989 resultados para Dinâmica socioeconômica
Resumo:
O herbicida metribuzin é recomendado para o controle de plantas daninhas na cultura de cana-de-açúcar. Entretanto, seu comportamento em áreas com colheita mecânica, que deixa grande quantidade de palha sobre o solo, não é bem conhecido. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a dinâmica do herbicida metribuzin aplicado sobre diferentes quantidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar, períodos e intensidades de chuvas após a aplicação. Foram realizados três ensaios para avaliar a dinâmica do metribuzin aplicado sobre a palha de cana-de-açúcar. No primeiro, foi avaliada a interceptação do herbicida por 0, 1, 2,5, 5, 7,5, 10, 15 e 20 t de palha de cana-de-açúcar por hectare. No segundo, avaliou-se a lixiviação do metribuzin em 5, 10, 15 e 20 t de palha por hectare sob simulação de chuva de 2,5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 35, 50 e 100 mm, um dia após a aplicação (DAA). No terceiro, foi avaliado o efeito dos intervalos de tempo entre a aplicação do herbicida e a primeira chuva na lixiviação do metribuzin (0, 1, 7, 14 e 28 dias) em 10 t de palha por hectare, em função das mesmas precipitações simuladas no segundo ensaio. Os resultados obtidos no segundo e terceiro ensaios foram ajustados pelo modelo de Mitscherlich. A quantificação do herbicida foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A quantidade de metribuzin que transpõe as diferentes quantidades de palha com simulação acumulada de 100 mm de chuva é diferenciada, sendo maior para 5 t ha-1 e menor para quantidades maiores, até 20 t ha-1. A simulação média de chuvas equivalentes a de 20 a 30 mm iniciais é suficiente para promover uma transposição maior que 99% do metribuzin. Este herbicida é retido quando aplicado sobre a palha de cana-de-açúcar e permanece por períodos de até 28 DAA sem chuva.
Resumo:
Este trabalho teve como objetivo implementar um modelo computacional para simular a dinâmica operacional de uma linha industrial de abate de suínos. O sistema real modelado pertence à empresa Frigorífico Frimesa, sediada no município de Medianeira (PR). O modelo implementado é tipo dinâmico, discreto e estocástico. Este simula 34 operações unitárias e foi estruturado com o uso da linguagem de simulação EXTEND TM. Para validação do modelo foram coletados dados relativos a cinco dias de operação, em que foram abatidos 1.346, 1.630, 1.360, 1.585 e 1.550 suínos, respectivamente. Como parâmetros de comparação entre os dados obtidos a partir do sistema e gerados pelo modelo foram selecionadas as seguintes variáveis: (i) tempo de duração da operação; (ii) tempo de deslocamento da insensibilização até a depiladeira; (iii) tempo deslocamento da insensibilização até a câmara fria; (iv) número de carcaças re-inspecionadas; e (v) número final de carcaças. Na validação do modelo, foi constatado que, para a variável tempo de duração da operação por meio do teste Tukey a 1% de significância, não foram detectadas diferenças estatísticas entre os valores obtidos do sistema real e os gerados pelo modelo. Considerando-se esta e outras análises, foi concluído que o modelo aplica-se à finalidade para a qual foi implementado. Sendo assim, foram realizadas duas análises de sensibilidade. Na primeira, ao alterar o número de suínos a abater de 1 mil para 2 mil, foi determinado que os tempos de duração da operação variariam de 6,20 a 10,10 h, respectivamente. Para a segunda, ao abater 1.340 suínos e alterar a velocidade das nórias de 300 para 600 animais por hora, o tempo de duração da operação passou de 8,10 para 7,40 h, respectivamente.
Resumo:
Discute-se a importância do levantamento qualitativo e quantitativo da comunidade de aves da Fazenda Rio Claro (22°27'S, 48°51'W), Lençóis Paulista, para a avaliação de um fragmento de mata mesófila do interior de São Paulo. Tais levantamentos foram realizados entre agosto de 2001 a julho de 2002. Para o estudo quantitativo utilizou-se da metodologia de Pontos de Escuta. Foram analisados os índices de diversidade e de freqüência de ocorrência dessa comunidade, sendo as suas espécies organizadas tanto em função das categorias alimentares quanto sob o aspecto da ocupação do estrato vegetal. O levantamento qualitativo registrou 216 espécies. Já o quantitativo registrou 74 espécies em 761 contatos, com uma média de 12,7 contatos/amostra. O índice pontual de abundância (IPA) variou de 0,001 (um contato) a 0,07 (53 contatos); aquele da diversidade foi de H' = 3,10, mostrando um aumento significativo entre setembro e novembro; a eqüitatividade média no período foi de E = 0,95. Os insetívoros constituem quase a metade das espécies registradas no levantamento quantitativo (44,6%), seguido por frugívoros (24,9%), onívoros (16,4%), carnívoros (8,5%), nectarívoros (4,2%) e uma pequena proporção de detritívoros (1,4%). A categoria mais abundante no sub-bosque foi a de insetívoros, enquanto que os frugívoros foram os mais abundantes no solo e na copa. A comunidade de aves no fragmento estudado mostrou o mesmo padrão encontrado em outros fragmentos de mata mesófila de mesmo tamanho relativo. Algumas espécies ameaçadas foram encontradas na área de estudo.
Resumo:
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Resumo:
A motivação para a realização deste artigo foi a percepção de que o movimento de preços dos imóveis em Natal apresentava componentes que precisavam ser investigados, notadamente o influxo de capital estrangeiro, sobretudo para aplicação nos setores de turismo e imobiliário e o comportamento do crédito imobiliário. O objetivo do trabalho é examinar a evolução dos preços no mercado de imóveis da cidade no período 2005; 2010. Os indicadores levantados permitiram uma coleta de evidências suficiente para ampliar o grau de confiança nas hipóteses de que, de fato: a) ocorreu uma bolha no mercado de imóveis no triênio 2005; 2007; b) a bolha não implodiu no biênio 2009; 2010, após a crise financeira de 2008, pois o movimento de alta de preços se manteve tanto nos imóveis vendidos na planta quanto nos imóveis prontos.
Resumo:
Potassium deficiency in soybeans has spread iii São Paulo State, Brazil, as a consequence of soil K reserve depletion. Exchangeable and nonexchangeable K dynamics in soil were investigated in order to understand the reserve exaustion and its significance to soybean nutrition. Soybean was grown in 8 1 pots with five soils differing in K and clay contents, in presence or absence of K fertilization. Soil samples were taken at 20 days interval and soybean was harvest at R6. Exchangeable (H2SO4 0,05 N) and nonexchangeable K (boiling HNO3) were estimated in soil sample. Two of the soils were very poor in exchangeable K, and even so there was no response in dry matter due to K fertilization. In spite of some differences in K contents in some of the soybeans parts, generally K absorption was not affected by K fertilization, except in grains. Potassium acumulation in soybean plants were affected by soils, but the response was not closely related to exchangeable K in soil. The main K source to the plants was the HNO3 extrated K, showing that this form is not at all nonexchangeable. After the period of maximum plant demand there was a sharp increase in extractable K in soil showing a tendency to a natural equilibrium.
Resumo:
In order to study the interactions of green lacewings toxocenosis on natural ecossystems, samplings were carried out in the Parque Ecologic Quedas do Rio Bonito, located in Lavras, Alto Rio Grande region, South of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The species inventory was accomplished in two vegetation types: semi-evergreen forest and open field formations, including areas of montane grassland, rocky montane grassland and "cerrado". Insects were captured with a butterfly net during 2h, walking through each vegetation formation. Sampling resulted in 1,948 specimens belonging to 30 species, of which 14 were Chrysopini and 16 Leucochrysini. Representatives of these tribes were observed both in forest and in open field formations. Species of the genera Ceraeochrysa, Chrysoperla, Chrysopodes, Plesiochrysa and Leucochrysa were found in forests and in open field formations, except for Plesiochrysa. The highest richness and diversity of species were observed in the forest. The similarity index among the communities of green lacewings in the studied areas was 27%.
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Some aspects of the widely observed over-dispersed pattern of the distribution of parasites within the host population are examined. It has been established in the parasitological literature that most hosts usually harbour few parasites, while only few hosts harbour a large proportion of the parasite population. Factors that may influence the pattern of distribution of parasites, the relation between the level of parasite aggregation and the prevalence of infection, and changes in this level of aggregation as a function of host age are analysed. Factors which determine the diversity of species in parasite communities are presented, and aspects of exploitative and interference competition among parasites and their relations with biological control procedures are also considered. Attention is also focused on the regulatory and destabilizing processes influencing the dynamic behaviour of host-parasite population interactions.
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This paper studies the applicability of a model to the evolutive dynamics of Pantanal physiography. The Miranda-Aquidauana Pantanal has developed as a pre-existent fluvial plain in the beginning, from Paraguay river, whose ancient marks, recognized by weathering alteration volumes, show components that make possible its relative age determination and consequently permit the comprehension of the ancient and recent dynamic evolutions, that are responsible for the present physiographic form.
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Systems based on artificial neural networks have high computational rates due to the use of a massive number of simple processing elements and the high degree of connectivity between these elements. Neural networks with feedback connections provide a computing model capable of solving a large class of optimization problems. This paper presents a novel approach for solving dynamic programming problems using artificial neural networks. More specifically, a modified Hopfield network is developed and its internal parameters are computed using the valid-subspace technique. These parameters guarantee the convergence of the network to the equilibrium points which represent solutions (not necessarily optimal) for the dynamic programming problem. Simulated examples are presented and compared with other neural networks. The results demonstrate that proposed method gives a significant improvement.
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Indices that report how much a contingency is stable or unstable in an electrical power system have been the object of several studies in the last decades. In some approaches, indices are obtained from time-domain simulation; others explore the calculation of the stability margin from the so-called direct methods, or even by neural networks.The goal is always to obtain a fast and reliable way of analysing large disturbance that might occur on the power systems. A fast classification in stable and unstable, as a function of transient stability is crucial for a dynamic security analysis. All good propositions as how to analyse contingencies must present some important features: classification of contingencies; precision and reliability; and efficiency computation. Indices obtained from time-domain simulations have been used to classify the contingencies as stable or unstable. These indices are based on the concepts of coherence, transient energy conversion between kinetic energy and potential energy, and three dot products of state variable. The classification of the contingencies using the indices individually is not reliable, since the performance of these indices varies with each simulated condition. However, collapsing these indices into a single one can improve the analysis significantly. In this paper, it is presented the results of an approach to filter the contingencies, by a simple classification of them into stable, unstable or marginal. This classification is performed from the composite indices obtained from step by step simulation with a time period of the clearing time plus 0.5 second. The contingencies originally classified as stable or unstable do not require this extra simulation. The methodology requires an initial effort to obtain the values of the intervals for classification, and the weights. This is performed once for each power system and can be used in different operating conditions and for different contingencies. No misplaced classification o- - ccurred in any of the tests, i.e., we detected no stable case classified as unstable or otherwise. The methodology is thus well fitted for it allows for a rapid conclusion about the stability of th system, for the majority of the contingencies (Stable or Unstable Cases). The tests, results and discussions are presented using two power systems: (1) the IEEE17 system, composed of 17 generators, 162 buses and 284 transmission lines; and (2) a South Brazilian system configuration, with 10 generators, 45 buses and 71 lines.
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The study area corresponds to the basin of the Itiquira river high course, totalling 5,361km2. In this area a study of the environmental dynamics was made, applying SIG techniques and satellite images of the years 1966, 1985 and 1996. In 1966 the areas of natural vegetation (forests and groves) occupied 90.64% of the total of the area, which was diminished to 60.57% in 1985 and to only 36.66% in 1996. In this process, 289,382ha of a total of 485,928ha of natural vegetal covering had been lost. At the same time, the agrarian surfaces (agriculture and pasture) that occupied only 0.52% of the total area in 1966, increased to 34.89% in 1985 and to 59.04% in 1996. In 30 years there was an increase of 313,725ha of cultivated lands, corresponding to about 113 times the land occupation of the year of 1966 (2,798ha). The areas classified as urban show a gradual increase since 1966, from 39ha in 1996 to 58ha in 1985, and to 178ha in 1996. The other classes of soil use and occupation (reforestement areas, uncovered and affected by fire and humid areas) added were smaller than 4,27% in 1996.
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The purpose of this paper is to introduce a methodology for semi-automatic road extraction from aerial digital image pairs by using dynamic programming and epipolar geometry. The method uses both images from where each road feature pair is extracted. The operator identifies the corresponding road featuresand s/he selects sparse seed points along them. After all road pairs have been extracted, epipolar geometry is applied to determine the automatic point-to-point correspondence between each correspondent feature. Finally, each correspondent road pair is georeferenced by photogrammetric intersection. Experiments were made with rural aerial images. The results led to the conclusion that the methodology is robust and efficient, even in the presence of shadows of trees and buildings or other irregularities.
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The objective of this research was to evaluate the physical and chemical conditions of revegetated subsoil in degraded areas in a Cerrado biome and to verify which plants promote better conditions for soil recovery. The research was conducted in the remaining area of the hydroelectrical plant site at Ilha Solteira (SP). The experimental design was a completely randomized with five treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of: natural regeneration area, brachiaria area, Pinus sp. area, exposed soil area and Cerrado grassland (used as control). The following soil characteristics were appraised: porosity; density, stability of aggregates, infiltration rate, temperature, exchangeable cations, organic matter, pH and potential acidity. The results show that Pinus is not a good species to recover the chemical attributes of the subsoil. The revegetated areas need to be improved in their physical attributes to allow a better development of the vegetation. Brachiaria and the natural regeneration were the most promising treatments, presenting results similar to natural Cerrado.
Resumo:
In low-order streams, the high and variable water flow rates offer both advantages and disadvantages to the life cycle of fishes. Even closely related species living in similar habitats can show differences in life history patterns. Based on oocyte-size distributions, C. lauroi was classified into the fractional spawning type, and C. alipioi into the total spawning type. The absolute fecundity of C. lauroi ranged from 1,313 to 2,925 oocytes; in C. alipioi the absolute fecundity ranged from 2,213 to 25,550 oocytes. The nonparametric Spearman correlation test showed statistical significance between the gonadosomatic index and fecundity for both species. The growth parameters, natural mortality rate and survival rate for females of C. lauroi were: K = 0.68 yr -1, L ∞ = 8.7 cm, t max = 4.4 years, M= 1.62 yr -1, S = 19.79%, and for males: K = 0.78 yr -1, L ∞ = 6.9 cm, t max = 3.8 years, M = 1.89 yr -1, S = 15.11%. The growth parameters, natural mortality rate and survival rate for females of C. alipioi were: K = 0.90 yr -1, L ∞ = 12.2 cm, t max = 3.3 years, M = 1.81 yr -1, S = 16.37%, and for males: K = 0.76 yr -1, L ∞ = 10.1 cm, t max = 3.9 years, M = 1.71 yr -1, S = 18.10%.