not differentiate the elite from medium-level fencers. The coordination of fencing movements, that is, the right technique, constitutes a factor that differentiates elite fencers from medium-level ones.

Injury incidence in a Spanish sub-elite professional football team: A prospective study during four consecutive seasons

The aim of this study was to investigate the injury incidence and injury characteristics of a Spanish sub-elite professional football team during four consecutive seasons. A team was followed prospectively from the season 2003-2004 to 2006-2007 and individual player exposure and time loss injuries were recorded during all club training sessions and matches. A total of 313 time-loss injuries were recorded. The mean injury incidence was 10.9 injuries/1000 hours (5.2 injuries/1000 training hours and 44.1 injuries/1000 match hours). The injury incidence during competitive matches was higher (p < 0.001) than in friendly matches (55.8 vs. 22.6 injuries/1000 hours). The incidence of major injuries (>28 days absence) was 0.4 injuries/1000 hours. The thigh was the most commonly (35%) injured region and caused 29% of all competitive match absence. Muscle injuries in the four main groups of the lower limbs (hamstrings, adductors, quadriceps and calf muscles) caused 43% of competitive match unavailability. The results of this study show that the risk to sustain a major injury in the course of the season was low for sub-elite footballers in comparison to elite players. Thigh strains were the first cause of absence in competition due to injury.

Longitudinal Changes in Response to a Cycle-Run Field Test of Young Male National "Talent identification" and Senior Elite Triathlon Squads.

This study investigated the changes in cardiorespiratory response and running performance of 9 male ?Talent Identification? (TID) and 6 male Senior Elite (SE) Spanish National Squad triathletes during a specific cycle-run test. The TID and SE triathletes (initial age 15.2±0.7 vs. 23.8±5.6 years, p=0.03; tests through the competitive period and the preparatory period, respectively, of two consecutive seasons: Test 1 was an incremental cycle test to determine the ventilatory threshold (Thvent); Test 2 (C-R) was 30 min constant load cycling at the Thvent power output followed by a 3-km time trial run; and Test 3 (R) was an isolated 3-km time trial control run, in randomized counterbalanced order. In both seasons the time required to complete the C-R 3-km run was greater than for R in TID (11:09±00:24 vs. 10:45±00:16 min:ss, pmenor que 0.01; and 10:24±00:22 vs. 10:04±00:14, p=0.006, for season 2005/06 and 2006/07, respectively) and SE (10:15±00:19 vs. 09:45±00:30, pmenor que 0.001 and 09:51±00:26 vs. 09:46±00:06, p= 0.02 for season 2005/06 and 2006/07, respectively). Compared to the first season, completion of the time trial run was faster in the second season (6.6%, pmenor que 0.01 and 6.4%, pmenor que 0.01, for C-R and R test, respectively) only in TID. Changes in post-cycling run performance were accompanied by changes in pacing strategy but only slight or non-significant changes in the cardiorespiratory response. Thus, the negative effect of cycling on performance may persist, independently of the period, over two consecutive seasons in TID and SE triathletes; however A improvements over time suggests that monitoring running pacing strategy after cycling may be a useful tool to control performance and training adaptations in TID. O2max 77.0±5.6 vs. 77.8±3.6 mL·kg-1·min-1, NS) underwent three TE D EP C C

De cuartel militar a laboratorio de vida alternativa: el ecobarrio de Vauban en Friburgo

La experiencia de la ciudad de Friburgo destaca, además de porque lleva décadas gobernada por Los Verdes, y por una gran socialización de las energías renovables, por acoger una experiencia muy innovadora de regeneración urbana: el proceso del ecobarrio Vauban. En 1993 un grupo de jóvenes okupó unos antiguos cuarteles de la OTAN. Tras un proceso de negociación con el Ayuntamiento, obtuvieron permiso para permanecer en algunas de las naves. De esa iniciativa nació SUSI, una cooperativa autogestionada de vivienda para jóvenes y personas con bajos ingresos, así como espacios para iniciativas sociales. El proyecto de la Administración local era demoler el resto para reedificar un nuevo barrio. Distintos activistas del ecologismo y del movimiento antinuclear plantearon y lograron poner en marcha una alternativa al proyecto oficial a través de una asociación ciudadana, Forum Vauban, que ha logrado participar en el proceso de renovación del resto del barrio y dinamizar un intenso proceso de participación ciudadana orientado a convertir el futuro barrio en un asentamiento lo más ecológico posible.

Bicarbonato ingestion has no ergogenic effect on consecutive all out sprint test in MWX elite cyclists

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on consecutive "all out" sprint tests, analyzing the acid-base status and its influence on performance and perceived effort. Ten elite bicycle motocross (BMX) riders (20.7 ± 1.4 years, training experience 8-12 years) participated in this study which consisted of two trials. Each trial consisted of three consecutive Wingate tests (WTs) separated by 15 min recovery. Ninety minutes prior to exercise subjects ingested either NaHCO(3) (-) (0.3 g kg(-1) body weight) or placebo. Blood samples were collected for the assessment of blood acid-base status: bicarbonate concentration ([HCO(3) (-)]), pH, base excess (BE) and blood lactate concentration ([La(-)]). Performance variables of peak power (PP), mean power (MP), time to peak power and fatigue index were calculated for each sprint. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in acid-base variables [pH before WT1: 7.47 ± 0.05 vs. 7.41 ± 0.03; [HCO(3) (-)] before WT1: 29.08 ± 2.27 vs. 22.85 ± 0.24 mmol L(-1) (bicarbonate vs. placebo conditions, respectively)], but there were not significant differences in performance variables between trials [PP WT1: 1,610 ± 373 vs. 1,599 ± 370 W; PP WT2: 1,548 ± 460 vs. 1,570 ± 428 W; PP WT3: 1,463 ± 361 vs. 1,519 ± 364 W. MP WT1: 809 ± 113 vs. 812 ± 108 W; MP WT2: 799 ± 135 vs. 799 ± 124 W; MP WT3: 762 ± 165 vs. 782 ± 118 W (bicarbonate vs. placebo conditions, respectively)]. Rating of perceived effort (RPE) was not influenced nor ratings of perceived readiness. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion modified significantly the blood acid-base balance, although the induced alkalosis did not improve the Wingate test performance, RPE and perceived readiness across three consecutive WTs in elite BMX cyclists.

Memoria militar y política sobre la guerra de Navarra, los fusilamientos de Estella, y principales acontecimientos que determinaron el fin de la causa de D. Carlos Isidro de Borbón / escrita por José Manuel de Arizaga.

Digitalización Vitoria-Gasteiz Archivos y Bibliotecas Abril 1994 18-6

Historia militar y política de Zumalacárregui, y de los sucesos de la guerra de las provincias del Norte, enlazados a su época y a su nombre / por Francisco de Paula Madrazo.

Ed. de lujo / bajo la dirección de José Vallejo

El debate de las influencias orientales en la arquitectura militar medieval española: casos en la fortificación bajomedieval soriana

En esta comunicación se recoge el debate sobre las influencias orientales —bizantinas, sirias, islámicas…— en la arquitectura fortificada medieval de los reinos cristianos ibéricos, reseñando los aspectos más relevantes de la historia de la construcción oriental e hispanomusulmana que han influido sobre ésta y, en concreto, sobre el ámbito de estudio de la investigación de la que se desprende esta publicación: la franja oriental fronteriza de Castilla con Aragón en la actual provincia de Soria. Se recogen algunas referencias de esa trasmisión cultural que pudieran tener alguna manifestación en las soluciones adoptadas por la construcción castrense que es objeto de estudio en la tesis doctoral del autor.

Montesa ilustrada origen, fundación, principios, institutos, casos, progressos, iuridicion, derechos, priuilegios, preeminencias ... de la ... Religion militar de N. S. Santa Maria de Montesa y San Jorge de Alfama

Sign.: [calderón]-7[calderón]4, 8[calderón]-27[calderón]2, A-Z4, Aa-Zz4, Aaa-Yyy4

Compendio de la vida del glorioso martir San Pedro Pasqual de Valencia, del celeste, real y militar Orden de N.Señora de la Merced ...

Sign.: [calderon]4, *2, A-G4

Montesa ilustrada : origen, fundacion, principios, institutos, casos, progressos, iurisdicion, derechos ... de la ... reli- gion militar de ... Montesa y San George de Alfama : [tomo segundo]

Sign : [ ]5, A-Z4, Aa-Zz4, Aaa-Zzz4, Aaaa-Cccc4, Dddd-Eeee6, Gggg-Zzzz4, Aaaaa-Vvvvv4

Influencias de la tecnología militar en la sociedad civil

No es el objetivo de estas líneas el avance por un camino que vaya señalando cómo muchas de las etapas tecnológicas que la sociedad civil ha seguido a lo largo de la Historia son el reflejo de una actividad previa en el sector militar. Esto constituiría más el desarrollo histórico de un segmento de la política científica de los Estados que el análisis ele las repercusiones que la tecnología de Defensa ha tenido sobre el entorno civil. De hecho, las políticas de Defensa han tenido, a lo largo de los siglos, una incidencia notoria sobre los sistemas ele Ciencia y Tecnología en los diferentes países.

Real Maestrazgo de Montesa : tratado de todos los derechos, bienes y pertenencias del patrimonio y maestrazgo de la Real y Militar Orden de Sta. Maria de Montesa y S. Jorge de Alfama

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Religio Militar, Don Felip Quint per la gracia de Deu Rey... conforme los Privilegis a dita Religio Militar concedits per los Serenissims Senyors Reys d'Aragò y confermats... per la Magestad del Rey Don Felip... ab son Real Privilegi...

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Declamacion patriótica y militar que manifiesta el verdadero origen de la decadencia de España y el remedio eficaz para que vuelva á su antiguo glorioso ser

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