Isagogicen comprehendens

Invokaatio: α.ω.

Improving oral healthcare in Scotland with special reference to sustainability and caries prevention

Brett Duane Improving oral healthcare in Scotland with special reference to sustainability and caries prevention University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Community Dentistry, Finnish Doctoral Program in Oral Sciences (FINDOS-Turku), Turku, Finland Annales Universitatis Turkuensis, Sarja- Ser. D, Medica-Odontologica. Painosalama Oy, Turku, Finland, 2015. Dentistry must provide sustainable, evidence-based, and prevention-focused care. In Scotland oral health prevention is delivered through the Childsmile programme, with an increasing use of high concentration fluoride toothpaste (HCFT). Compared with other countries there is little knowledge of xylitol prevention. The UK government has set strict carbon emission limits with which all national health services (NHS) must comply. The purpose of these studies was firstly to describe the Scottish national oral health prevention programme Childsmile (CS), to determine if the additional maternal use of xylitol (CS+X) was more effective at affecting the early colonisation of mutans streptococci (MS) than this programme alone; secondly to analyse trends in the prescribing and management of HCFT by dentists; and thirdly to analyse data from a dental service in order to improve its sustainability. In all, 182 mother/child pairs were selected on the basis of high maternal MS levels. Motherswere randomly allocated to a CS or CS+X group, with both groups receiving Childsmile. Theintervention group consumed xylitol three times a day, from when the child was 3 months until 24 months. Children were examined at age two to assess MS levels. In order to understand patterns of HCFT prescribing, a retrospective secondary data analysis of routine prescribing data for the years 2006-2012 was performed. To understand the sustainability of dental services, carbon accounting combined a top-down approach and a process analysis approach, followed by the use of Pollard’s decision model (used in other healthcare areas) to analyse and support sustainable service reconfiguration. Of the CS children, 17% were colonised with MS, compared with 5% of the CS+X group. This difference was not statistically significant (P=0.1744). The cost of HCFT prescribing increased fourteen-fold over five years, with 4% of dentists prescribing 70% of the total product. Travel (45%), procurement (36%) and building energy (18%) all contributed to the 1800 tonnes of carbon emissions produced by the service, around 4% of total NHS emissions. Using the analytical model, clinic utilisation rates improved by 56% and patient travel halved significantly reducing carbon emissions. It can be concluded that the Childsmile programme was effective in reducing the risk for MS transmission. HCFT is increasing in Scotland and needs to be managed. Dentistry has similar carbon emissions proportionally as the overall NHS, and the use of an analytic tool can be useful in helping identify these emissions. Key words: Sustainability, carbon emissions, xylitol, mutans streptococci, fluoride toothpaste, caries prevention.

Probiotics and oral health: In vitro and clinical studies

Aino Toiviainen Probiotics and oral health: in vitro and clinical studies University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Periodontology, Finnish Doctoral Program in Oral Sciences (FINDOS-Turku), Turku, Finland Annales Universitatis Turkuensis, Sarja – Ser. D, Medica-Odontologica. Painosalama Oy, Turku, Finland, 2015 Probiotics are used, for example, to prevent and treat diarrhea, allergies and respiratory infections, and there is an increasing interest to use probiotics also for oral health purposes. The most commonly used probiotic bacteria are lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, which are acidogenic and aciduric. From the oral point of view, use of these probiotics may, at least in theory, mean an increased risk of caries. In this thesis, the effects of probiotics on oral microbial composition, acid production of dental plaque and gingival health were studied through in vitro studies and two clinical studies. In a randomized, double-blind and crossover study, 13 healthy adults were allocated into two groups. Half of the subjects first consumed Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG tablets twice a day for two weeks, and after the washout period, L. reuteri tablets twice a day for two weeks. The other half of the subjects used the tablets in reverse order. In another controlled, randomized and double-blind study, 62 healthy adults were allocated into two groups. One group used the test tablets containing L. rhamnosus GG and B. lactis BB-12 and the other group used control tablets without probiotics. The recommendation for the use of the tablets was 4 per day for 4 weeks. Probiotic lactobacilli interfered with S. mutans biofilm formation and the adhesion of S. mutans to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite in vitro. No effect was found in S. mutans levels in the three-species biofilms. In clinical studies, the studied probiotics had no effect on the acid production of plaque. The counts of mutans streptococci and the oral microbial composition remained the same. Tablets containing L. rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 did decrease the amount of plaque and gingival bleeding. According to our results, it seems that probiotics have beneficial effects on gingival health. The present results confirmed that probiotics are safe and have beneficial effects on oral health. Since the consumption of probiotics by the general population is steadily increasing, an understanding of the functions of probiotics in the oral cavity has become more important. Keywords: lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, caries, periodontal disease, mutans streptococci, probiotics

Safety and outcome of coronary interventions with special reference to anticoagulation and stent type

University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Doctoral Programme of Clinical Investigation, Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland Heart Center, Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori, Finland Annales Universitatis Turkuensis Painosalama Oy, Turku, Finland 2015 Antithrombotic therapy during and after coronary procedures always entails the challenging establishment of a balance between bleeding and thrombotic complications. It has been generally recommended to patients on long-term warfarin therapy to discontinue warfarin a few days prior to elective coronary angiography or intervention to prevent bleeding complications. Bridging therapy with heparin is recommended for patients at an increased risk of thromboembolism who require the interruption of anticoagulation for elective surgery or an invasive procedure. In study I, consecutive patients on warfarin therapy referred for diagnostic coronary angiography were compared to control patients with a similar disease presentation without warfarin. The strategy of performing coronary angiography during uninterrupted therapeutic warfarin anticoagulation appeared to be a relatively safe alternative to bridging therapy, if the international normalized ratio level was not on a supratherapeutic level. In-stent restenosis remains an important reason for failure of long-term success after a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Drug-eluting stents (DES) reduce the problem of restenosis inherent to bare metal stents (BMS). However, a longer delay in arterial healing may extend the risk of stent thrombosis (ST) far beyond 30 days after the DES implantation. Early discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy has been the most important predisposing factor for ST. In study II, patients on long-term oral anticoagulant (OAC) underwent DES or BMS stenting with a median of 3.5 years’follow-up. The selective use of DESs with a short triple therapy seemed to be safe in OAC patients, since late STs were rare even without long clopidogrel treatment. Major bleeding and cardiac events were common in this patient group irrespective of stent type. In order to help to predict the bleeding risk in patients on OAC, several different bleeding risk scorings have been developed. Risk scoring systems have also been used also in the setting of patients undergoing a PCI. In study III, the predictive value of an outpatient bleeding risk index (OBRI) to identify patients at high risk of bleeding was analysed. The bleeding risk seemed not to modify periprocedural or long-term treatment choices in patients on OAC after a percutaneous coronary intervention. Patients with a high OBRI often had major bleeding episodes, and the OBRI may be suitable for risk evaluation in this patient group. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel technology for imaging intravascular coronary arteries. OCT is a light-based imaging modality that enables a 12–18 µm tissue axial resolution to visualize plaques in the vessel, possible dissections and thrombi as well as, stent strut appositions and coverage, and to measure the vessel lumen and lesions. In study IV, 30 days after titanium-nitride-oxide (TITANOX)-coated stent implantation, the binary stent strut coverage was satisfactory and the prevalence of malapposed struts was low as evaluated by OCT. Long-term clinical events in patients treated with (TITANOX)-coated bio-active stents (BAS) and paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) in routine clinical practice were examined in study V. At the 3-year follow-up, BAS resulted in better long-term outcome when compared with PES with an infrequent need for target vessel revascularization. Keywords: anticoagulation, restenosis, thrombosis, bleeding, optical coherence tomography, titanium

Hanseníase multibacilar em paciente transplantado renal: relato de caso

O Brasil é um país onde a hanseníase ainda é um problema de saúde pública, apresentando mais de 30.000 novos casos por ano nos últimos anos. Apesar do crescente número de transplante de órgãos sólidos realizados no país, sobretudo o transplante renal, não são frequentes os relatos dessa micobacteriose em pacientes imunossuprimidos pelas medicações póstransplante. Os autores relatam um caso de hanseníase multibacilar manifestada 12 anos depois do transplante renal, acompanhado desde o diagnóstico, durante a poliquimioterapia, tratamento e seguimento do eritema nodoso hansênico.

Mélanges sur la Chine.

Contient : « Remarques sur le chameau à deux bosses, » et autres extraits « de l'Histoire naturelle ou herbier de la Chine » ; Lettres autogr. de Le Poivre au P. Coeurdoux (Pondichéry, 1747) ; Lettre autogr. du P. J. Bouvet à l'abbé Bignon (Pékin, 15 sept. 1704) sur la religion et l'histoire des Chinois ; Observations météorologiques faites à Pékin en 1690-1691 ; Lettre autogr. du P. J. Bouvet au P. de La Chaize (s. d.) ; Copie d'une « lettre du P. Parennin... à M. de Mairan, de l'Accadémie royale, Péking, 30 sept. 1735 » ; Copie d'une « lettre du R. P. Bouvet, de la Compagnie de Jésus, à Monsieur Leibniz, Pékin, 4 nov. 1701 » ; Lettre du P. Chalier sur les pendules de la Chine (16 oct. 1736) ; « Version littérale du commencement de l'histoire chinoise, depuis Fou-hy jusques à Yao, » par le P. « Dominique Parennin, Pékim, 12 aoust 1730 » ; Copie d'une « lettre du frère Attiret, peintre, missionnaire de la Compagnie de Jésus, au sr Dassaut, de Dole, à Pékin, le 1er nov. 1743. » — Lettre autogr. du P. Symon Wynants, au P. Jean Braze, provincial des Jésuites de la province de Flandres-Belgique (Santa-Fé de Bogota, 18 sept. 1715) ; Lettre autogr. du P. Charles Poncet au P. de La Chaise (Zulpha, Éthiopie, 6 juin 1707) ; Copie d'une « lettre du P. Parennin à M. de Mairan, de l'Académie, à Péking, le 19 nov. 1739 » ; « Reflexions sur le Thé et sur les Pastilles de la Chine (Acta phisico medica de l'Académie des Curiosa naturæ, ... janvier 1729, p. 157) » ; « Dissertationes et notæ criticæ in primam partem commentarii Y-King, » « par J.-B. Regis, 1720 » ; « Extraits d'une compilation faite sous la dynastie Ming ;... l'autheur est... Tang King Tchuen » ; Note sur le projet de Cassini, agréé par Colbert, pour l'envoi de Jésuites mathématiciens en Chine ; Lettres autogr. des P. de Brévedent (Le Kaire,19 févr. 1698), — Bouvet (Péking, 27 oct. 1704), etc ; « De numeratione Sinica » ; « Plan du Ti-vang-miao, ou sale de cérémonie, où l'on rend des honneurs solennels aux roys et empereurs... » ; « Plan du temple dédié au souverain seigneur du ciel, ou à Chang-ti » ; « Plan du Ge-tan, ou temple dédié à l'Intelligence qui conduit le Soleil » ; « Plan du Ti-tan, ou temple où l'Empereur sacrifie à Changti sous le titre de souverain seigneur de la terre » ; « Plan du Sien-num-tan, ou du temple dédié au génie de l'Agriculture... » ; « Plan du Koue-tse-kien-ven-miao, ou de la sale de cérémonie où l'on rend à Confucius... des honneurs solennels... »

De conservanda bona valetudine opusculum Scholae Salernitanae ([Reprod.]) / cum Arnoldi Novicomensis, medici & philosophi antiqui enarrationibus utilissimis ; denuo recognitis & auctis per Joan. Curionem & Jacob Crellium

[Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum (latin). 1553]

Retardement de la mort par bon régime ou Conservation de santé ([Reprod.]) / Jadis envoyé par l'Escole de Salerne au Roi d'Angleterre ; trad. de latin en rithme françoise par Geoffroy Le Tellier,...

[Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum (français moyen). 1561]

University of Toronto exams

University of Toronto exams. These are in and envelope which is marked “Arts 1st year”. Included in this package are some text book pages [Latin] with the name Ham K. Woodruff written on them. The exams include: Anatomy, Arithmetic and Algebra, Medicine Chemistry, English, Euclid, French, Greek, Latin, Latin Grammar, Latin Prose (2 copies), Materia Medica and Therapeutics and Physiology for 1879. The exams for 1880 include Arithmetic and Algebra, Greek and Trigonometry. The 1881 Greek exam is also included. There is writing on some of the exams and some are worn and stained. The envelope is torn and stained and the textbook pages are slightly burned. This does not affect the text, 1879-1881.

Sincronización del electroencefalograma en respuesta a estímulos visuales coloreados

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Fisiología Medica) UANL

« How to Teach Evidence-Based Clinical Practice 2002 » à l'Université McMaster : 3 bibliothécaires participantes

Article en anglais et en français.

Considerazioni generali sul concetto di « corpo »

Il concetto di “corpo” è evidentemente alla base della pratica medica. Dalla definizione che si sceglie di dare a questo concetto dipende l’idea stessa di medicina e di terapia. È per questo che una riflessione preliminare su che cosa sia il corpo è necessaria per guidare e impostare qualsiasi azione dell’operatore sanitario. [...]

Derecho médico-sanitario (I) : actualidad, tendencias y retos

La obra cubre un amplio espectro temático, sobre el cual, gravitan en buena parte, los mayores conflictos y problemas que enfrentan el derecho médico-sanitario en la actualidad. Entre los temas abordados se destacan los siguientes: las condiciones actuales de administración y presentación de servicios de la salud y sus tendencias regulatorias; los distintos enfoques de la salud humana desde la perspectiva de la protección social; las tutelas en salud y sus implicaciones;; las diferentes formas de protección de los usuarios y consumidores productos y servicios de la salud, con especial énfasis en la problemática de los medicamentos; las tendencias en el tratamiento de las responsabilidades indemnizatorias sanitarias en sus diversas clases y matices, el preocupante incremento de estas acciones y su impacto social y económico; los aspectos relevantes en la jurisprudencia tanto de la Sala Civil de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, como en la Sección Tercera del Consejo de Estado en cuanto a responsabilidad indemnizatoria sanitaria tanto civil como patrimonial del Estado y otros temas conexos; la responsabilidad civil por trabajo en equipo y la responsabilidad civil solidaria. Un marco general de distinción de las distintas responsabilidades jurídicas que pueden aplicarse en el sector de la Salud. La necesidad de implementar estrategias para procurar tanto la prevención y gestión de riesgos en dicho sector, como diversos mecanismos de solución tanto ante la justicia formal, como a través de los Métodos Alternativos. El valor jurídico de las historias clínicas, y de la aceptación de riesgos por parte del paciente o de sus representantes: las implicaciones jurídicas que pueden tener los dilemas más presentados acerca del inicio de la vida humana y en momento de su protección; las perspectivas frene a un posible Estatuto del Embrión; los retos generados por las investigaciones sobre biotecnología y sus posibles aplicaciones.

El Yoco (paullinia yoco) : La savia de la selva

Con los resultados de este trabajo se busca, finalmente, valorar en su justa dimensión el potencial del yoco en los ecosistemas, la cultura y la salud de los pueblos indígenas. Así se reconoce esta planta como indicador fundamental de diversidad, como motor y eje de los movimientos y las estrategias de adaptación de los indígenas en la selva, como recurso importante en sus sistemas tradicionales de salud y como planta benéfica por sus propiedades estimulante, curativa y, sobre todo, preventiva.

Inmunología : diagnóstico e interpretación de pruebas de laboratorio

El acelerado avance de la inmunología ha generado el desarrollo de técnicas que permiten resultados más precisos y de métodos de separación, tanto de componentes celulares como humorales, útiles en el diagnóstico. La presente edición tiene como objetivo proveer las herramientas necesarias para entender estos avances, junto con los mecanismos implicados en el desarrollo de algunas técnicas de diagnóstico inmunológico e interpretación clínica. Entre los temas tratados se encuentra el estudio de la estructura y fisiología de Toxoplasma gondii, que sirve de modelo para la elaboración de péptidos sintéticos de proteínas inmunogénicas y, además, puede ser aplicado en el desarrollo de métodos de diagnóstico en otros parásitos de importancia clínica. El presente manual ha sido elaborado con el fin de proporcionar una ayuda en el desarrollo de prácticas de laboratorio en inmunología y está dirigido, principalmente, a estudiantes universitarios y trabajadores de las diferentes áreas de la salud como medicina, bacteriología, biología y química.