Viola-Jones based detectors: How much affects the training set?

[EN]This paper presents a study on the facial feature detection performance achieved using the Viola-Jones framework. A set of classi- ers using two di erent focuses to gather the training samples is created and tested on four di erent datasets covering a wide range of possibili- ties. The results achieved should serve researchers to choose the classi er that better ts their demands.

'We deliberately set high demands for the gold standard'… Inclusive and exclusive pronouns in two social science cultures

[EN] This study analyses the use of inclusive and exclusive pronominal signals in English and Spanish research articles and investigates whether there are differences between the two languages in terms of pronominal signals frequency and usage.

Studio e sviluppo di un motore a 2 tempi diesel veloce di nuova concezione per applicazioni automobilistiche

The Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (DIMeC) of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia is developing a new type of small capacity HSDI 2-Stroke Diesel engine (called HSD2), featuring a specifically designed combustion system, aimed to reduce weight, size and manufacturing costs, and improving pollutant emissions at partial load. The present work is focused on the analysis of the combustion and the scavenging process, investigated by means of a version of the KIVA-3V code customized by the University of Chalmers and modified by DIMeC. The customization of the KIVA-3V code includes a detailed combustion chemistry approach, coupled with a comprehensive oxidation mechanism for diesel oil surrogate and the modeling of turbulence/chemistry interaction through the PaSR (Partially Stirred Reactor) model. A four stroke automobile Diesel engine featuring a very close bore size is taken as a reference, for both the numerical models calibration and for a comparison with the 2-Stroke engine. Analysis is carried out trough a comparison between HSD2 and FIAT 1300 MultiJet in several operating conditions, at full and partial load. Such a comparison clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of the two stroke concept in terms of emissions reduction and high power density. However, HSD2 is still a virtual engine, and experimental results are needed to assume the reliability of numerical results.

Spectrum shaping and its application: spread-spectrum clock generator and circuits for ultra wide band

Electromagnetic spectrum can be identified as a resource for the designer, as well as for the manufacturer, from two complementary points of view: first, because it is a good in great demand by many different kind of applications; second, because despite its scarce availability, it may be advantageous to use more spectrum than necessary. This is the case of Spread-Spectrum Systems, those systems in which the transmitted signal is spread over a wide frequency band, much wider, in fact, than the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the information being sent. Part I of this dissertation deals with Spread-Spectrum Clock Generators (SSCG) aiming at reducing Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) of clock signals in integrated circuits (IC) design. In particular, the modulation of the clock and the consequent spreading of its spectrum are obtained through a random modulating signal outputted by a chaotic map, i.e. a discrete-time dynamical system showing chaotic behavior. The advantages offered by this kind of modulation are highlighted. Three different prototypes of chaos-based SSCG are presented in all their aspects: design, simulation, and post-fabrication measurements. The third one, operating at a frequency equal to 3GHz, aims at being applied to Serial ATA, standard de facto for fast data transmission to and from Hard Disk Drives. The most extreme example of spread-spectrum signalling is the emerging ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, which proposes the use of large sections of the radio spectrum at low amplitudes to transmit high-bandwidth digital data. In part II of the dissertation, two UWB applications are presented, both dealing with the advantages as well as with the challenges of a wide-band system, namely: a chaos-based sequence generation method for reducing Multiple Access Interference (MAI) in Direct Sequence UWB Wireless-Sensor-Networks (WSNs), and design and simulations of a Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) for impulse radio UWB. This latter topic was studied during a study-abroad period in collaboration with Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.

Applications of High Speed Configurable Logic Devices in Modern Particle Physics Experiments

Several activities were conducted during my PhD activity. For the NEMO experiment a collaboration between the INFN/University groups of Catania and Bologna led to the development and production of a mixed signal acquisition board for the Nemo Km3 telescope. The research concerned the feasibility study for a different acquisition technique quite far from that adopted in the NEMO Phase 1 telescope. The DAQ board that we realized exploits the LIRA06 front-end chip for the analog acquisition of anodic an dynodic sources of a PMT (Photo-Multiplier Tube). The low-power analog acquisition allows to sample contemporaneously multiple channels of the PMT at different gain factors in order to increase the signal response linearity over a wider dynamic range. Also the auto triggering and self-event-classification features help to improve the acquisition performance and the knowledge on the neutrino event. A fully functional interface towards the first level data concentrator, the Floor Control Module, has been integrated as well on the board, and a specific firmware has been realized to comply with the present communication protocols. This stage of the project foresees the use of an FPGA, a high speed configurable device, to provide the board with a flexible digital logic control core. After the validation of the whole front-end architecture this feature would be probably integrated in a common mixed-signal ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). The volatile nature of the configuration memory of the FPGA implied the integration of a flash ISP (In System Programming) memory and a smart architecture for a safe remote reconfiguration of it. All the integrated features of the board have been tested. At the Catania laboratory the behavior of the LIRA chip has been investigated in the digital environment of the DAQ board and we succeeded in driving the acquisition with the FPGA. The PMT pulses generated with an arbitrary waveform generator were correctly triggered and acquired by the analog chip, and successively they were digitized by the on board ADC under the supervision of the FPGA. For the communication towards the data concentrator a test bench has been realized in Bologna where, thanks to a lending of the Roma University and INFN, a full readout chain equivalent to that present in the NEMO phase-1 was installed. These tests showed a good behavior of the digital electronic that was able to receive and to execute command imparted by the PC console and to answer back with a reply. The remotely configurable logic behaved well too and demonstrated, at least in principle, the validity of this technique. A new prototype board is now under development at the Catania laboratory as an evolution of the one described above. This board is going to be deployed within the NEMO Phase-2 tower in one of its floors dedicated to new front-end proposals. This board will integrate a new analog acquisition chip called SAS (Smart Auto-triggering Sampler) introducing thus a new analog front-end but inheriting most of the digital logic present in the current DAQ board discussed in this thesis. For what concern the activity on high-resolution vertex detectors, I worked within the SLIM5 collaboration for the characterization of a MAPS (Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor) device called APSEL-4D. The mentioned chip is a matrix of 4096 active pixel sensors with deep N-well implantations meant for charge collection and to shield the analog electronics from digital noise. The chip integrates the full-custom sensors matrix and the sparsifification/readout logic realized with standard-cells in STM CMOS technology 130 nm. For the chip characterization a test-beam has been set up on the 12 GeV PS (Proton Synchrotron) line facility at CERN of Geneva (CH). The collaboration prepared a silicon strip telescope and a DAQ system (hardware and software) for data acquisition and control of the telescope that allowed to store about 90 million events in 7 equivalent days of live-time of the beam. My activities concerned basically the realization of a firmware interface towards and from the MAPS chip in order to integrate it on the general DAQ system. Thereafter I worked on the DAQ software to implement on it a proper Slow Control interface of the APSEL4D. Several APSEL4D chips with different thinning have been tested during the test beam. Those with 100 and 300 um presented an overall efficiency of about 90% imparting a threshold of 450 electrons. The test-beam allowed to estimate also the resolution of the pixel sensor providing good results consistent with the pitch/sqrt(12) formula. The MAPS intrinsic resolution has been extracted from the width of the residual plot taking into account the multiple scattering effect.

A study on set variable representations in constraint programming

Il lavoro presentato in questa tesi si colloca nel contesto della programmazione con vincoli, un paradigma per modellare e risolvere problemi di ricerca combinatoria che richiedono di trovare soluzioni in presenza di vincoli. Una vasta parte di questi problemi trova naturale formulazione attraverso il linguaggio delle variabili insiemistiche. Dal momento che il dominio di tali variabili può essere esponenziale nel numero di elementi, una rappresentazione esplicita è spesso non praticabile. Recenti studi si sono quindi focalizzati nel trovare modi efficienti per rappresentare tali variabili. Pertanto si è soliti rappresentare questi domini mediante l'uso di approssimazioni definite tramite intervalli (d'ora in poi rappresentazioni), specificati da un limite inferiore e un limite superiore secondo un'appropriata relazione d'ordine. La recente evoluzione della ricerca sulla programmazione con vincoli sugli insiemi ha chiaramente indicato che la combinazione di diverse rappresentazioni permette di raggiungere prestazioni di ordini di grandezza superiori rispetto alle tradizionali tecniche di codifica. Numerose proposte sono state fatte volgendosi in questa direzione. Questi lavori si differenziano su come è mantenuta la coerenza tra le diverse rappresentazioni e su come i vincoli vengono propagati al fine di ridurre lo spazio di ricerca. Sfortunatamente non esiste alcun strumento formale per paragonare queste combinazioni. Il principale obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di fornire tale strumento, nel quale definiamo precisamente la nozione di combinazione di rappresentazioni facendo emergere gli aspetti comuni che hanno caratterizzato i lavori precedenti. In particolare identifichiamo due tipi possibili di combinazioni, una forte ed una debole, definendo le nozioni di coerenza agli estremi sui vincoli e sincronizzazione tra rappresentazioni. Il nostro studio propone alcune interessanti intuizioni sulle combinazioni esistenti, evidenziandone i limiti e svelando alcune sorprese. Inoltre forniamo un'analisi di complessità della sincronizzazione tra minlex, una rappresentazione in grado di propagare in maniera ottimale vincoli lessicografici, e le principali rappresentazioni esistenti.

Elf magnetic field influence on ION Channels studied by Patch Clamp Technique: exposure set up and "Whole Cell" measurements on Potassium currents

The aim of this thesis was to study the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic magnetic fields on potassium currents in neural cell lines ( Neuroblastoma SK-N-BE ), using the whole-cell Patch Clamp technique. Such technique is a sophisticated tool capable to investigate the electrophysiological activity at a single cell, and even at single channel level. The total potassium ion currents through the cell membrane was measured while exposing the cells to a combination of static (DC) and alternate (AC) magnetic fields according to the prediction of the so-called ‘ Ion Resonance Hypothesis ’. For this purpose we have designed and fabricated a magnetic field exposure system reaching a good compromise between magnetic field homogeneity and accessibility to the biological sample under the microscope. The magnetic field exposure system consists of three large orthogonal pairs of square coils surrounding the patch clamp set up and connected to the signal generation unit, able to generate different combinations of static and/or alternate magnetic fields. Such system was characterized in term of field distribution and uniformity through computation and direct field measurements. No statistically significant changes in the potassium ion currents through cell membrane were reveled when the cells were exposed to AC/DC magnetic field combination according to the afore mentioned ‘Ion Resonance Hypothesis’.

Die Beziehung zwischen genetischem Polymorphismus von Populationen und Umweltvariabilität: Anwendung der Fitness-Set Theorie

Die Beziehung zwischen genetischem Polymorphismus von Populationen und Umweltvariabilität: Anwendung der Fitness-Set Theorie Das Quantitative Fitness-Set Modell (QFM) ist eine Erweiterung der Fitness-Set Theorie. Das QFM kann Abstufungen zwischen grob- und feinkörnigen regelmäßigen Schwankungen zweier Umwelten darstellen. Umwelt- und artspezifische Parameter, sowie die bewirkte Körnigkeit, sind quantifizierbar. Experimentelle Daten lassen sich analysieren und das QFM erweist sich in großen Populationen als sehr genau, was durch den diskreten Parameterraum unterstützt wird. Kleine Populationen und/oder hohe genetische Diversität führen zu Schätzungsungenauigkeiten, die auch in natürlichen Populationen zu erwarten sind. Ein populationsgrößenabhängiger Unschärfewert erweitert die Punktschätzung eines Parametersatzes zur Intervallschätzung. Diese Intervalle wirken in finiten Populationen als Fitnessbänder. Daraus ergibt sich die Hypothese, dass bei Arten, die in dichten kontinuierlichen Fitnessbändern leben, Generalisten und in diskreten Fitnessbändern Spezialisten evolvieren.Asynchrone Reproduktionsstrategien führen zur Bewahrung genetischer Diversität. Aus dem Wechsel von grobkörniger zu feinkörniger Umweltvariation ergibt sich eine Bevorzugung der spezialisierten Genotypen. Aus diesem Angriffspunkt für disruptive Selektion lässt sich die Hypothese Artbildung in Übergangsszenarien von grobkörniger zu feinkörniger Umweltvariation formulieren. Im umgekehrten Fall ist Diversitätsverlust und stabilisierende Selektion zu erwarten Dies ist somit eine prozessorientierte Erklärung für den Artenreichtum der (feinkörnigen) Tropen im Vergleich zu den artenärmeren, jahreszeitlichen Schwankungen unterworfenen (grobkörnigen) temperaten Zonen.