The sound of a breaking string: critical environmental law and ontological vulnerability

This is a thought-provoking contribution on the space of ontological vulnerability as the awareness of being existentially exposed. This space, conceptualised as a space of ‘the middle’ (as opposed, emphatically, to ‘the centre’) offers an opportunity to think away from the sterile debate on eco/anthropocentricity and from such limiting hierarchies as animal/human, human/environmental, natural/artificial. This new, vulnerable position of the middle allows the reconfiguration of ecological processes, and more specifically the position of environmental law in relation to them. Environmental law now finds itself amidst a new, moving, ‘open ecology’ of social, biological and ecological processes. This is a new, radical conceptualisation of what the author has called ‘critical environmental law,’ based upon an epistemology of observation and an ontology of being part of this open ecology. Environmental law, in this light, is simultaneously reformulated as an invitation to disciplinary and ontological openness and yet a call to remain immanent within existing legal structures. This finds expression in four critical environmental positions that set the stage for the further elaboration of a critical environmental law.

Laccase-assisted approach to graft multifunctional materials of interest: keratin-EC based novel composites and their characterisation

This study focuses on the evaluation of raw keratin as a potential material to develop composites with novel characteristics. Herein, we report a mild and eco-friendly fabrication of in-house extracted feather keratin-based novel enzyme assisted composites consisting of ethyl cellulose (EC) as a backbone material. A range of composites between keratin and EC using different keratin: EC ratios were prepared and characterised. Comparing keratin to the composites, the FT-IR peak at 1,630 cm-1 shifted to a lower wavenumber of 1,610 cm-1 in keratin-EC which typically indicates the involvement of β-sheet structures of the keratin during the graft formation process. SEM analysis revealed that the uniform dispersion of the keratin increases the area of keratin-EC contact which further contributes to the efficient functionality of the resulting composites. In comparison to the pristine keratin and EC, a clear shift in the XRD peaks was also observed at the specific region of 2-Theta values of keratin-g-EC. The thermo- mechanical properties of the composites reached their highest levels in comparison to the keratin which was too fragile to be measured for its mechanical properties. Considerable improvement in the water contact angle and surface tension properties was also recorded.

Laccase-assisted bio-grafting of polyhydroxy-alkanoates (PHAs) onto the ethyl cellulose (EC) backbone

In the present study, a novel enzyme-based methodology for grafting Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) onto the ethyl cellulose (EC) as a backbone polymer was developed. Laccase assisted copolymerization was carried out under mild and eco-friendly reaction conditions. The resulting homogeneous composite membranes were characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The FTIR spectra of pure PHAs and PHAs containing graft composites (PHAs-g-EC) showed their strong characteristic bands at 1721 cm1, 1651 cm-1 and 1603 cm-1 respectively. Other accompanying bands in the range of 900-1300 cm-1 correspond to C=O vibration and C-O-C bond stretching, which could be contributed from PHAs and EC, respectively. The high intensity of the 3358 cm-1 band in the graft composite may have corresponded to the degradation of the carboxylic group from PHAs and also showed an increase of hydrogen-bonded groups at that distinct band region. The morphology was examined by SEM, which showed the well dispersed PHAs crystals in the backbone polymer of EC. XRD pattern for PHAs showed distinct peaks at 2-Theta values of 28o, 32o, 34o, 39o, 46o, 57o, 64o, 78o and 84o that represent the crystalline nature of PHAs. In comparison with those of neat PHAs, the degree of crystallinity for PHAs-g-EC decreased and this reduction is mainly because of the new cross-linking of PHAs within the EC backbone that changes the morphology and destroys the crystallites. Improved mechanical properties were observed for the PHAs-g-EC as compared to the individual components due to the impregnation of EC as reinforcement into the PHAs matrix. Improved mechanical strength enhanced thermal properties, along with low crystallinity of the present PHAs-g-EC suggesting its potential for various industrial and bio-medical applications.

National Policies for Local Urban Sustainability: A New Governance Approach?

Cities have become a focal point for efforts to transition towards a more sustainable, low-carbon society, with many municipal agencies championing ‘eco city’ initiatives of one kind or another. And yet, national policy initiatives frequently play an important – if sometimes overlooked – role, too. This chapters provides comparative perspectives on four recent national sustainable city programmes from France, India, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The analysis reveals two key insights: first, national policy is found to exercise a strong shaping role in what sustainable development for future cities is understood to be, which helps explain the considerable differences in priorities and approaches across countries. Second, beyond articulating strategic priorities, national policy may exercise a ‘soft’ governance function by incentivising and facilitating wider, voluntary governance networks in the effort to implement sustainable city projects locally. This innovative role, however, depends on the ability of national policy to produce resonance among societal actors and on its effective interaction with formal planning processes.

Ecodesign e usabilidade no redesign de produtos de usos quotidiano

A crescente saturação dos mercados com produtos similares aos já existentes ou cuja adaptação ao utilizador se revelou ineficiente, torna pertinente a elaboração de projectos que se traduzam em produtos que, efectivamente, tragam vantagem competitiva e, consequentemente, contribuam para o desenvolvimento e bem estar tanto da sociedade como do ecossistema. Como tal, a actividade do design deve assumir uma posição estratégica por forma a conseguir conceber soluções que preservem tanto quanto possível, os recursos naturais ao mesmo tempo que melhoram os contextos físicos e sociais dos seus utilizadores. Assim, com este trabalho pretende-se elaborar uma estratégia para conseguir um processo de desenvolvimento de produto optimizado que englobe, de igual forma, as preocupações ambientais e o utilizador. Portanto, numa primeira fase são revistos os princípios de ecodesign, segue-se o estudo das áreas vocacionadas para o utilizador, que dizem respeito a ergonomia e, consequentemente, a usabilidade. E por fim é formulada uma metodologia projectual adaptada dos estudos revistos, que pretende dar resposta a este sistema de projecto optimizado. A metodologia é depois validada, com a sua implementação num projecto real, de redesign de um aspirador de uso quotidiano. Esta metodologia foi dividida em duas fases principais de pesquisa: (i) o reconhecimento das necessidades reais dos utilizadores, bem como problemas associados ao produto, por meio de pesquisas e testes de usabilidade (N=120), e (ii) a quantificação do impacto ambiental do produto (através do método do eco-indicador 99). Os dados globais permitem definir os requisitos do produto e delinear os critérios a serem incorporados no redesign do produto e também as medidas para melhorar a usabilidade que foram consistentes com as soluções de concepção ecológica.

Associação entre o nível de actividade física e o refluxo venoso dos membros inferiores

Objectivo: Verificar a associação entre o nível de actividade física e o refluxo venoso dos membros inferiores e a existência de um nível profilático. Métodos: A 49 estudantes, aplicouse o Questionário Internacional Actividade Física, avaliou-se o refluxo venoso pelo ecodoppler e a resistência do tricípite sural por um teste de fadiga local. Resultados: O nível de actividade física e o refluxo venoso dos membros inferiores estão associados (p=0,013). Estudantes com menores índices físicos apresentaram piores resultados. Conclusão: O nível de actividade física e o refluxo venoso estão associados. Não foi possível inferir acerca do nível de actividade física mais adequado.

Immune responses in Bathymodiolus azoricus upon Vibrio challenges : approaches to characterize mussel survival strategies and physiological adaptations in deep sea extreme environments

Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências do Mar, especialidade de Biologia Marinha, 18 de Dezembro de 2015, Universidade dos Açores.

Cleanup of industrial effluents containing heavy metals: a new opportunity of valorising the biomass produced by brewing industry

Heavy metal pollution is a matter of concern in industrialised countries. Contrary to organic pollutants, heavy metals are not metabolically degraded. This fact has two main consequences: its bioremediation requires another strategy and heavy metals can be indefinitely recycled. Yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are produced at high amounts as a by-product of brewing industry constituting a cheap raw material. In the present work, the possibility of valorising this type of biomass in the bioremediation of real industrial effluents containing heavy metals is reviewed. Given the autoaggregation capacity (flocculation) of brewing yeast cells, a fast and off-cost yeast separation is achieved after the treatment of metal-laden effluent, which reduces the costs associated with the process. This is a critical issue when we are looking for an effective, eco-friendly, and low-cost technology. The possibility of the bioremediation of industrial effluents linked with the selective recovery of metals, in a strategy of simultaneous minimisation of environmental hazard of industrial wastes with financial benefits from reselling or recycling the metals, is discussed.

Argamassas e betões geopoliméricos: estado da arte e potencial de industrialização em Portugal

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Práticas de gestão ambiental na administração pública local

As práticas de gestão ambiental são meios através dos quais as organizações podem melhorar o seu desempenho. Um comportamento eco-eficiente, optimiza o uso dos recursos e evita a produção de resíduos, permitindo poupanças significativas. Para além disso, um bom desempenho ambiental evita custos resultantes da aplicação do princípio do poluidor-pagador. A introdução destas práticas no processo de gestão global é hoje uma realidade nas empresas. No entanto, e como muitas das acções a nível local passam essencialmente pelas autarquias, afigura-se fundamental que também estas organizações introduzam práticas ambientais na sua gestão. O objectivo central deste trabalho é identificar o perfil ambiental da Administração Pública Local, nomeadamente dos municípios portugueses. Para atingir este objectivo foi desenvolvido um inquérito por questionário, o qual foi remetido a todos os municípios do país, de forma a poder diagnosticar práticas de gestão ambiental nesse sector. Com base na avaliação do grau de implementação de determinadas vertentes e práticas de gestão ambiental foi traçado o perfil ambiental dos municípios portugueses. Os principais resultados evidenciam um fraco nível de adopção de práticas de gestão ambiental. Urge melhorar estes níveis de desempenho, pelo que deverão ser adoptadas novas práticas organizacionais e políticas públicas de desenvolvimento sustentável, para que se inverta a tendência actual. Este trabalho pretendeu constituir uma base de apoio às inúmeras autarquias, transmitindo quais as vantagens de recorrer a práticas de gestão ambiental, de forma a aumentar o desempenho ambiental nestas organizações.

Optimising the energy consumption on pultrusion process

This study is based on a previous experimental work in which embedded cylindrical heaters were applied to a pultrusion machine die, and resultant energetic performance compared with that achieved with the former heating system based on planar resistances. The previous work allowed to conclude that the use of embedded resistances enhances significantly the energetic performance of pultrusion process, leading to 57% decrease of energy consumption. However, the aforementioned study was developed with basis on an existing pultrusion die, which only allowed a single relative position for the heaters. In the present work, new relative positions for the heaters were investigated in order to optimise heat distribution process and energy consumption. Finite Elements Analysis was applied as an efficient tool to identify the best relative position of the heaters into the die, taking into account the usual parameters involved in the process and the control system already tested in the previous study. The analysis was firstly developed based on eight cylindrical heaters located in four different location plans. In a second phase, in order to refine the results, a new approach was adopted using sixteen heaters with the same total power. Final results allow to conclude that the correct positioning of the heaters can contribute to about 10% of energy consumption reduction, decreasing the production costs and leading to a better eco-efficiency of pultrusion process.

Procedimentos para uma certificação da construção sustentável

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil – Reabilitação de Edifícios

Métodos "verdes" de produção de nanomateriais que promovem nanotecnologias sustentáveis

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química

Optimizing the embedded heaters position in the pultrusion process using finite element analysis

This study is based on a previous experimental work in which embedded cylindrical heaters were applied to a pultrusion machine die, and resultant energetic performance compared with that achieved with the former heating system based on planar resistances. The previous work allowed to conclude that the use of embedded resistances enhances significantly the energetic performance of pultrusion process, leading to 57% decrease of energy consumption. However, the aforementioned study was developed with basis on an existing pultrusion die, which only allowed a single relative position for the heaters. In the present work, new relative positions for the heaters were investigated in order to optimize heat distribution process and energy consumption. Finite Elements Analysis was applied as an efficient tool to identify the best relative position of the heaters into the die, taking into account the usual parameters involved in the process and the control system already tested in the previous study. The analysis was firstly developed with basis on eight cylindrical heaters located in four different location plans. In a second phase, in order to refine the results, a new approach was adopted using sixteen heaters with the same total power. Final results allow to conclude that the correct positioning of the heaters can contribute to about 10% of energy consumption reduction, decreasing the production costs and leading to a better eco-efficiency of pultrusion process.

Seleção de ferramenta para avaliação do desempenho ambiental de produtos: estudo de caso na indústria automóvel

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica